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{{Region icon Teleon}}
{{Region icon Teleon}}
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{{Hatnote|"Republic of Yingok" redirects here. For the People's Union of Yingok, see [[Louwan]]. For other uses, see [[Yingok (disambiguation)]], [[Jingwok (disambiguation)]], [[Yin Gok (disambiguation)]], and (for prior Yinese Republics) [[Yinese Republics (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Fourth Republic of Yingok
| conventional_long_name = Fourth Republic of Yingok
|native_name =       ''燕華第四共和國'' ({{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}})
| native_name           = ''燕華第四共和國'' ({{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}})
|common_name =       Yingok
| common_name           = Yingok
|image_flag =         Yingok Flag.png
| image_flag             = Yingok Flag.png
|image_coat =         Yingok Seal.png
| image_coat             = Yingok Seal.png
|symbol_type =       Seal
| symbol_type           = Seal
|national_anthem =   燕華國歌<br>''Yinwàh Gwokgō''<br>"[[National Anthem of Yingok]]"
| national_anthem       = 燕華國歌<br>''Yinwàh Gwokgō''<br>"[[National Anthem of Yingok]]"
|image_map =         [[File:Yingok Ortho.png|250px]]
| image_map             = [[File:Yingok Ortho.png|250px]]
|map_caption =       Location of Yingok (green) in [[Abaria]] (dark grey)
| map_caption           = Location of Yingok (green) in [[Abaria]] (dark grey)
|image_map2 =         [[File:Yingok Subdivision.png|250px]]
| image_map2             = [[File:Yingok Subdivision.png|250px]]
|map_caption2 =       Subdivisional map of Yingok
| map_caption2           = Subdivisional map of Yingok
|capital =           [[Dongsing]]
| capital               = [[Dongsing]]
|largest_city =       [[Hoyzhau]]
| largest_city           = [[Hoyzhau]]
|official_languages = {{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}}
| official_languages     = {{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}}
|regional_languages = {{wp|Mandarin|Shanese}}
| regional_languages     = {{wp|Mandarin|Shanese}}
|ethnic_groups =     83% {{wp|Cantonese people|Yinese}}<br>14% {{wp|Manchu people|Shanese}}<br>3% Others
| ethnic_groups         = 83% {{wp|Cantonese people|Yinese}}<br>14% {{wp|Manchu people|Shanese}}<br>3% Others
|ethnic_groups_year = 2022
| ethnic_groups_ref      = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stats.gov.yn/2022/3124 |title=Ethnic Makeup Report 2021-2022 |website=stats.gov.yn |year=2022 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>
|religion =           73% [[Sendou]]<br>21% {{wp|Irreligion}}<br>6% Others
| ethnic_groups_year     = 2022
|religion_year = 2022
| religion               = 47% [[Sendou]]<br>41% [[Gregorianism]]<br>10% {{wp|Irreligion|Irreligious}}<br>6% Others
|demonym =           Yinese
| religion_ref          = <ref>{{cite journal |title=Religions of Abaria in the Modern Day |first=Salgado |last=Yun |year=2023 |journal=Religion and Society Abaria }} Retrieved 8 December 2023.</ref>
|government_type =   {{wp|Unitary}} {{wp|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional republic}}
| religion_year         = 2022
|leader_title1 =     [[President of Yingok|President]]
| demonym               = Yinese
|leader_name1 = [[Yeung Kapkaa]]
| government_type       = {{wp|Unitary}} {{wp|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional republic}}
|leader_title2 =     [[Vice President of Yingok|Vice President]]
| leader_title1         = [[President of Yingok|President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Dong Dak]]
| leader_name1           = [[Yeung Kapkaa]]
|leader_title3 = [[Chancellor of Yingok|Chancellor]]
| leader_title2         = [[Vice President of Yingok|Vice President]]
|leader_name3 = [[Nam Gat]]
| leader_name2           = Vacant
|leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Yingok|Chief Justice]]
| leader_title3         = [[Chancellor of Yingok|Chancellor]]
|leader_name4 = [[Wu Suk-fan]]
| leader_name3           = [[Nam Gat]]
|legislature = [[National Diet of Yingok|National Diet]]
| leader_title4         = [[Chief Justice of Yingok|Chief Justice]]
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Yingok|History]]
| leader_name4           = [[Wu Suk-fan]]
|established_event1 = [[Zhong Dynasty|First Dynasty]]
| legislature           = [[National Diet of Yingok|National Diet]]
|established_date1 = {{circa}} 3000 BCE
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Yingok|History]]
|established_event2 = [[Yinese Revolution]]
| established_event1     = [[Zhong dynasty|First dynasty]]
|established_date2 = 12-23 June 1892
| established_date1     = {{circa}} 3000 BCE
|established_event3 = [[Yinese Civil War]]
| established_event2     = [[Yinese Revolution]]
|established_date3 = 7 March 1966-23 November 1981
| established_date2     = 12-23 June 1892
|established_event4 = [[Yinese Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]]
| established_event3     = [[Yinese Civil War]]
|established_date4 = 19 April 1974
| established_date3     = 7 March 1966-23 November 1981
|established_event5 = [[Constitution of Yingok|Current constitution]]
| established_event4     = [[Yinese Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]]
|established_date5 = 29 December 1985
| established_date4     = 19 April 1974
|area_km2 =       8,037,614
| established_event5     = [[Constitution of Yingok|Current constitution]]
|area_footnote =     <!--Optional footnote for area-->
| established_date5     = 29 December 1985
|percent_water = 0.004
| area_km2               = 6,485,823
|population_estimate = {{increase}}652,421,000
| area_footnote         = <!--Optional footnote for area-->
|population_estimate_rank =  
| percent_water         = 9
|population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate   = {{increase}}652,421,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yingok.gov.yn/reports/files/2021-2022_population.pdf |title=2021-2022 Yinese Population Report |publisher=Government of Yingok |access-date=25 January 2023 }}</ref> ([[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|1st]])
|population_density_km2 = 81.17
| population_estimate_rank =  
|population_density_rank =  
| population_estimate_year = 2022
|GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$9.805 trillion
| population_density_km2 = 100.59
|GDP_PPP_rank =  
| population_density_rank =  
|GDP_PPP_year = 2022
| GDP_PPP               = {{increase}}$9.122 trillion<ref name="gdp">{{cite web |url= https://www.yingok.gov.yn/reports/files/2021-2022_ec.v39.pdf |title=2021-2022 Economic Analysis |publisher=Government of Yingok |access-date=28 February 2023}}</ref> ([[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|1st]])
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$13,982
| GDP_PPP_rank           =  
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =  
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2022
|GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$9.122 trillion
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}}$13,982<ref name="gdp" />
|GDP_nominal_rank =  
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =  
|GDP_nominal_year = 2022
| GDP_nominal           = {{increase}}$9.805 trillion<ref name="gdp" /> ([[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|1st]])
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$15,028
| GDP_nominal_rank       =  
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =  
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2022
|Gini =                       39.7
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$15,028<ref name="gdp" />
|Gini_ref =                   <!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)-->
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =  
|Gini_rank =  
| Gini                   = 39.7
|Gini_year = 2022
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gini.int/2022/yingok |title=Gini index – Yingok |publisher=Gini index |year=2022}} Retrieved 4 January 2023.</ref>
|Gini_change = increase
| Gini_rank             =  
|HDI_year = 2022
| Gini_year             = 2022
|HDI = 0.896
| Gini_change           = increase
|HDI_change =         steady
| HDI_year               = 2022
|HDI_rank =  
| HDI                   = 0.896
|HDI_ref =           <!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)-->
| HDI_change             = steady
|currency =           [[Tungbei]] (銅幣/₣, TBI)
| HDI_rank               =  
|time_zone =         ''TBA''
| HDI_ref               = <ref name="hdi">{{Cite web |title=HDI Report 2021-2022 |url=https://www.uc.org/system/files/documents/hdi2021-2022_(1).pdf |website=[[United Congress Development Programme]] }} 16 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</ref>
|date_format =       dd-mm-yyyy
| currency               = [[Tungbei]] (銅幣/₣, TBI)
|drives_on =         right
| time_zone             = UTC-8 to -5 (Yatpui Mean Time, YMT; Fengwu Standard Time FST; Central Yinese Time, CYT; and Eastern Yinese Time, EYT)
|cctld =             .yn
| date_format           = dd-mm-yyyy
|calling_code =       X
| drives_on             = right
|patron_saint =       <!--Use patron_saints for multiple-->
| cctld                 = .yn
|image_map3 =         <!--Optional third map position, e.g. for use with reference to footnotes below it-->
| calling_code           = +38
|alt_map3 =           <!--alt text for third map position-->
| patron_saint           = <!--Use patron_saints for multiple-->
|footnote_a =         <!--For any footnote <sup>a</sup> used above-->
| image_map3             = <!--Optional third map position, e.g. for use with reference to footnotes below it-->
|footnote_b =         <!--For any footnote <sup>b</sup> used above-->
| alt_map3               = <!--alt text for third map position-->
<!--......-->
| footnote_a             = <!--For any footnote <sup>a</sup> used above-->
|footnote_h =         <!--For any footnote <sup>h</sup> used above-->
| footnote_b             = <!--For any footnote <sup>b</sup> used above-->
|footnotes =         <!--For any generic non-numbered footnotes-->
<!--......-->| footnote_h             = <!--For any footnote <sup>h</sup> used above-->
| footnotes             = <!--For any generic non-numbered footnotes-->
}}
}}


'''Yingok''' ({{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}}: ''燕國''; [[Jinping]]: ''Jin3 Gwok3''; [[Yinese X Cambranisation]]: ''Yin-gwok''), officially the '''Fourth Republic of Yingok''' ({{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}}: ''燕華第四共和國''; [[Jinping]]: ''Jin3 Waa4 Dai6 Sei3 Gung6 Wo4 Gwok3''; [[Yinese X Cambranisation]]: ''Yin-wàh Daih Sei Guhng-wòh-gwok'') is the second largest country in [[Abaria]]. With an estimated population of over 600 million, Yingok is bordered by [[Razan]], X, and X to the east, the [[Alconian Ocean]] to the west, and the [[Jade Sea]] to the South. Its [[Subdivisions of Yingok|13 prefectures and 1 autonomous region]] spans a combined area of roughly {{convert|8,037,614|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Yingok is a {{wp|unitary}} {{wp|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional republic}} with its capital in [[Dongsing]], the largest city in Yingok by population. The largest city in the country by area is [[Hoyzhau]] which also serves as Yingok's main economic and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include [[Gongbuk]], [[Samlong]], [[Sei'on]], [[Hasaan]], and [[Yunzhau]].
'''Yingok''' ({{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}}: ''燕國''; [[Jinping]]: ''Jin3 Gwok3''; [[Yinese Hungshui Hernicisation]]: ''Yin-gwok''), officially the '''Fourth Republic of Yingok''' ({{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}}: ''燕華第四共和國''; [[Jinping]]: ''Jin3 Waa4 Dai6 Sei3 Gung6 Wo4 Gwok3''; [[Yinese Hungshui Hernicisation]]: ''Yin-wàh Daih Sei Guhng-wòh-gwok;'' '''4ROY''') is the [[Abaria|second largest country]] in [[Abaria]]. With an estimated population of over 600 million, Yingok is bordered by the [[Glacian Ocean]] to the north, [[Razan]], [[X]], and [[Pyinthar]] to the east, the [[Alconian Ocean]] to the west, and the [[Jade Sea]] to the south. Its [[Subdivisions of Yingok|13 prefectures and 1 autonomous region]] spans a combined area of roughly {{convert|6485823|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Yingok is a {{wp|unitary}} {{wp|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional republic}} with its {{wp|capital city|capital}} in [[Dongsing]], the largest city in Yingok by population. The largest city in the country by area is [[Hoyzhau]] which also serves as Yingok's main economic and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include [[Gongbuk]], [[Samlong]], [[Sei'on]], [[Donghoy]], and [[Bikhoy]].


Yingok was initially inhabited by the [[Zhong Dynasty]], followed by the [[An Dynasty]], which brought significant cultural and technological advancements. However, the An Dynasty eventually fractured, leading to a fragmented political landscape and the rise of the [[Chiu Dynasty]], which brought political stability and a cultural renaissance. The region experienced invasions from the !Vietnamese and the !Mongol Empire, leading to periods of conflict and disruption. The 15th century marked the beginning of the [[Third Winter Period]], characterised by intense competition among various factions. This era eventually gave way to the [[Three Kingdoms Period]], with the [[Hon Dynasty]], [[Jeong Dynasty]], and emerging [[Dong Kingdom]] vying for dominance over Yingok. The [[Saan Dynasty]] emerged victorious and established relative stability and economic growth in the region. However, the appearance of [[Calesia]]n colonialism introduced new tensions and conflicts as the Saan Dynasty sought to protect its sovereignty.
Yingok was initially inhabited by the [[Zhong dynasty]], followed by the [[An dynasty]], which brought significant cultural and technological advancements. However, the An dynasty eventually fractured, leading to a fragmented political landscape and the rise of the [[Chiu dynasty]], which brought political stability and a cultural renaissance. The region experienced invasions from the {{wp|Vietnamese people|Thanhliênese}} and the [[Artuchid Empire]], leading to periods of conflict and disruption. The 15th century marked the beginning of the [[Third Winter Period]], characterised by intense competition among various factions. This era eventually gave way to the [[Three Kingdoms Period]], with the [[Hon dynasty]], [[Jeong dynasty]], and emerging [[Dong Kingdom]] vying for dominance over Yingok. The [[Saan dynasty]] emerged victorious and established relative stability which lasted for nearly 3 centuries. The dynasty oversaw the rise of the [[Saan colonial empire]]. Internally, economic growth and a cultural rebirth during the period characterised the Saan dynasty's reign over Yingok. This coincided with the appearance of [[Calesia]]n influence and culture at the beginning of the 17th century.


In the 19th century, Yingok embraced the {{wp|Industrial Revolution}}, leading to rapid urbanization and socio-political changes. The Saan Dynasty's response to demands for reforms varied, leading to {{wp|political unrest}}. The dynasty was overthrown in 1892, and Yingok went through a series of political upheavals, including various dictatorships and revolutions. Yingok remained neutral during the [[Great War (Teleon)|Great War]] due to internal conflicts. In 1966, a [[Yinese Civil War|civil war]] erupted between different factions, culminating in a nationalist victory and the establishment of the Fourth Republic. Throughout its history, Yingok has maintained complex relationships with its neighbours, pursuing diplomacy and economic cooperation. It seeks regional stability, trade, {{wp|cultural exchange}}s, and peaceful conflict resolution. Present-day Yingok has implemented {{wp|political reforms}}, aiming for a more democratic and inclusive society, although challenges remain in fully implementing {{wp|political freedom}}s and {{wp|civil rights}}.
In the 19th century, Yingok embraced the {{wp|Industrial Revolution}}, leading to rapid urbanisation and socio-political changes. The Saan dynasty's response to demands for reforms varied, leading to {{wp|political unrest}}. The dynasty was overthrown in 1892, and Yingok went through a series of political upheavals, including various dictatorships and revolutions. Yingok remained neutral during the [[Great War (Teleon)|Great War]] due to internal conflicts. In 1966, a [[Yinese Civil War|civil war]] erupted between different factions, culminating in a nationalist victory and the establishment of the Fourth Republic. Throughout its history, Yingok has maintained complex relationships with its neighbours, pursuing diplomacy and economic cooperation. It seeks regional stability, trade, {{wp|cultural exchange}}s, and peaceful conflict resolution. Present-day Yingok has implemented {{wp|political reforms}}, aiming for a more democratic and inclusive society, although challenges remain in fully implementing {{wp|political freedom}}s and {{wp|civil rights}}.


Yingok retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of {{wp|art}}, {{wp|science}} and {{wp|philosophy}}. It is the world's leading tourist destination, receiving over 73 million foreign visitors in 2020. Yingok is a developed country with the world's X-largest economy by nominal GDP and X-largest by PPP; in terms of {{wp|household net income}}, it ranks X in the world. Yingok performs well in international rankings of {{wp|health care}}, {{wp|life expectancy}} and {{wp|human development}}. It remains a great power in regional affairs, being leading member of numerous international organisations including the [[United Congress]], X, and the [[Abarian Regional Forum]].
Yingok retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of {{wp|art}}, {{wp|science}} and {{wp|philosophy}}. It is the world's leading tourist destination, receiving over 73 million foreign visitors in 2020. Yingok is a developed country with the world's [[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|single-largest economy by nominal GDP and PPP]]; in terms of {{wp|household net income}}, it ranks [[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|sixth in the world]]. Yingok performs well in international rankings of {{wp|health care}}, {{wp|life expectancy}} and {{wp|human development}}. It remains a great power in regional affairs and is recognised as a {{wp|nuclear state}}. Yingok is also a leading member of numerous international organisations including the [[United Congress (Teleon)|United Congress]], the [[W4 (Teleon)|W4]], and the [[Abarian Regional Forum]].


== Etymology ==
==Etymology==


The word "Yingok" derives from two {{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}} characters: 燕 (''yin'') referring to the {{wp|Cantonese people|Yinese people}} and 國 (''gwok'') meaning "state". However, this name was not in use until around the rise of Yinese nationalism during the late 19th century. The term itself (rendered as "Yin-guok") first appeared in the 1876 translation by [[Edwin Gallagher]] of ''[[End of Cycles]]'' by X which called for the abolition of the Yinese dynastic system. The name was then popularised in the 1886 ''[[Pocket Guidebook and Dictionary to the Yinese State and Language]]'', a bestseller by the !Christian missionary X. In {{wp|popular culture}}, the name ''Yingwok'' is often translated as the "Kingdom of the Yin".
The word "Yingok" derives from two {{wp|Cantonese|Yinese}} characters: 燕 (''yin'') referring to the {{wp|Cantonese people|Yinese people}} and 國 (''gwok'') meaning "state". However, this name was not in use until around the rise of Yinese nationalism during the late 19th century.<ref name=":27">{{cite_book|last1=Dong |first1=Siulap|title=「燕國」的由來 | trans-title=Origins of "Yingok" |year=2005 |publisher=Samlong Press |location=Samlong |pages=25-27 }} Retrieved 27 July 2015.</ref><ref name=":28">{{cite_journal|last1=Hau|first1=Kokhei|title=The Evolution of Yinese Nationalism: From Concept to Reality|journal=Abarian Studies|volume=42|issue=3|year=2010|pages=315-330}} Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref> The term itself (rendered as "Yin-guok") first appeared in the 1876 translation by [[Gregorianism|Gregorian]] {{wp|missionary}} [[Edwin Gallagher]] of ''[[End of Cycles]]'' by [[Ho Gongwa]] which called for the abolition of the Yinese dynastic system.<ref name=":29">{{cite_book|last1=Gallagher|first1=Edwin|title=End of Cycles|year=1876|publisher=Great Translation House|location=Sydenham}} Retrieved 22 January 2008.</ref> The name was then popularised in the 1886 ''[[Pocket Guidebook and Dictionary to the Yinese State and Language]]'', a bestseller by the [[Gregorianism|Gregorian]] missionary [[Robin Wiland]].<ref name=":30">{{cite_book|last1=Wiland|first1=Robin|title=Pocket Guidebook and Dictionary to the Yinese State and Language|year=1886}} Retrieved 20 December 2014.</ref> In {{wp|popular culture}}, the name ''Yingwok'' is often translated as the "Kingdom of the Yin".{{citation needed}}


Prior to the term "Yingok", the name of the operating dynasty was always used to refer to Yingok. Outside the region however, most notable in [[Calesia]], the name "Chiuchu" was primarily used to refer to Yingok. Its origins has been traced through X, X, X and X back to the !Vietnamese word ''chiều triều''. "Chiuchu" first appeared in a letter dated 16 May 1497 from a X merchant who had visited X that year. The word Chiuchu has been suggested by many Calesian scholars to have derive from the name for the [[Chiu Dynasty]] (918-132 BCE). Although usage in !Vietnamese sources precedes this dynasty, this derivation is still given in various sources.
Prior to the term "Yingok", the name of the operating dynasty was always used to refer to Yingok. Outside the region however, most notable in [[Calesia]], the name "Seushu" was primarily used to refer to Yingok. Its origins has been traced through X, X, X and X back to the {{wp|Vietnamese language|Thanhliênese}} word ''chiều triều''. "Seushu", rendered as "T'siuchu", first appeared in a letter dated 16 May 1497 from a X merchant who had visited Pyinthar that year. The word Seushu has been suggested by many Calesian scholars to have derive from the name for the [[Chiu dynasty]] (918-132 BCE).<ref name="ghy">{{cite web | last = Ramsey | first = Lee | title = A Historical Analysis of "Seushu" in Calesian Context | website = Historical Perspectives | date = 23 September 2017 | url = https://www.historicalperspectives.net/articles/seushu-analysis | access-date = 28 April 2020}}</ref> Although usage in Pyinthari sources precedes this dynasty, this derivation is still given in various sources.<ref name=":31">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Encyclopedia Calesia - Yingok | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Calesia | year = 2019 | volume = 5 | pages = 320-321}} Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref><ref name=":32">[https://www.jigboomblog.com/2004-historic/what-is-the-etymology-of-yingok What is the etymology of Yingok?]. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</ref>


The simplified name Yingok was in frequent use by the beginning of the 1900s. Despite the establishment of the [[Republic of Yingok]] a decade prior, many outside Yingok continued to refer to the country as Chiuchu until the end of the 1920s. The name was also commonly written as the two-word Yin Gok until 1986 when the government officially adopted the one-word name. Some corporations and organisations founded before this date still keeps this name, including [[Yin Gok Electric Company]], [[Yin Gok Hotels]], [[Yin Gok Merchant Banking Corporation]], and [[Yin Gok Railway Union]].
The simplified name Yingok was in frequent use by the beginning of the 1900s. Despite the establishment of the [[Republic of Yingok]] a decade prior, many outside Yingok continued to refer to the country as Seushu until the end of the 1920s.<ref name="ghy" /> The name was also commonly written as the two-word Yin Gok until 1986 when the government officially adopted the one-word name. Some corporations and organisations founded before this date still keeps this name, including [[Yin Gok Electric Company]], [[Yin Gok Hotels]], [[Yin Gok Merchant Banking Corporation]], and [[Yin Gok Railway Union]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Johnny |last=Ponce |title=Yin Gok or Yingok  |url=https://www.theanalyser.org/4808654/69054227 |website= [[The Analyser]] |date=21 October 2007 }} Retrieved 16 March 2018.</ref>


== History ==
==History==


===Prehistory===
[[File:Cingtongfa.jpg|thumb|The [[Cingtongfa Rock Arts]] are one of the many relics of Pre-Dynastic Yingok.|250x250px]]
Yingok is home to one of the world's oldest civilisation. Early hominids have inhabited the region as early as 1.05 million years ago, with the fossils of the [[Yunjou Man]], a ''{{wp|Homo erectus}}'' dating back to this period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yunjou Man: Homo erectus Fossils |url=http://www.pjournal.com/files/documents/1990/yunjou-man.pdf |website=The Paleoarchaeological Journal |date=24 May 1990 }} Retrieved 24 August 2019.</ref> The {{wp|fossilised}} remains of early ''{{wp|Homo sapiens}}'' of the [[Proto-Longic A]] culture dated roughly 50,000 years ago were also discovered in the [[Munlok]] region, along with stone tools and evidence of early settlements.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ming |first=Timyu |title=Discovery of Homo captiosus Fossils in Munlok |journal=Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=125–138 |date=1978}} Retrieved 12 November 2016.</ref><ref name="er">{{cite web |title=The Three Periods of Pre-Dynastic Yingok |url=http://www.ychf.org/pre-dynastic-yingok/periods |website=Yingok Cultural Heritage Foundation }} Retrieved 17 June 2017.</ref> [[Paleolithic Yingok|Paleolithic]] sites are also known to exist, most notably the [[Daisek]] cave paintings in [[Dongzhong]] (15,000 BCE), the [[Shuitou]] pillars near [[Honliun]] (13,000 BCE), and the [[Cingtongfa Rock Arts]] in [[Cingtongfa]] (9,000 BCE).<ref>{{cite web |title=Paleolithic Art in Yingok |url=http://www.yingokarchaeo.org/articles/234-paleolithic-art |website=Yingok Archaeological Society }} Retrieved 8 March 2012.</ref>


=== Prehistory ===
The first evidence of {{wp|pottery}} in Yingok dates back to around 7,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Rise of Pottery in Yingok |journal=Journal of Ancient Civilizations}} Retrieved 19 July 2021.</ref> This coincided with the rise of water levels, separating Yingok with !Japan as well as providing fertile land for early {{wp|agriculture|agricultural practices}} brought about by the end of the {{wp|Last Glacial Age}}. The [[Neolithic Yingok|Neolithic]] in Yingok witnessed the emergence of settled farming communities, marking a significant shift in human development in the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Alice |title=The Neolithic Age in Yingok |journal=Archaeology Today |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=85–104 |date=1993}} Retrieved 26 April 2010.</ref> Yinese {{wp|proto-writing}}, characterised by intricate symbols and pictograms, began to emerge during the Neolithic Age. They have existed in [[Tongmun]] near [[Yuthung]] since approximately 5,200 BCE, marking the beginning of the [[Proto-Longic B]] culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proto-Writing in Tongmun |url=http://www.ychf.org/pre-dynastic-yingok/proto-writing |website=Yingok Cultural Heritage Foundation }} Retrieved 2 October 2015.</ref><ref name="er" />
[[File:Cingtongfa.jpg|thumb|The [[Cingtongfa Rock Arts]] are one of the many relics of Pre-Dynastic Yingok.]]
Yingok is home to one of the world's oldest civilisation. Early hominids have inhabited the region as early as 1.05 million years ago, with the fossils of the [[Yunjou Man]], a ''{{wp|Homo erectus}}'' dating back to this period. The {{wp|fossilised}} remains of early ''{{wp|Homo sapiens}}'' of the [[Proto-Longic A]] culture dated roughly 50,000 years ago were also discovered in the [[Munlok]] region, along with stone tools and evidence of early settlements. [[Paleolithic Yingok|Paleolithic]] sites are also known to exist, most notably the [[Daisek]] cave paintings in [[Dongzhong]] (15,000 BCE), the [[Shuitou]] pillars near [[Honliun]] (13,000 BCE), and the [[Cingtongfa Rock Arts]] in [[Cingtongfa]] (9,000 BCE).


The first evidence of {{wp|pottery}} in Yingok dates back to around 7,000 BCE. This coincided with the rise of water levels, separating Yingok with !Japan as well as providing fertile land for early {{wp|agriculture|agricultural practices}} brought about by the end of the X Ice Age. The [[Neolithic Yingok|Neolithic]] in Yingok witnessed the emergence of settled farming communities, marking a significant shift in human development in the region. Yinese {{wp|proto-writing}}, characterised by intricate symbols and pictograms, began to emerge during the Neolithic Age. They have existed in [[Tongmun]] near [[Yuthung]] since approximately 5,200 BCE, marking the beginning of the [[Proto-Longic B]] culture.
Proto-Longic B marked a crucial phase in the region's development. This period witnessed the further advancement of settled farming communities and the emergence of [[Proto-Longic B script]], a significant development in Yinese proto-writing around 4,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Thomas| first1 = John| title = Emergence of Proto-Hangic B Script: A Breakthrough in Yinese Proto-Writing| journal = Journal of Ancient History | volume = 15| issue = 2| pages = 43–57| date = 1994}} Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> The society during the Proto-Longic B period was organized into small-scale {{wp|chiefdom}}s, where local leaders held authority over their communities. These chiefdoms engaged in trade and exchange, allowing large networks of activity between the different regions of Yingok. Excavations at various sites dating back to this period have unearthed remnants of dwellings, tools, and artefacts, shedding light on their subsistence practices, craftsmanship, and social structures, most notably the [[Gongyun ruins]] near [[Sheunglong]].<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Lee| first1 = On| title = Unearthing the Past: Excavations and Discoveries at Gongyun Ruins| journal = Journal of Yinese Archaeology| volume = 25| issue = 3| pages = 82–99| date = 1984 }} Retrieved 2 December 2009.</ref> The transition from {{wp|hunter-gatherer}} societies to settled agricultural communities brought about significant changes in their way of life. The first evidence of silk production also dated back to this period (3538 BCE) and was written in the historical records of the ancient settlement of [[Kunsaan]] near [[Qinfa]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Silk Production in Proto-Hangic B | url = http://www.yhs.com/articles/proto-hangic-b-silk| website = Yinese Historical Society}} Retrieved 23 May 2013.</ref>
Proto-Longic B marked a crucial phase in the region's development. This period witnessed the further advancement of settled farming communities and the emergence of [[Proto-Longic B script]], a significant development in Yinese proto-writing around 4,000 BCE. The society during the Proto-Longic B period was organized into small-scale {{wp|chiefdom}}s, where local leaders held authority over their communities. These chiefdoms engaged in trade and exchange, allowing large networks of activity between the different regions of Yingok. Excavations at various sites dating back to this period have unearthed remnants of dwellings, tools, and artefacts, shedding light on their subsistence practices, craftsmanship, and social structures, most notably the [[Gongyun ruins]] near [[Sheunglong]]. The transition from {{wp|hunter-gatherer}} societies to settled agricultural communities brought about significant changes in their way of life. The first evidence of silk production also dated back to this period (3538 BCE) and was written in the historical records of the ancient settlement of [[Kunsaan]] near [[Qinfa]].


=== Early dynasties ===
=== Early dynasties===
{{main|Zhong dynasty|An dynasty}}
[[File:OracleSpring.jpg|150px|thumb|{{wp|Oracle bone script}} fragment found in [[Saangong]].]]
[[File:Tomb of Zhong Yong 06 2014-10.JPG|left|thumb|Gate entrance to the [[Tomb of Yeung]] near Dengduk.|250x250px]]
According to records from the [[An dynasty]], the [[Zhong dynasty]] was believed to have emerged during the late-4th millennium BCE, although the exact date is still debated among {{wp|historian}}s and {{wp|scholar}}s. Old legends, most notably the ''[[An Annals]]'' attribute the founding of the Zhong dynasty to the possibly mythical [[Yeung of Zhong|Emperor Yeung]], a figure believed to possess exceptional wisdom and leadership qualities. The existence of the Zhong dynasty have come under scrutiny by {{wp|historian}}s and {{wp|Archeology|archeologists}} due to its minimal amount of evidence to its existence.<ref>{{cite_web |title=The Zhong dynasty: Fact vs Fiction |url=http://www.zhongchiu.com/index/origins.htm |website=zhongchiu.com }} Retrieved 13 June 2016.</ref> Archaeological findings along the [[Longcheun]] River dating to the period in 1944, dubbed the [[Longcheun culture]] have since been characterised as evidence of the existence of the dynasty. However, due to the lack of proper research initiatives in Yingok since the end of the [[Yinese Civil War|Civil War]], understanding of the Longcheun culture have remained minimal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why We Know So Little About Our First dynasty  |url=http://www.ychf.org/pre-dynastic-yingok/zhong-knowledge |website=Yingok Cultural Heritage Foundation }} Retrieved 14 November 2014.</ref>
 
The An dynasty succeeded the Zhong sometime around 2300 BCE. According to several writings from the period and later, including the ''An Annals'' and ''[[Book of On]]'', the shift in power was related to internal struggles between two potential leaders of the state as well as external conflicts with neighbouring tribes.<ref name="we">{{cite journal |title=Writings from the An dynasty |journal=Journal of Ancient History |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=45–67}} Retrieved 4 August 2012.</ref> The An dynasty marked the beginning of Yinese's dynastic system, where rulership was passed down within a particular family lineage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yhs.com/articles/political-shift-of-an |title=Politics of the An dynasty |publisher=Yingok Historical Society }} Retrieved 14 November 2011.</ref> {{wp|Oracle bone script}}, which emerged around 2500 BCE, became the prominent form of writing during the An dynasty and is a direct ancestor of modern {{wp|Chinese characters|Yinese characters}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Oracle Bone Script: A Study of Ancient Writing Systems |journal=Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=78–95}} Retrieved 25 January 2013.</ref> In addition, advanced {{wp|irrigation}} techniques were used, including the earliest utilisation of {{wp|dam}}s near [[Tongtou]]. Archaeological sites dating to this period include [[Saangong]], the [[Tomb of Yeung]], and various other sites across southeastern Yingok.
 
The power of the An dynasty would later fracture and splinter, heralding the beginning of the [[First Winter Period]] in 1030 BCE.<ref name="we" />
 
===First Winter Period and Chiu dynasty===
{{main|First Winter Period|Chiu dynasty}}
[[File:Warring States Bronze Helmet.JPG|thumb|200px|right|A [[Lam (state)|Lam]] bronze helmet dating back to the middle of the [[First Winter Period]].]]
More than a hundred factions emerged during the [[First Winter Period]], however, this numbered had been reduced to around 17 by the beginning of the 10th century BCE. During this period, states often engaged in territorial disputes and conflicts, leading to a fragmented political landscape. Five major states came to dominate Yingok: [[Ping (state)|Ping]], [[Cheung (state)|Cheung]], [[Lam (state)|Lam]], [[Ming (state)|Ming]], and [[Bo (state)|Bo]], collectively known as the [[Five Hegemons of the First Winter Period]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Jeung | first=Zikeung | title=The Five Hegemons of the First Winter Period | url=http://www.yhs.com/articles/five_hegemons | website=Yinese Historical Society | access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> By the 990s PKE, relative peace emerged between the major states as a cordial {{wp|détente}} was agreed upon. However, this changed in 986 BCE when the state of [[Bun (state)|Bun]], a rising power in the region [[Bun Conquest of the East|began its conquest of the state Fung]], beginning a chain reaction throughout Yingok that ended in a Bun hegemony in the north, and the hegemonies of Bo, Lam, and [[Yut (state)|Yut]] to the south. In 928 BCE, the [[Tongtou Incident]] resulted in a {{wp|coup d'état}} which overthrew the Bun monarchy, replacing it with the [[Chiu dynasty|Chiu]] under the reign of Emperor [[Dongwei]] who launched a large-scale campaign on the remaining southern states, officially ending the First Winter Period in 918 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Dufour | first=Stéphane | title=The Bun Conquest and its Aftermath | journal=Abarian Studies | volume=27 | issue=3 | pages=301–322 | year=2015 }} Retrieved 3 June 2018.</ref>
 
After establishing the [[Chiu Dynasty]], Dongwei initiated a series of reforms to consolidate his empire. Then he conquered the {{wp|Xiongnu|Dongmei}} people to the northeast and the [[Namguk]]s to the southwest. The Chiu Dynasty brought about a period of political stability and cultural renaissance in Yingok. During this time, the {{wp|art}}s, {{wp|literature}}, and {{wp|philosophy}} flourished, and significant advancements were made in fields such as agriculture, trade, and architecture. The Chiu Dynasty also established strong diplomatic relations with neighbouring kingdoms to the west. The political system was {{wp|Centralisation|centralised}}, with the emperor holding the highest power. In order to reduce the differences between regions, Dongwei promoted the standardisation of writing through {{wp|small seal script}} as the new writing system, the standardisation of currency, and weights and measures.<ref name="wong gwaifong">{{cite book |last=Wong |first=Gwaifong |title=From the Chiu Dynasty to the Thanhliên Invasion |publisher=Eastern Horizon Press |year=2019}} Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref>
 
After 6 other successful emperors following the death of Dongwei in 886 BCE, the Chiu Dynasty suffered a brief {{wp|succession crisis}} which culminated in the [[Chiu Civil War]] between 753-748 BCE. The situation stabilised after that until the 2nd century BCE when the dynasty began to decline due to a succession of weak emperors, and rampant corruption, leading to the [[Thanhliên Invasion of Yingok]] in 132 BCE by the {{wp|Vietnamese people|Thanhliênese}}, a nomadic confederation from [[Pyinthar]], establishing the [[Sin dynasty]].<ref name="wong gwaifong" />
 
=== Southern invasion and Second Winter Period===
''TBA''
''TBA''
=== First Winter Period and Chiu Dynasty ===
=== Two Kingdoms Period and Artuchid rule===
''TBA''
''TBA''
=== Southern invasion and Second Winter Period ===
===Third Winter and Three Kingdoms Period===
''TBA''
''TBA''
=== Two Kingdoms Period and !Mongol rule ===
===Imperial dynasties and colonialism===
==== Saan dynasty and the Imperial Reformation====
''TBA''
''TBA''
=== Third Winter and Three Kingdoms Period ===
====Industrial Revolution====
''TBA''
''TBA''
=== Imperial dynasties and colonialism ===
===Fourth Winter Period===
==== Saan Dynasty and the Imperial Reformation ====
 
====Yinese Revolution and First Republic====
[[File:Picture of Xu Shichang.jpg|thumb|248x248px|[[Ho Siyat]] in 1899.]]
The late 19th century was characterised by the weakening of the central government, leading to a fragmentation of power across various regions of Yingok, as numerous {{wp|warlord}}s and local strongmen seized power. This marked the beginning of the [[Fourth Winter Period]] in history. By the beginning of the 1880s, the most influential faction in Yingok emerged as the [[Gumsha Clique]] in [[Sikhoy]], led by the young [[Cheui Houyin]] who controlled much of foreign imports flowing into the country.<ref>{{cite_web | title = Fourth Winter Period in Yingok | website = HistoricalChronicles.com | url = http://www.historicalchronicles.com/257845/fourth-winter-period-yingok | access-date = 21 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite_journal | last = Jeung | first = Yutung | title = 金沙集團在锡海的崛起 | journal = 燕國歷史 | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 45-68 | date = 15 May 1983|trans-title=Rise of the Gumsha Clique in Sikhoy}} Retrieved 30 September 2012.</ref> Prior to the onset of the Yinese Revolution, numerous coups against the Saan monarch had been attempted, bolstered by an inefficent bureaucracy, corrupt {{wp|legislature}}, political instability, and rising anti-dynastic sentiments. Notably, the [[1889 Yinese coup attempt]] which caused the [[Dongsing bombing of 1889|Dongsing bombing]] that resulted in the death of around 173 people.<ref name=":0">{{cite_web | title = The Yinese Revolution | website = Yingok Historical Society | url = http://www.yhs.com/articles/timeline/the-yinese-revolution | access-date = 20 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite_news | last = Leung | first = Hungwai | title = Remembering the Dongsing Bombing: Tragedy in Yingok | newspaper = Dongsing Gazette | date = 20 November 1899}} Retrieved 11 December 2008.</ref>
 
In 1892, [[Ho Siyat]]<!--(何士日)-->, a prominent Yinese politician, revolutionary leader, and head of the [[Kungwogun]]<!--(共和軍)--> milita orchestrated a successful coup in the capital in June, backed by support from several warlords and high-ranking government officials. This coup marked the beginning of a new era with the establishment of the [[First Republic of Yingok]].<ref name=":0" /> However, a botched attempt to arrest the royal family allowed them to escape into exile in X. This, coupled with the resistance of many warlords along the western and southern coasts as well as in the northern regions who refused to recognise the authority of the state caused many to view the new republic as an illegitimate government, despite the rampant anti-monarchist sentiments.<ref name=":1">{{cite_book | last = Wong | first = Meng | title = 何士日:第一共和國建築師 | publisher = Yutzhau University Publishing | year = 1978|trans-title=Ho Siyat: Architect of the First Republic}} Retrieved 24 March 2010.</ref><ref name=":0" />
[[File:Huaihai.png|thumb|250px|Entrenched Yinese soldiers during the [[Yingok-Haksaan War]].]]
 
The early years of the First Republic were marred by attempts by the central government to assert its control over the rest of Yingok through military force, often resulting in small-scale acts of violence and terror perpetrated by both government and warlord forces, most notably the [[Heungsaan Incident]] (1892), [[Lunghap Standoff]] (1894), and the [[Fongzou Bombing of 1897]].<ref name=":1" /> These incidents, among many others, further exacerbated tensions and contributed to the combined instability within the country. The most famous incident, the [[Battle near Muksek]], led to the outbreak of the [[Yingok-Haksaan War]] on 12 February 1895 with the central government clashing with the [[Old Haksaan Clique]]. This conflict eventually led to the replacement of the Old Haksaan Clique with the pro-government [[New Haksaan Clique]] on 26 September 1897.<ref>{{cite_journal | last = Zheung | first = Lily | title = Origins of the Yingok-Haksaan War | journal = Journal of Military History | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 112-129 | date = 5 March 1998|url=https://www.jmh.org/index/files/documents/1990s/Origins_of_the_Yingok-Haksaan_War-v83.pdf}} Retrieved 24 June 2017.</ref>
 
On 16 July 1896, Ho Siyat established the [[Kongwotong]] <!--(共和黨; Republican Party)-->and oversaw the ratification of the first [[Constitution of Yingok]], which laid the groundwork for the formation of the [[National Diet of Yingok]] and the establishment of key government positions such as [[President of Yingok|president]], [[Vice President of Yingok|vice president]], and [[Chancellor of Yingok|chancellor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.sikhoypost.org/1896/files/燕國憲法-全文_scan.pdf|title=燕國憲法:全文|date=16 July 1896|access-date=29 August 2014|publisher=Sikhoy Post|trans-title=Constitution of Yingok: Full Text}}</ref> Ho also declared himself the first president of Yingok, and announced that the first election to be held in 7 years. In reaction, several new political parties also emerged, including the [[Kwokmuntong]]<!--(國民黨; Nationalist Party)--> in 1897 and the [[Kongchangtong]]<!--(共產黨; Communist Party)--> in 1900.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sing|first=Zi-keung|title=The Birth of Political Parties in Yingok|journal=Political Review of Yingok|volume=1|issue=1|pages=45–60|year=1997}} Retrieved 28 November 2011.</ref>
 
By 1899, anti-Kongwotong sentiments had coalesced into a alliance of warlords in the north and west of the country, challenging the authority of the First Republic and establishing the [[Chiusaan Confederacy]], led mainly by the [[Fumen Clique|Fumen]], [[Gutdong Clique|Gutdong]], and [[Choi Clique]]s with numerous other factions also considered members of the Confederacy.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ychf.org/fourth-winter-period/zhong-knowledge|title=The Rise of the Chiusaan Confederacy|date=21 April 1999|access-date=29 January 2010|publisher=Yingok Cultural Heritage Foundation}}</ref> This development sparked a series of confrontations between government and Confederacy forces across Yingok.{{Citation needed}}
 
The assassination of Ho Siyat on the afternoon of 2 November 1900 in a shootout with local anti-government {{wp|militia}}s during a visit to [[Wongzen]] further shook the political system of Yingok. In the aftermath, vice president [[Baak Yingman]]<!--(白英萬)--> was sworn in as {{wp|acting president}}, declaring {{wp|martial law}} and seized the opportunity to accuse the Chiusaan Confederacy for the death of the late president.<ref>{{cite news|title=總統遇刺;副總統宣布戒嚴|date=3 November 1900|work=Dongsing Gazette|trans-title=President Assassinated; Vice Declares Martial Law}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/總統遇刺-副總統宣布戒嚴.pdf Archived] 21 October 1999. Retrieved 12 May 2016.</ref> Violent clashes erupted between pro-government <!--[[Cheungming Clique]]-->and pro-Confederacy groups as a result in cities like [[Cingdou]], [[Gaiwing]], [[Wodhun]] and [[Nanshui]], leading to series of brutal skirmishes and small scale battles.<ref name=":2" /> Meanwhile, President Baak ordered the crackdown on possible anti-Kongwotong militias and dissenting factions, leading to widespread arrests as well as supression of civilian protests, with many being accused of being part of "anti-government plots".<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last=Ng|first=Kate|title=The Crimes of Baak Yingman|journal=Political Review of Yingok|volume=4|issue=2|pages=120–135|year=1991}} Retrieved 25 June 2018.</ref>
 
In 1902, Pro-Confederacy forces launched a series of attacks against colonial authorities in [[Louwan]] which were loyal to the Saan, thus marking the beginning of several operations which aimed to subjegate Yinese {{wp|colony|colonies}} under the Chiusaan Confederacy.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Ouest|first=Emile|title=Fate of the Abarian Power|year=2006}} Retrieved 18 February 2009.</ref>
 
The failure of the government to hold elections in 1903 sparked widespread discontent among the populace, particularly in urban areas where many protests and strikes were organised by the Kongchangtong (which had gained the favour of various labour movements) and other opposition groups in protest.<ref name=":5">{{cite_web | title = Decline of the First Republic | website = Yingok Historical Society | url = http://www.yhs.com/articles/timeline/first-republic/end | access-date = 12 November 2017}}</ref> The most famous of which occured in August of 1903 where members of the [[United Mine Workers of Yin Gok]] clashed with local {{wp|police}} in [[Liuham]], resulting in the [[Liuham Massacre of 1903|Liuham Massacre]] when the military was deployed to suppress the protesters, causing the deaths of some 40 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fl.southyinesepost.org/3125/534791|title=The Liuham Massacre: A Dark Day in Yingok History|date=7 August 2003|access-date=29 August 2020|work=South Yinese Post}}</ref>
 
Amidst the growing unrest, divisions within the military manifested, with some factions aligning with the [[Kongchangtong]] and other opposition factions within the government while others remained loyal to the government. The Kwokmuntong, meanwhile, formed close alliances with the Confederacy following negotiation in 1904 over their mutual distrust of the current government of Yingok.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.kwokmuntong-archives.org/source/confederacy|title=The Kwokmuntong-Confederacy Alliance|date=1994|access-date=20 July 2014|publisher=Kwokmuntong Historical Archives}}</ref>
 
====Empire of Yingok====
[[File:Baak yingman.png|thumb|200px|[[Baak Yingman]] in 1903.]][[File:Empire of Yingok Flag.png|thumb|250x250px|Flag of the Empire of Yingok.]]
[[File:Wuchangqiyi paobing.JPG|250px|thumb|{{wp|Artillery}}men of the Confederacy during the Empire's [[Choi River Campaign]].]]
On 19 May 1905, President [[Baak Yingman]] dissolved the National Diet and declared the end of the First Republic and the birth of the [[Empire of Yingok]], citing the need for a more centralised and authoritative government to address the escalating internal conflicts. This move evoked a spectrum of reactions among the populace: while some hailed Baak's action as a necessary decision to regain order amidst the chaos that had engulfed the country, others viewed it as a betrayal of the democratic principles upon which the First Republic was founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yingokhistoryblog.com/modern-history/first-republic34|title=The End of the First Republic: Baak Yingman’s Declaration|date=19 May 2001|website=Yingok History Blog|access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />
 
Around the same time, the [[Cheungming Clique]] underwent a transformation following a [[1905 Cheungming coup d'état|coup]] which brought the faction under the leadership of a pro-Kongchangtong [[Fok Yeukgong]]<!--(霍若剛)--> following a coup in the same year. This development provided a significant boost to the Kongchangtong, affording them a secure stronghold from which to challenge the authority of the newly formed Empire.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tong|first=Philip|date=June 1995|title=Cliques of the Fourth Winter Period: Cheungming and Successors|journal=Political Review of Yingok|volume=23|issue=2|pages=45–67}} Retrieved 19 May 2017.</ref><ref name=":6" />
 
The year 1906 witnessed a critical blow to colonial authorities as [[Louwan]] capitulated to Confederacy forces on 23 June. This emboldened the Confederacy, allowing them to begin numerous other operations of this nature in X, X, and X.<ref name=":4" /> In the same year on 7 November, the Kongchangtong and Chiusaan Confederacy solidified their opposition to the Empire by forming the [[United Yinese Front]] following the [[Yunzhau Agreement]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Avni|first=Humphrey|date=18 November 1996|title=The Formation of the United Yinese Front|journal=The Revolutionaries|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–20}} Retrieved 23 December 2009.</ref> In winter that year, a series of brutal crackdowns by imperial forces on pro-democracy protests percieved as "traitourous groups" resulted in widespread civilian casualties and fueled resentment towards the new imperial government. Armed anti-imperial movements sprang up in various regions, particularly in rural areas where imperial control was weakest and anti-imperial groups fled.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ychf.org/fourth-winter-period/winter-crackdowns-1906|title=The Winter Crackdowns of 1906: A Dark Chapter in Yinese History|last=Choi|first=Tinmei|date=2006|website=Yingok Cultural Heritage Foundation|access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref>
 
Meanwhile, escalating tensions and build up of troops on the borders of the Empire of Yingok and the United Yinese Front erupted into open conflict on 24 October 1908 after an incident occurred at a disputed village near [[Cingdou]] turned into a [[Battle of Lamgun|full scale battle]]<!--(林館)-->, marking the onset of the [[Union-Imperial War]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 October 1908 |title=清都事件,燕軍出動|trans-title=Incident at Cingdou, Yinese Soldiers Mobilised|work=Samlong Bellman|last=Lai|first=Saanping}} [https://samlongmuseumofhistory.org/archived/files/清都事件-燕軍出動.pdf Archived] 7 June 2002. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</ref> Initially, imperial troops were successful against the forces of the Confederacy and the Kongchangtong, winning several major battles at [[Battle of Wasaan|Wasaan]], [[Choi River Campaign|Choi River]], [[Operation Wunsaan|Diusaan]] among others. By the autumn of 1909, imperial forces had captured [[Heungsaan]], the base of operation for the Kongchangtong and even routed a large Confederacy force near [[Zhongcheung]].<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last=Wong|first=Oigwok|date=2003|title=The Strategy of the Empire of Yingok|journal=Journal of Military History|volume=12|issue=3|pages=89–112|url=https://www.jmh.org/index/files/documents/2000s/The_Strategy_of_the_Empire_of_Yingok-v7.pdf}} Retrieved 8 June 2017.</ref> However, as the war dragged on, the Empire of Yingok faced several issues, including supply shortages and logistically challenges brought about by passive resistance and sabotage by anti-imperial elements within its territories.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Union-Imperial War: 100 Years Later|work=[[Daily Times]]|first1=Theresa|first2=Rick|last1=Porter|last2=Smith|date=24 October 2008|url=https://world.dailytimes.org/2008/10/24/abaria/the-union-imperial-war-100-years-later}} Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref>
 
In February of 1910, the bulk of the imperial military along the border of [[Sankwai]] were forced to withdraw due to increasingly strained supply lines and persistent {{wp|guerrilla warfare|guerrilla attacks}} by anti-imperial factions. This allowed the United Yinese Front to regroup and launch a series of counteroffensive. By the beginning of August that year, forces of the United Front had reached [[Tengmuk]], with plans already being drawn up to campaign up the [[Longcheun]] to Dongsing.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal|last=Zheung|first=Seigit|date=August 1910|title=The United Yinese Front’s Counteroffensive during the Union-Imperial War: The Battle for Tengmuk|journal=Journal of Military History|volume=15|issue=1|pages=45–78}} Retrieved 13 March 2018.</ref> In November, Kongchangtong forces recaptured Heungsaan, heralding the beginning of the end of the Empire of Yingok.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 November 1910|title=共產黨軍克香山|trans-title=Kongchangtong Troops capture Heungshan|work=Chiusaan Ear|last=Anonymous}} [https://samlongmuseumofhistory.org/archived/files/共產黨軍克香山.pdf Archived] 14 November 2001. Retrieved 1 January 2012.</ref> The recapture dealt a severe blow to imperial morale and forced the remaining imperial troops in Cheungming to retreat across the Longcheun River into Dongmei, allowing Kongchangtong forces to seize control of the majority of central Yingok.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" />
 
At the end of 1910, the Confederacy signalled the beginning of the [[Tengmuk-Dongsing Campaign]], which aimed to capture the capital of the Empire by pushing up the Longcheun River.<ref name=":8" /> The campaign, although brutal, with heavy casualties on both sides of the conflict, proved successful with the [[Battle of Dongsing (Union-Imperial War)|Battle of Dongsing]] occurring by mid-August of 1911. On 29 August, President Baak was captured by Confederacy forces after they stormed the [[Jibun Palace]] (which had been used as the meeting place of the National Diet). However, fighting in the city would not end until 2 September when Baak was able to issue an announcement declaring the {{wp|surrender}} of the Empire of Yingok.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 August 1911|title=總統捕;戰束?|trans-title=President Captured; War Over?|work=Dongsing Gazette|last=Gu Tin}} [https://samlongmuseumofhistory.org/archived/files/總統捕-戰束.pdf Archived] 23 May 2002. Retrieved 11 August 2014.</ref>
 
Yet, the war would not end until the signing of the [[Treaty of Poyu]] on 17 September 1911 which officially dissolved the Empire of Yingok and laid the groundworks for the establishment of the [[Second Republic of Yingok|Second Republic]], and fighting would continue for several more months in isolated pockets of resistance until as late as 1922.<ref name=":8" />
 
====Second Republic====
[[File:Chen Qi-mei.png|thumb|200px|Portrait of [[Gong Yuenwai]] taken in 1889, 24 years before he would become president of Yingok.]]
The [[Yinese Provisional Government (1911–13)|Yinese Provisional Government]] was established on 22 September 1911 with the [[Tongtou Declaration]] between the Confederacy and Kongchangtong. However, disagreements between the two factions manifested immediately over the stategy governance and revision of the constitution fuelled internal strife within the newly formed government.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=How Two Governments Ran a Country|author=E. Jenkins|date=10 October 2000|publisher=Eagle Press|page=53-55|edition=5}} Retrieved 22 April 2015.</ref> Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, warlords would grow increasingly powerful once more, taking advantage of the central government's weakness and the squabbling among political factions, with local strongmen asserting their authority and often disregarding directives from the central government.<ref name=":11">{{cite journal|last=Gwok|first=Jim|date=1983|title=Warlordism: An Analysis of the Yinese Political Landscape|journal=Yingok Historical Society|volume=12|issue=3|pages=67–92}} Retrieved 29 November 2018.</ref>
 
In 1913, a new Constitution was finally agreed upon, formally establishing the [[Second Republic of Yingok|Second Republic]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=新憲獲准|trans-title=New Constitution Approved|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Chiu|last=Hau|date=17 May 1913}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/新憲獲准.pdf Archived] 2 July 1999. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</ref> In the same year, the Chiusaan Confederacy was admmitted into the Republic increasing the territory of the Second Republic to nearly twice its size.<ref name=":10" /> On 23 November that year, the [[1913 Yinese presidential election|first election]] took place, resulting in a Kongchangtong victory with [[Gong Yeunwai]]<!--(共潤威)--> sworn in as president just 4 days later. However, accusations of electoral fraud marred the victory, with violence occurring in some regions of Yingok in response.<ref>{{Cite news|title=共產黨候選共潤威贏大選|trans-title=Kongchangtong Candidate Gong Yuenwai Wins Election|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Chiuyeung|last=Ching|date=29 November 1913}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/共產黨候選共潤威贏大選.pdf Archived] 7 September 1999. Retrieved 19 April 2012.</ref> On 27 March 1914, the [[Confederacy Coalition]] Party would be founded by former members of the Chiusaan Confederacy, seeking to represent the interests of the late Confederacy within the newly formed government.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6" />
 
By 1918, defiance of the government reached its peak when on 13 September, the [[State of Sikhoy]] was proclaimed in the [[Gumsha Clique]] by [[Cheui Houyin]]<!--(徐浩然)--> further fragmented the nation and alarming the central government,<ref name=":9" /> setting a precedent for subsequent {{wp|breakaway state}}s in the following years which included the [[Fengwu State]] and [[Zenmuy Union]] (which would later by subjegated by Sikhoy in 1926) in 1920; the [[Namho Free State]] in 1923; the [[Republic of Long]] in 1928; [[Zhongdei Republic]] and [[Order of Fui]] in 1933; and the [[Teng State]] in 1941.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal|last=Wen|first=Gitwing|date=2000|title=The Fragmentation of the Second Republic: An Analysis of Breakaway States|journal=Yingok Cultural Heritage Foundation|url=http://www.ychf.org/fourth-winter-period/second-republic/breakaways/4356}} Retrieved 28 February 2019.</ref> This resulted in numerous violent episodes as the Second Republic struggled and often failed to maintain control over potential breakaway states and warlord factions.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" />
[[File:Hakulrebelmilitia.jpg|250px|thumb|A group of militiamen near [[Mount Yingcao]] during the [[Hakul Rebellion of 1923]].]]
 
In the [[1920 Yinese presidential election|1920 election]], the Kwokmuntong emerge victorious leading to the election of [[Lo Waijing]]<!--(盧偉靜)--> as president.<ref>{{Cite news|title=國民黨候選盧偉靜當選|trans-title=Kwokmuntong Candidate Lo Waijing Was Elected|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Jik|last=Ng|date=26 November 1920}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/國民黨候選盧偉靜當選.pdf Archived] 19 January 2000. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</ref> This howbeit, coincided with the rise of nationalist sentiments among various {{wp|ethnic minority|ethnic minorities}} within the country, particularly in [[Outer Razan]]. In April 1923, the [[Joldu Uprising]] erupted in the city of the same name in the region, demanding representation and autonomy for the {{wp|Yakuts|Hakul people}}. This uprising quickly escalated into a [[Hakul Rebellion of 1923|full-blown rebellion]], drawing support from the [[Feiping Clique]] and further challenging the central government's authority.<ref name=":13">{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Dr. Jia|date=2003|title=The Joldu Uprising: A Case Study|journal=Historical Perspectives|url=https://www.historicalperspectives.net/articles/the-joldu-uprising-a-case-study}} Retrieved 12 May 2012.</ref>
 
The rebellion was eventually crushed when the last pocket's of militia men were cleared out around the region of [[Mount Fofu]] in January of 1927.<ref name=":13" /> In the same year, the [[1927 Yinese presidential election]] took place, with Lo Waijing being re-elected by a small margin against the Confederacy Coalition candidate [[Yu Man]]<!--(於敏)-->.<ref>{{Cite news|title=盧偉靜連任|trans-title=Lo Waijing Re-Elected|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Jik|last=Ng|date=27 November 1927}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/盧偉靜連任.pdf Archived] 21 March 1999. Retrieved 8 July 2012.</ref> Lo aimed to strengthen the economy, specifically from foreign trade and investment. However, his efforts were hindered by the continued dominance of warlords, by this time, numerous "{{wp|toll road}}s" had been established by warlords throughout Yingok which heavily taxed travel and trade, impeding economic growth and stifling civilian movement around the country.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" />
 
Meanwhile, an uprising in X colony began in January 1928, fueled by dissatisfaction with colonial rule and inspired by the broader political turmoil within Yingok, in 1931 they would everthrow the colonial government and establish X.<ref name=":4" />
 
Labour strikes resurfaced in the early 1930s, in reaction to worsening economic conditions and discontent among the populace. In response, Lo Waijing announced the [[Six-Year Plan for Economic Reconstruction]], aiming to address the economic challenges and social inequalities.<ref name=":14">{{cite journal |last1=González |first1=Biel |title=Labour Strikes in Yingok: A Historical Analysis |journal=Abarian History Association |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=123–145 |year=2005 }} Retrieved 29 March 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Six-Year Plan for Economic Reconstruction |last=Wu |first=Lungsing |date=1930 |website=Yingok Government Archives }} [https://archive.yingok.gov.yn/files/1930/經濟重建六年計劃.pdf Archived] 9 April 2002. Retrieved 18 October 2012.</ref> However, implementation of the plan faced significant challenges due to opposition from entrenched interests in the government many of which saw the proposed reforms as a waste time and resources which could be better utilised to combat the influence of warlords.<ref>{{Cite news|title=總統宣經濟計劃|trans-title=President Announces Economic Plan|work=Samlong Bellman|first=Paangsing|last=Man|date=18 December 1930}} [https://samlongmuseumofhistory.org/archived/files/總統宣經濟計劃.pdf Archived] 22 May 1998. Retrieved 30 July 2016.</ref>
 
On 23 May 1931, Saan dynasty prince in exile [[Chungmau]]<!--(衝眸)--> returned to Yingok from {{wp|exile}} in X, claiming legitimacy as the rightful ruler. His return sparked mixed reactions, with loyalists to the Saan dynasty concentrated mainly in Sankwai and Fengwu.<ref name=":12" /> In the same month, the [[Dynastic Restoration Movement]] would be founded in Sankwai and a coup to overthrow the [[Yeungwu Clique]] occured successfully, giving the new movement a foothold on Yingok. A few months later in July, the [[Lower Saan dynasty|New Saan dynasty]] was proclaimed. In January 1933, Prince Chungmau would also orchestrate the overthrow of [[Touhou Clique]] with the help of the [[Fengwu State]] which aligned with the Movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Soojin |title=The Return of the Saan dynasty |journal=Yingok Historical Society |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=67–89 |year=2000 }} Retrieved 13 August 2011.</ref>
[[File:Soldiers of second republic.png|250px|thumb|A squad of Second Republican soldiers after winning the [[Battle of Fuwsaan]] in early October of 1934 during the [[Yinese Midlands War]].]]
 
Back in the Second Republic, tired of its inability to address ongoing crises, the Kongchangtong orchestrated the succession of the [[People's Union of Zhongdou and Cheungming]] in August 1934, removing the leaders of the [[Yaujeng Clique|Yaujeng]] and [[Wongzen Clique]]s in an armed coup on 2 and 3 August respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bizarre History of the Yinese Communist State|publisher=Milton Press|edition=6|author=Fiona Hui|date=1999|pages=27-31}} Retrieved 19 November 2017.</ref> This was followed by a month of conflict against resisting forces loyal to the deposed leaders. The Republic responded by sending their own military forces to suppress the coup while the Kongchangtong branch in the government denied any involvement, labelling their counterpart in the People's Union as "traitors of the Party". By the end of August, the [[Yinese Midlands War]] had escalated into a full-blown conflict. However, a stalemate ensued by mid-October.<ref name=":15">{{cite book |last=Leung |first=Syut |title=The Yinese Midlands War: A Comprehensive History |year=1996 |publisher=Yutzhau University Press |location=Yutzhau |edition=11}} Retrieved 20 July 2009.</ref>
 
In November, Lo Waijing would be re-elected for a third term,<ref>{{Cite news|title=盧偉靜贏第三任|trans-title=Lo Waijing Wins Third Term|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Chyukeung|last=Yip|date=25 November 1934}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/盧偉靜贏第三任.pdf Archived] 7 April 1999. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</ref> now an old man in his late 70s, he left most of the day-to-day governance to his vice president and {{wp|Cabinet (government)|cabinet members}}.<ref name=":14" /> In the Yinese Midlands War, negotiations between the government and the People's Union begun in early January of 1935, bogged down by mutual distrust and conflicting demands.<ref name=":15" /> However, an accord was able to be reached by March of 1935, leading to a ceasefire and the subsequent [[Treaty of Qinfa]] which was signed on the 11th that month, ending the war, while simultaneously, the Second Republic refused to recognise the legitimacy of the People's Union.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiu |first1=Bob |title=The Treaty of Qinfa: An End to the Yinese Midlands War |journal=Journal of Military History |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=67–89 |year=2003 }} Retrieved 29 September 2020.</ref>
 
A violent incident between [[Republic of Long|Long]] forces and a contingency of Yinese soldiers occurred in [[Wochun]] a year later on 27 March, giving Yingok a justification to intervene militarily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ychf.org/fourth-winter-period/wochun-incident |title=The Wochun Incident |last=Anonymous |date=2006 |website=Yingok Cultural Heritage Foundation |access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> Thus sparking the [[Yingok-Long War]] when the Yinese Third Army crossed into Long territory on 2 April.<ref name=":12" /> This sparked fear in other breakaway states, prompting the formation of the [[Jade Sea Mutual Defence Pact]] on 3 April 1937 with the [[Honliun Accords]] which saw the participation of all breakaway states in the south of Yingok. The Republic of Long would eventually surrender to Yingok and would be officially dissolved during the [[Treaty of Donggong]] on 20 December 1940 which also ended the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zheung-Danielson |first=Steven |title=The Yingok-Long War: A Detailed Account |year=2005 |publisher=Dongsing Press |location=Dongsing }}</ref>
 
At 14:47 CYT, on 16 June 1941, Lo Waijing died of a {{wp|stroke}}, causing vice president [[Fong Yunwai]]<!--(方潤威)--> to ascend to the role of acting presidency.<ref>{{Cite news|title=盧偉靜過世,方潤威宣代理總統|trans-title=Lo Waijing Dead, Fong Yunwai Declared Acting President|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Ying|last=So|date=18 June 1941}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/盧偉靜過世-方潤威宣代理總統.pdf Archived] 15 October 1998. Retrieved 4 February 2012.</ref> He would subsequently win the [[1941 Yinese presidential election|election in November]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=方潤威當選|trans-title=Fong Yunwai Elected|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Gwan-git|last=Hung|date=25 November 1941}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/%E7%9B%A7%E5%81%89%E9%9D%9C%E9%81%8E%E4%B8%96-%E6%96%B9%E6%BD%A4%E5%A8%81%E5%AE%A3%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1.pdf Archived] 27 December 1999. Retrieved 13 January 2013.</ref> However, he and various other key politicians of Yingok would be assassinated the following year in a series of bombings by pro-monarchist terrorists. Political instability would intensified due to this as competing factions within the government vied for power in the vacuum left by the deaths of the key leaders. In the aftermath, [[Fung Hokgong]]<!--(馮學剛)--> would be sworn as acting president and martial law was declared. Curfew was imposed in major cities, and the government launched a crackdown on suspected dissidents and extremist groups.<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Norred |first1=Oddmund |title=The Aftermath of the Assassinations of 1942 |journal=Abarian Studies |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=67–89 |year=1992 }}</ref>[[File:Zhang Wentian3.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Hong Bokngai]] in 1942 after his victory in the [[1942 Yinese presidential election|Yinese presidential election]].]]
 
1942 would see [[1942 Yinese presidential election|another election]] being held after Fung Hokgong stepped down as president due to his deteriorating health and {{wp|cancer}} diagnosis. [[Hong Bokngai]]<!--(康博毅)--> of the Confederacy Coalition would emerge victorious.<ref>{{Cite news|title=康博毅贏選舉|trans-title=Hong Bokngai Wins Election|work=Dongsing Gazette|first=Ngamzan|last=Ma|date=26 November 1942}} [https://achivedongsingnews.net/1900/files/康博毅贏選舉.pdf Archived] 11 January 2000. Retrieved 28 March 2010.</ref> Continuing on his predecessor's crackdowns while also beginning several ineffective moderate economic and social reforms. Efforts were made to reconcile with disenfranchised communities and marginalised groups while economic restructuring initiatives were launched to diversify the economy and reduce dependence on traditional industries such as fishing and {{wp|Refining (metallurgy)|iron refining}}.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":11" /> Hong also attempted to implement several programmes to improve social welfare, healthcare, and education. This was helped along by a fragile peace between political factions that was maintained by the government under Hong.<ref name=":12" />
 
In February of 1943, the National Diet agreed to Hong's proposal for constitutional reforms. The revision of the {{wp|Constitution}} took place over numerous months, with the political factions clashing over the details of the amendments. Eventually, by September, the revised constitution was finalised and ratified by the National Diet on the 30th. Major changes in the new constitution included the shortening of the {{wp|term of office|presidential term}} to six years, the establishment of {{wp|term limit}}s for the presidency to 3 terms, the assurance of the freedom of speech and thought, and the strengthening of the {{wp|judiciary}}'s independence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ng |first=Thomas |title=The 1943 Constitutional Reforms in Yingok |journal=Abarian Studies |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=123–145 |year=1997 }} Retrieved 8 April 2012.</ref>
 
With the ratification of the new Constitution, Hong proclaimed the establishment of the Third Republic, thus ushering in the last era of the Fourth Winter Period.<!-- Ga Tangyat (贾腾逸), Gung Cheungting (龚昌庭), Sek Mingjeun (石明俊), Mou Mandou (武文道), Chin Jungching (钱忠清), Maang Chantou (孟陈涛), Yeung Hiulung (楊曉龍), Jeung Lapgwan (張立軍), Ga Yan (嘉仁), Cheui Houyin (徐浩然), Wong Keungleung (黃強亮), Wong Hiu-gwan (王曉軍), Leung Tinyu (梁天宇), Jau Gingwai (週經緯), Tin Yam (田鑫), Lei Gamfai (李金輝)-->
 
====Third Republic====
[[File:Yingok 1943.png|thumb|250px|left|Yingok, right after the proclamation of the Third Republic.]]
[[File:Namho soldiers.png|thumb|250px|Namho volunteers swearing to fight before the [[Battle of Dongzhong]] in December 1956 during the [[Namho-Zhongdei War]].]]
[[File:LiuShaoqi.jpg|thumb|230px|President [[Yin Kyun]] in 1957.]]
The first major act of power the Third Republic conducted came in July 1944 where Yingok consolidated its military power and began the [[Hakul Campaign]] which aimed to assert Yingok's dominance over the northeastern {{wp|Yakuts|Hakul}} cliques of [[Ulu Clique|Ulu]] and Feiping, culminating in their surrender and annexation in 1948 with the [[Treaty of Fumun]] and [[Treaty of Port Tündük|Port Tündük]] respectively, although skirmishes with resistance fighters would continue into the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Hakul Campaign of 1944 | url=http://www.historicalfrontiers.org/45432234-//hakul-campaign | publisher=Historical Frontiers | date=2023-01-15 | access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>
 
In 1949, Hong was re-elected in a [[1949 Yinese presidental election|landslide victory]]. Now at 45 years old, for his second term, Hong negotiated with the Jade Sea Mutual Defence Pact beginning in March 1949 to re-join Yingok with partially successful results. Nearly all states refused besides the [[State of Sikhoy]] who accepted the offer to be reintegrated into Yingok as a prefecture in 1951 in the [[Meishu Agreement]] along with the [[Zenmuy Protectorate]] which was annexed by Sikhoy following the brief [[Zenmuy War]] which lasted for 12 days between 3 to 15 June 1951 before Zenmuy surrendered to Sikhoy.<ref name=":25">{{cite journal | author=Mui Ming | title=The Jade Sea Mutual Defence Pact | journal=Diplomatic Chronicles | volume=10 | issue=3 | pages=102-119 | year=2017 | publisher=Chronicle Press}}</ref>
 
The Kongchangtong was banned from the Yinese government and National Diet in January 1952 when {{wp|journalist}} [[Wong Hyun]] <!--王萱--> exposed evidence in their involvement in the succession of the People's Union. Protests erupted across Yingok following the announcement of the ban, with supporters of the party decrying what they perceived as an infringement on their political rights. These demonstrations, while initially peaceful, escalated into violent clashes with the authorities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ling |first=Mouyin |title=抗議活動爆發反對共產黨禁令嘅反彈 |website=Samlong Bellman |date=1952-01-15 |trans-title=Protests Erupt in Backlash Against Communist Party Ban}} [https://samlongmuseumofhistory.org/archived/files/抗議活動爆發反對共產黨禁令嘅反彈.pdf Archived] 17 June 1999. Retrieved 13 January 2016.</ref> The government responded with a heavy-handed crackdown, leading to a significant number of deaths and arrests. In the wake of the ban, Hong implemented a series of measures aimed at curbing political opposition, including the banning of {{wp|paramilitary}} groups and the establishment of a register of political affiliations for all {{wp|public servant}}s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wong |first=Hyun |title=The Kongchangtong Ban and the Fallout |journal=Yingok Historical Society |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=45-67 |year=1992}}</ref>
 
Meanwhile, the Jade Sea Mutual Defence Pact gradually collapsed mainly due to the loss of Sikhoy and major disagreements between the [[Namho Free State]] and [[Zhongdei Republic]] that culminated in the outbreak of the [[Namho-Zhongdei War]] between the two states in 13 March 1954 over a disputes farming village along their border which had turned into a [[Battle of Hongyu|skirmish]]. Namho would eventually win the war against Zhongdei in November 1957, ending in their annexation by Namho.<ref name=":25" />
 
In 1955, [[Siu Gunyu]]<!--邵冠宇--> of the Kwokmuntong emerged as the victor in a closely contested [[1955 Yinese presidential election|presidential election]]. His administration promised to assert Yingok's position on the international stage and assert the government's authority over disobedient territories. This policy culminated in the passing of the [[Haksaan-Fui Reorganisation Act]] by the [[National Diet]] in 1959 where Yingok annexed all of their satellite territories, including the New Haksaan Clique, [[Fanyi Free City]], [[Hoydong Clique]], [[Wuchuen Clique]], [[Order of Fui]], and the [[Teng State]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Haksaan-Fui Reorganisation Act of 1959 |journal=Contemporary Political Studies |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=122-139 |author=Samuel Park }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fe43.edu.yn/+歷史/第三共和國的崛起|title=第三共和國的崛起}} Retrieved 4 June 2016.</ref> This was met with protest and resistance from various factions, both domestically and internationally. The annexation process involved extensive military and administrative operations aimed at integrating these regions fully into the Yinese state structure. The consolidation of these territories marked a significant expansion of the Third Republic's influence, leading to increased tension with neighboring factions within Yingok.<ref>Zea Hardings (1999). ''The Expansions of Yingok'' (2 ed.). Roundel House.</ref>
 
In the same year, Prince Chungmau of the Lower Saan dynasty was assassinated in August following a bombing during a visit to [[Bunmun]]. The dynasty immediately fell into disarray, paralysed with no clear line of succession. Eventually Two possible heirs, Princes [[Cheunyam]] and [[Ngawai]]<!--(春蔭 and 雅惠)--> emerged in a power-struggle against contenders such as army generals and other political figures. Ngawai broke away from the main group in January 1960 to establish the [[Northern Dynastic Restoration Movement]] based in [[Touhou]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dynastic Collapse and Power Struggles in the Lower Saan |journal=Political Science Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=34-51 |author=Man Zising |date=2003-02-01 }} Retrieved 12 May 2021.</ref> Taking advantage of the confusion, both the Kongchangtong and the Yinese government sought to exploit the power vacuum. Yingok backed Prince Ngawai, in exchange for his pledge to integrate Sankwai and Fengwu back into the Yingok as autonomous territories while the Kongchangtong in the People's Union opted to invade the Lower Saan dynasty, sparking the [[Communist-Royalist War]], their goal being to extend their influence in preparation for what many within the party saw as an inevitable confrontation with the Third Republic.<ref name=":33">{{cite journal |title=The Communist-Royalist War: A Chronology |journal=Yingok Historical Society |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=75-92 |author=Yuri Cheung |date=2014-05-10 }} Retrieved 25 January 2019.</ref>
 
In the 1961 election, a split in the Confederacy vote between Hong Bokngai and [[Mou Mandou]] as well as Siu Gunyu's refusal to participate, citing his old age led to the victory of [[Yin Kyun]]<!--(賢權)--> of the [[Weikuntong]]<!--(威權黨-->; a party which was formed by remnants of the Kongwotong when the Empire of Yingok was disestablished. Yin Kyun's presidency was characterised by the strengthening of the bureaucracy and the expansion of government control over various sectors of the economy. Around the same time, the Confederacy Coalition began to fall apart due to internal disagreements between two factions led by Hong and Mou respectively, culminating in a declaration of dissolution in April 1962. Hong Bokngai retired the same month and the [[Neo-Confederacy]] was founded by Mou.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The End of the Confederacy Coalition |journal=Abarian Studies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=112-129 |author=Oliver Rhee |date=1982-06-01 }}</ref>
 
Around the same time in the Communist-Royalist War, the People's Union had captured most of Fengwu, with minor skirmishes occurring against the Third Republic, while remants of the Cheunyam-led Lower Saan dynasty continued to fight throughout the region into the Yinese Civil War.<ref name=":33" /> Meanwhile, entrenchment of the remaining major political factions within the Third Republic deepened. Political instability characterised the last few years of the Warlords Era. Corruption and inefficiency began to plague the government under Yin Kyun's weak authority. The escalation of tensions between the Yinese government and the Kongchangtong-led People's Union, especially over the matter of the Lower Saan dynasty finally culminated in the [[Yinese Civil War|outbreak of war]] on 7 March 1966.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Avery |title=Yingok's War |publisher=Masten Press |year=2009}}</ref>
 
===Yinese Civil War===
{{Main|Yinese Civil War}}
*Insert progress of war.
*Prince Cheunyam is killed in 1968 in a bombing of Gutdong.
* The government weakened during the late 60s and early 70s even more during the war, suffering from a lack of political consensus and indecision that cost Yingok several cities in the early stages of the war.
* Yin Kyun dies of smallpox in May of 1973 during the Civil War, his vice president, Lei Daatping (雷達平) becomes acting president.
*However, the loss of the late president, who's moderate policies had helped united the National Diet, threw the government into chaos.
*Hong Bokngai, who had retired from politics years before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis and called on the nation to suspend the government and reform the constitutional system.
*The [[1973 Yinese coup d'état]] was initiated by Hong Bokngai and his supporters in August which dissolved the National Diet, forced Lei Daatping to resign, established another [[Yinese Provisional Government (1973–74)|Yinese Provisional Government]], and appointed Hong Bokngai as president once more.
* The Fourth Republic was officially proclaimed in April of 1974 and a new constitution would be written.
*The [[1974 Yinese presidential election]] took place with Hong Bokngai refusing to participate, [[Mou Mandou]] was elected as a result.
*Prince Ngawai dies of cancer in 1976.
*The conflict died down in the last few years of the war, with communist strongholds mainly in Cheungming.
*A final Yinese campaign in 1980 eventually led to the surrender of the Kongchangtong in 1981, ending the conflict.
 
===Fourth Republic and onwards===
*Yinese "Red Scare" happens.
*Economic miracle/recovery
* Yingok expands influence overseas
*etc
 
==Geography==
[[File:Topographic map of Yingok.png|thumb|Topographical map of Yingok.]]
Taking up almost the entirety of western [[Abaria]], Yingok is the 2nd largest nation in the world behind [[Razan]], with a total area of {{Convert|6485823|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, roughly 9% of which being water.<ref name=":26" /> It is bordered by the [[Alconian Ocean]] to the west, the [[Jade Sea]] and X to the south, Razan, X, and Pyinthar to the east, and the [[Glacian Ocean]] to the north. The country lies between {{Wp|latitude|latitudes}} 32° and 74° N and {{Wp|longitude|longitudes}} 58° and 114° W. Yingok is considered the westernmost country in Abaria with [[Seisek Point]] on [[Yatpui]] being considered the most western point of both Yingok and Abaria as a whole.<ref name="efee">[https://worldgeographics.org/geography/countries/yingok Yingok]. World Geographics</ref>
 
Yingok possesses 5 major mountain ranges, 4 of which belong to the [[Hakul Plateau|Hakul Mountains system]]. The smallest of the 4 are the [[Seisaan Mountains]] which runs along the western coast of the country including the prefectures of Yauhing, and the eponymous Seisaan. The other three mountains include the [[Buuksaan Mountains]] in the north of the country encompassing the prefectures of Fengwu, Yauhing, Saanbuk, and Outer Razan; the [[Cheungceung Mountains]] found in Seisaan, Cheungming, and Yauhing; as well as the [[Hakul Mountains]] in Outer Razan which contains the mountain of [[Tongfong]] which at an elevation of 8,684 m (28,491 ft) is the highest point in Yingok and the world, the mountains also form the traditional boundary between the region of Yingok and the outside world. The smallest and oldest mountain range geologically is the [[Namging Mountains]] on the border between Namging and Dongmei prefectures.<ref name="efc">{{cite book |last=Yun |first=Minglei |date=1997 |title=Mountains of Yingok |edition=8 }} Retrieved 27 October 2017.</ref> The lowest point in Yingok is the [[Ngapun Depression]] in the [[Dongmei steppe]] which lies at about 32 m (105 ft) below sea level.<ref>[https://worldgeographics.org/geography/continent/Abaria Abaria]. World Geographics</ref><ref name="efc" />
 
The rest of Yingok's geography consists of flat plains in the south, northwest and southeast of the country. The southern and southeastern flatlands are characterised by an arable coast but an {{Wp|arid}} and {{Wp|semi-arid}} interior. The northwest is dominated by the {{Wp|deciduous}} [[Great Alconian Forest]] which primarily sits on the [[Duk basin]] and [[Fengwu Peninsula]] to the west. The northern regions of Yingok beyond the Buuksaan Mountains are marked by a {{Wp|taiga|boreal}} environment which is part of the [[Razanite and Yinese taiga]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Basile Hennequin |year=2003 |title=Topography and Rivers |publisher=Yutzhau University Press}} Retrieved 8 June 2019.</ref> Offshore, Yingok also possesses several major islands and archipelagos, including Yatpui, [[Mindong Island]], the [[Siksha Islands]], [[Honfei Islands]], and [[Bukgok Island]] which is the most northern territory administered by the nation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Dominic |last=Hong |year=2009 |title=Island Hopping over Yingok }} Retrieved 21 December 2020.</ref>
 
Home to over 40,000 rivers and 200,000 lakes, Yingok has one of the largest surface water resources. The largest lake in Yingok is [[Lake Feng]] which holds about 10% of the country's {{Wp|fresh water}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Michael |title=Water of Abaria |year=2014 |edition=4 |publisher=Sydenham Press}} Retrieved 17 January 2018.</ref> Major rivers of Yingok include the [[Wucheun]], [[Fui River|Fui]], [[Longcheun]], [[Fey River|Fey]], [[Gumsha River|Gumsha]], [[Choi River|Choi]], and [[Duk River|Duk]]. The Longcheun is the longest, extending over 4,952 km (3077 mi) from its source in the Buuksaan Mountains to its delta in southern Zhongdei, and is also widely regarded as Yingok's national river.<ref name="efee" />
===Climate===
[[File:Climate map of Yingok.png|thumb|Köppen climate classification map of Yingok.]]
 
Yingok lies primarily in the {{wp|temperate}} climate zone of the northern hemisphere where the {{wp|westerlies|prevailing wind direction is from the west}}. The climate, particularly along the coast is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the !Gulf Stream from southern [[Elia Borealis]]. The !Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Yingok's heater", because it makes Yingok's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. Most of southern Yingok has a distinctively {{wp|Mediterranean climate|Sankwai climate}}, which features warm to hot, dry summers and cool to mild winters and frequent sunny skies. Central Yingok and parts of the [[Fengwu Peninsula]] has an {{wp|oceanic climate}}, with cool to warm summers and cool winters with frequent overcast skies. Northern Yingok is classified as having a {{wp|humid continental climate}}, which features warm to hot summers and cold winters.<ref name="climate">{{cite web|url=http://www.apricot.net/maps/climate/yingok |title=Yinese Climate|website=Apricot.net}} Retrieved 19 February 2016.</ref>
 
In the interior, a {{wp|cold semi-arid climate}} dominates the south-central interior and eastern coast, seeing warm to hot dry summers and cold and sometimes freezing winters. The [[Cheungming Desert]] to the north lies in the {{wp|rain shadow}} of the [[Cheungceung Mountains|Cheungceung]] and [[Seisaan Mountain]]s, and feature a {{wp|cold desert climate}} with warm dry summers and cold dry winters. Further east, {{wp|tundra climate}}s can be mainly found in the [[Hakul Mountains]], featuring little to no rainfall or snowfall, frigid temperatures, and short growing seasons.<ref name="climate" />
 
{{wp|Typhoon}}s rarely affect Yingok, and are confined to the southern prefectures of Sikhoy, Zhongdei, and Namho. The most devastating one occurred in 2003 named [[Typhoon Kuromizu]] which killed 70 people and caused around $13 billion in damages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fl.southyinesepost.org/3217/521464|title=The 10 Deadliest Typhoons to Hit Yingok|publisher=South Yinese Post |last=Wan Haying}} Retrieved 12 August 2019.</ref> {{wp|Tornado}}es occur frequently across Yingok. Over 300 are recorded each year, with some reaching over {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. They occur most frequently in the central regions of Yingok, but activity is also prevalent in the southern and eastern regions.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2014 |title=Extreme Weather in Yingok During the last 100 years |journal=Looks into Atmospheric Sciences |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=432–439 }} Retrieved 3 February 2015.</ref>
 
[[Shamun County]] in [[Munlok]] currently holds the highest recorded temperature in Yingok, at {{convert|43.8|C|F|abbr=on}} on 27 July 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phil Neri |date=2022|title=Yingok Just Saw 43.8 Celsius as New Extreme Weather Record |website=Wexdon Telegraph |url=https://www.wexdontelegraph.org/world/28-07-2022/yingok-just-saw-43-8-celsius-as-new-extreme-weather-record}} Retrieved 28 July 2022.</ref> while [[Bukgok Island]], [[Saanbuk]], holds the record for the lowest temperature in Yingok, at {{convert|-72.3|C|F|abbr=on}} on 30 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2022 |title=Yingok Records Coldest National Temperature for a Second Time This Year|newspaper=Daily Times |url=https://world.dailytimes.org/2008/10/24/abaria/yingok-records-coldest-national-temperature-for-a-second-time-this-year }} Retrieved 1 January 2023.</ref>
 
===Biodiversity===
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==== Industrial Revolution ====
===Environment===
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=== Yinese Revolution and Fourth Winter Period ===
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=== Yinese Civil War ===
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=== Fourth Republic and onwards ===
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== Geography ==


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==Government and politics==
=== Climate ===
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=== Biodiversity ===
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=== Environment ===
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== Government and politics ==


{{multiple image
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Yeung Kapkaa.png
| image1            = Yeung Kapkaa.png
| width1            = 120
| width1            = 120
| caption1          = [[Yeung Kapkaa]]<br /><small>7th [[President of Yingok|President]]</small>
| caption1          = [[Yeung Kapkaa]]<br /><small>23rd [[President of Yingok|President]]</small><br>since 2 January 2022
| image2            = Dong Dak.png
| image2            = Blank portrait, male (rectangular).png
| width2            = 120
| width2            = 120
| caption2          = [[Dong Dak]]<br /><small>9th [[Vice President of Yingok|Vice President]]</small>
| caption2          = Vacant<br><br>since 10 June 2024
| footer            = since 2 January 2022
| footer_align      = center
}}
}}


Yingok is classified as a {{wp|unitary}} {{wp|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional}} {{wp|republic}}, with the [[president of Yingok|president]] acting as {{wp|head of state}} and {{wp|head of government}} as well as {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the [[Yinese Armed Forces]]. The president and [[Vice President of Yingok|vice president]] are elected by {{wp|direct election}} for six-year terms, with a limit of three consecutive terms. The president appoints and presides over the [[Cabinet of Yingok|cabinet]], subject to the approval of the [[Appointments Committee]]. The vice president is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after {{wp|impeachment}}, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of the president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Appointments Committee. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of the [[National Diet]] (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the National Diet. The {{wp|incumbent}} president and vice president are [[Yeung Kapkaa]] and [[Dong Dak]], elected in [[2021 Yinese presidential election|2021]]
Yingok is classified as a {{wp|unitary}} {{wp|presidential}} {{wp|constitutional}} {{wp|republic}}, with the [[president of Yingok|president]] acting as {{wp|head of state}} and {{wp|head of government}} as well as {{wp|commander-in-chief}} of the Yinese Defence Forces. The president and [[Vice President of Yingok|vice president]] are elected by {{wp|direct election}} for six-year terms, with a limit of three terms.<ref name=":17">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Yingok|url=https://www.yingok.gov.yn/public/important/constitution|access-date=2024-04-30}}</ref> The president appoints and presides over the [[Cabinet of Yingok|cabinet]], subject to the approval of the [[Appointments Committee]]. The vice president is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after {{wp|impeachment}}, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of the president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Appointments Committee. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of the National Diet (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the National Diet.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Yingok|author=Michael Stone|edition=5|date=2008}} Retrieved 21 June 2019.</ref> The {{wp|incumbent}} president is [[Yeung Kapkaa]], elected in [[2021 Yinese presidential election|2021]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yeung Kapkaa Wins Presidential Election for 2022|url=https://fl.southyinesepost.org/3361/563824|website=South Yinese Post|first=Ning|last=Ma|date=25 November 2021|access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> while the position of vice president became {{wp|vacant}} following [[Dong Dak]]'s resignation on 10 June in response to an [[ACEC]] investigation.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://forum.nationstates.net/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=549856&p=41558297#p41558297 |last=Zheung |first=Tam |title=Vice-President Dong Dak Announces Resignation Amid Ongoing ACEC Corruption Probe |date=2 May 2024 |website=South Yinese Post}} Retrieved 11 June 2024.</ref>


Legislative power is vested in the {{wp|unicameral}} [[National Diet]], with its 92 members elected for 4-year terms. Each subdivision are allowed three representatives which are elected via direct vote in their respective subdivisions, while the remaining 50 members of the National Diet are elected {{wp|Proprtional representation|proportionally}} based on the total national vote. The National Diet is headed by the [[Chancellor of Yingok|Chancellor]], currently [[Nam Gat]], who is elected from among its members by a {{wp|majority vote}} for 4-year terms. The Chancellor serves as the presiding officer of the National Diet and is responsible for facilitating legislative proceedings, and maintaining order within the National Diet.
Legislative power is vested in the {{wp|unicameral}} [[National Diet of Yingok|National Diet]], with its 92 members elected for 4-year terms. Each subdivision are allowed three representatives which are elected via direct vote in their respective subdivisions, while the remaining 50 members of the National Diet are elected {{wp|Proprtional representation|proportionally}} based on the total national vote.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Electoral System of Yingok|journal=Political Review of Yingok|volume=12|issue=3|pages=75–90|year=2022}} Retrieved 9 November 2023.</ref> The National Diet is headed by the [[Chancellor of Yingok|Chancellor]], currently [[Nam Gat]], who is elected from among its members by a {{wp|majority vote}} for 4-year terms. The Chancellor serves as the presiding officer of the National Diet and is responsible for facilitating legislative proceedings, and maintaining order within the National Diet.<ref>[https://www.wexdontelegraph.org/world/25-06-2022/new-chancellor-of-yingok-nam-gat-elected New Chancellor of Yingok, Nam Gat Elected]. ''Wexdon Telegraph''.</ref>


The {{wp|judicial branch}} is headed by the [[Supreme Court of Yingok]], which serves as the highest court in the country. It is led by the [[Chief Justice of Yingok|Chief Justice]], currently [[Wu Suk-fan]], and comprises of 6 [[Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Yingok|associate justices]]. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the [[Judicial Committee]]. Each subdivision has its own court system, which handles cases within their respective jurisdictions.  
The {{wp|judicial branch}} is headed by the [[Supreme Court of Yingok]], which serves as the highest court in the country. It is led by the [[Chief Justice of Yingok|Chief Justice]], currently [[Wu Suk-fan]], and comprises of 6 [[Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Yingok|associate justices]]. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the [[Judicial Committee]]. Each subdivision has its own court system, which handles cases within their respective jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jingji.net/28/3/2004/司法機關如何運作|title=司法機關如何運作?|trans-title=How does the Judiciary Work?|first=Laifung|last=Lei|website=Jingji.net|date=28 March 2004}} Retrieved 13 July 2015.</ref>


Since the [[Presidency of Fung Likwai|Fung administration]], {{wp|corruption}} has been a key focus of reform in Yingok. The government has initiated various measures to combat and address corrupt practices within the country, including a lengthy [[Yinese Anti-Corruption Campaign|anti-corruption campaign]] that has led to significant changes in the political and social landscape. The [[Anti-Corruption and Ethics Committee]] (ACEC) was also established as well during the Fung administration as an independent agency with the primary goal of investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption at all levels of government.
Since the [[Presidency of Fung Likwai|Fung administration]], {{wp|corruption}} has been a key focus of reform in Yingok. The government has initiated various measures to combat and address corrupt practices within the country, including a lengthy [[Yinese Anti-Corruption Campaign|anti-corruption campaign]] that has led to significant changes in the political and social landscape.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=David |date=2013 |title=The Fight Against Corruption in Yingok |journal=International Journal of Governance |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=78-92}} Retrieved 16 May 2014.</ref> The [[Anti-Corruption and Ethics Commission]] (ACEC) was also established as well during the Fung administration as an independent agency with the primary goal of investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption at all levels of government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fl.acec.gov/home/about |title=About Our Mission |website=Anti-Corruption and Ethics Commission |access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref>


=== Allegations of corruption ===
===Allegations of corruption===


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=== Law ===
===Law===
[[File:1946 National Assembly Constitution.jpg|thumb|287x287px|First page of the original copy of the Constitution.]]
The law of Yingok is derived from five sources: [[Constitution of Yingok|constitutional law]], {{Wp|statute|statutory law}}, treaties, {{Wp|administrative law|administrative regulations}}, and the common law.<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|author=Zhu Winghung|title=To Understand the Laws of Yingok|year=2012|publisher=Yutzhau University Press}} Retrieved 14 March 2015.</ref> The most important of these laws is the constitution which specified the make up of the [[Government of Yingok|central government]] of Yingok, as well as various civil liberties. The constitution sets out the boundaries of state law, which include treaties ratified by the National Diet, statutes enacted by the National Diet, administrative regulations promulgated by the {{Wp|executive branch}}, and common law originating from the [[judiciary of Yingok]].<ref name=":24" /> The law is largely derived from Calesian law and legal systems, with some elements descending from Sendouist philosophy of social control through moral education.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Brian Wilkes|title=The Problems with Society in Yingok|location=Milston|year=2017|pages=37-39}} Retrieved 10 August 2018.</ref>


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Yingok has historically possessed harsh {{Wp|blasphemy law|blasphemy laws}} which has been abolished since 1943 along with {{Wp|sodomy law|sodomy laws}} during the constitutional revisions under Hong Bokngai. Nevertheless, "violations of {{Wp|decency|public decency}}" or "disturbances of public order" have been employed to suppress street prostitution and other activities deemed morally or socially disruptive. The enforcement of these public decency and public order statutes has often been discretionary, leading to varying degrees of strictness depending on the political climate and social attitudes of the time.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
 
Yingok generally has a solid reputation in regards to {{Wp|LGBT}} rights. In recent decades, there have been significant legal reforms to protect and promote the rights of LGBT individuals. For example, {{Wp|anti-discrimination laws}} have been enacted to ensure equal treatment in employment, housing, and public accommodations. Additionally, {{Wp|civil union|civil unions}} for homosexuals were recognised legally in 2005 while {{Wp|same-sex marriage|same-sex marriages}} were permitted in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Dongsing Gazette|title=同性婚姻簽署成為法律|url=https://dongsingnews.net/2014/yingok/|trans-title=Same-Sex Marriage Signed Into Law|first=Sin|last=Choi}} Retrieved 24 March 2014.</ref> However, it took until 2019 for {{Wp|adoption}} laws to be revised to allow same-sex couples to adopt children. The country is also considered one of the most generous in terms of {{Wp|freedom of speech}}, as guaranteed by its constitution. Because of this, Yingok does not have laws against {{Wp|hate speech}} and racism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Freedoms of Speech|editor=Idar Thorstad|year=2015|publisher=World Factbook}} Retrieved 13 June 2018.</ref>


=== Subdivisions ===
===Subdivisions===


Yingok is divided into [[Subdivisions of Yingok|13 prefectures and 1 autonomous region]]. The prefectures are further subdivided into [[Counties of Yingok|394 counties]] and [[Municipalities of Yingok|23 municipalities]]. The [[Outer Razan]] autonomous region holds a higher degree of autonomy in local governance and decision-making.
Yingok is divided into [[Subdivisions of Yingok|13 prefectures and 1 autonomous region]]. The prefectures are further subdivided into [[Counties of Yingok|394 counties]] and [[Municipalities of Yingok|23 municipalities]]. The [[Outer Razan]] autonomous region holds a higher degree of autonomy in local governance and decision-making.<ref>{{Cite web|title=截至 2017 年 1 月的細分統計|trans-title=Subdivisional Statistics as of January 2017|website=[[Dongsing Institute of Statistics]]|url=https://www.dsis.org/2017/files/截至2017年1月的細分統計.pdf}} Retrieved 5 February 2019.</ref>


Each prefecture is overseen by a local assembly and is headed by a [[Prefectual Governor (Yingok)|prefectural governor]] who is elected by the population of the respective prefecture for a term of 5 years, with a limit of three consecutive terms. the local assemblies are comprised of representatives from the counties and municipalities within each prefecture. These representatives are elected by the county or municipal population for 4 year terms. While each local assembly operates independently from the [[National Diet of Yingok|National Diet]], they are ultimately accountable to the central government and must abide by national laws and policies
Each prefecture is overseen by a local assembly and is headed by a [[Prefectual Governor (Yingok)|prefectural governor]] who is elected by the population of the respective prefecture for a term of 5 years, with a limit of three consecutive terms. the local assemblies are comprised of representatives from the counties and municipalities within each prefecture. These representatives are elected by the county or municipal population for 4 year terms. While each local assembly operates independently from the [[National Diet of Yingok|National Diet]], they are ultimately accountable to the central government and must abide by national laws and policies<ref name=":17" />


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Flag !! Name !! Capital !! Population
!Flag!!Name!!Capital!!Population
|-
|-
| [[File:namging flag.png|15px]] || [[Namging]] || [[Dongsing]] || X
|[[File:namging flag.png|100px]]||[[Namging]]||[[Dongsing]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:outer razan flag.png|15px]] || [[Outer Razan]] || [[Altayara]] || X
|[[File:outer razan flag.png|100px]]||[[Outer Razan]]||[[Altayara]]|| X
|-
|-
| [[File:seisaan flag.png|15px]] || [[Seisaan]] || [[Yunzhau]] || X
|[[File:seisaan flag.png|100px]]||[[Seisaan]]||[[Yunzhau]] ||X
|-
|-
| [[File:Dongmei flag.png|15px]] || [[Dongmei]] || [[Hoyzhau]] || X
|[[File:Dongmei flag.png|100px]]||[[Dongmei]]||[[Hoyzhau]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:sikhoy flag.png|15px]] || [[Sikhoy]] || [[Samlong]] || X
|[[File:sikhoy flag.png|100px]]||[[Sikhoy]] ||[[Samlong]] ||X
|-
|-
| [[File:fungwu flag.png|15px]] || [[Fungwu]] || [[Wunsing]] || X
|[[File:fungwu flag.png|100px]]||[[Fungwu]]||[[Wunsing]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:zhongdei flag.png|15px]] || [[Zhongdei]] || [[Bikhoy]] || X
|[[File:zhongdei flag.png|100px]]|| [[Zhongdei]]||[[Bikhoy]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:sankwai flag.png|15px]] || [[Sankwai]] || [[Sei'on]] || X
|[[File:sankwai flag.png|100px]]|| [[Sankwai]]||[[Sei'on]]|| X
|-
|-
| [[File:yauhing flag.png|15px]] || [[Yauhing]] || [[Cinglong]] || X
|[[File:yauhing flag.png|100px]]||[[Yauhing]]|| [[Cinglong]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:Munlok flag.png|15px]] || [[Munlok]] || [[Wongzen]] || X
|[[File:Munlok flag.png|100px]]||[[Munlok]]||[[Wongzen]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:cheungming flag.png|15px]] || [[Cheungming]] || [[Qinfa]] || X
| [[File:cheungming flag.png|100px]]||[[Cheungming]]|| [[Qinfa]] ||X
|-
|-
| [[File:namho flag.png|15px]] || [[Namho]] || [[Gongbuk]] || X
|[[File:namho flag.png|100px]]||[[Namho]]||[[Gongbuk]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:yatpui flag.png|15px]] || [[Yatpui]] || [[Yukgong]] || X
|[[File:yatpui flag.png|100px]]|| [[Yatpui]]||[[Yukgong]]||X
|-
|-
| [[File:saanbak flag.png|15px]] || [[Saanbak]] || [[Fumun]] || X
| [[File:saanbak flag.png|100px]]||[[Saanbak]]||[[Fumun]]||X
|}
|}


=== Foreign relations ===
===Foreign relations===


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=== Military ===
===Military===
[[File:Samlong G17.png|thumb|upright|A Yinese [[Samlong G17]] {{wp|main battle tank}}.]]
[[File:Samlong G17.png|thumb|A Yinese [[Samlong G17]] {{wp|main battle tank}}.|250x250px]]
The [[Yinese Defence Force]] (YDF) serves as the armed forces of Yingok, playing a pivotal role in safeguarding the nation's security, protecting its sovereignty, and contributing to regional stability. It is comprised of several branches, including the [[Yinese Army]] (YA), [[Yinese Navy]] (YN), [[Yinese Air Force]] (YAF), and the [[Yinese Space Force]] (YSF). In 2022, Yingok military expenditure was $382.4 billion, or 3.9% of the Yinese {{wp|GDP}}. Leadership of the YDF is vested in the [[Bureau of Defence]], with the [[President of Yingok]] acting as {{wp|commander-in-chief}}. With a total personnel count of 1.37 million, the YDF is considered one of the largest military forces in the world behind X.
The [[Yinese Defence Force]] (YDF) serves as the armed forces of Yingok, playing a pivotal role in safeguarding the nation's security, protecting its sovereignty, and contributing to regional stability. It is comprised of several branches, including the [[Yinese Army]] (YA), [[Yinese Navy]] (YN), [[Yinese Air Force]] (YAF), [[Yinese Space Force]] (YSF), and the and the [[Yinese National Police Force]] (YNPF), which also fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of Yingok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fl.ybod.gov/branches |title=The Yinese Defence Forces |website=Bureau of Defence }} Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref> In 2022, Yingok military expenditure was $382.4 billion, or 3.9% of the Yinese {{wp|GDP}}. Leadership of the YDF is vested in the [[Bureau of Defence]], with the [[President of Yingok]] acting as {{wp|commander-in-chief}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dsis.org/2023/files/截至2017年1月的細分統計.pdf |title=燕國國防開支 |website=Dongsing Institute of Statistics |trans-title=Yinese Defence Spending}} Retrieved 18 February 2023.</ref> With a total personnel count of 1.37 million, the YDF is considered one of the largest military forces in the world behind Waldrich and X.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Donald |title=The Most Powerful Militaries in the World |journal=Journal of Military and Strategic Studies |date=2018 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=34-56}} Retrieved 19 July 2019.</ref>


27 military research laboratories are considered to be components of the Yinese Armed Forces, under the authority of the Bureau of Defence. These laboratories play a critical role in advancing the YDF's technological capabilities, supporting research and development efforts to enhance the military's readiness and effectiveness. In terms of intelligence, the military branch is led by the [[Military Intelligence Division (Yingok)|Military Intelligence Division]] (MID) and serves under the Bureau of Defence, while the civilian branch is led by the [[National Intelligence Office]] (NIO) under the [[Yinese National Police Force]]. Yingok's {{wp|cybersecurity}} capabilities are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation in the world.
27 military research laboratories are considered to be components of the Yinese Defence Forces, under the authority of the Bureau of Defence. These laboratories play a critical role in advancing the YDF's technological capabilities, supporting research and development efforts to enhance the military's readiness and effectiveness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of Military Research Laboratories in the Yinese Defence Force |url=http://fl.ybod.gov/military-research-labs |website=Bureau of Defence |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref> In terms of intelligence, the military branch is led by the [[Military Intelligence Division of Yingok]] (MIDY) and serves under the Bureau of Defence, while the civilian branch is led by the [[National Intelligence Office]] (NIO) under the Yinese National Police Force.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} Yingok's {{wp|cybersecurity}} capabilities are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uc.org/rankings/cybersecurity-rankings |title=World National Defence - Cybersecurity Rankings |website=United Congress |year=2023}} Retrieved 16 January 2024.</ref>


In 2021, national {{wp|conscription}} was abolished by the National Diet.
In 2021, national {{wp|conscription}} was abolished by the National Diet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yingok.gov.yn/law/132998 |title=Ban on National Conscription |website=Government of Yingok }} Retrieved 5 January 2022.</ref>


== Economy ==
==Economy==
[[File:Shanghai Stock Exchange 6.jpg|thumb|333x333px|The [[Dongsing Stock Exchange]] is one of the oldest as well as largest in the world.]]
Yingok has developed a medium-income mixed market economy. For the last few decades, the Yinese economy has consistently ranked among the largest globally; it is currently the world's [[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|single largest]] by {{wp|purchasing power parity}} at $9.122 trillion, and the [[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|single largest]] by nominal GDP at $9.805 trillion. According to the [[United Congress (Teleon)|United Congress]], Yingok is ranked relatively low in nominal GDP per capita compared to other developed nations, with roughly $15,028 per inhabitant.<ref name="gdp" /> It is also [[List of Teleon countries by different metrices|placed highly]] in the {{wp|Human Development Index}} at 0.896.<ref name="hdi" /> Political corruption was also historically among the highest in the world, with Yingok consistently ranking among the 50 most corrupt countries until 2003; it placed X as of 2022, down twenty place from 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pci.com/index/2022 |title=Political Corruption Index 2022 |publisher=Political Transparency International }} Retrieved 29 February 2023.</ref> Yingok is Abaria's single largest spender in research and development, at over 4 percent of GDP; globally, it ranks Xth. The Yinese economy is considerably open, although the state still owns considerable shares in key industries related to energy, telecommunications and transport.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lavan |first=Saul |title=A Review of the Economic Policy of Yingok |journal=Abarian Economic Review |date=1998 }} 23 June 2013.</ref> The country is considered an economic powerhouse, with membership in X, X, and X.


Yingok's economy is highly diversified, the {{wp|sevices sector}} represents 62.4% of both the workforce and GDP, while the {{wp|industrial sector}} accounts for 30.2% of GDP and a similar proportion of employment. Roughly 7% of GDP is generated by the {{wp|primary sector}}, namely {{wp|mining}}.<ref name="ec">{{cite journal | last = Hau | first = Zising | title = The Economic Sectors of Yingok | journal = Journal of Economics | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 65-74 | year = 2007}} Retrieved 8 April 2018.</ref> However, Yingok's mining sector is among the largest in value and leads Abaria in terms of overall production; it is highly concentrated in the extraction of iron, copper, gold, and coal, which are nationally protected product. The central prefectures of Yingok are characterised by large {{Wp|quarry|quarries}} and mining areas dedicated towards coal and iron, while the eastern highland prefectures are dedicated towards copper and gold. The services sector is based around banking and finances, in which the state plays an important role with {{wp|Bailout|saving banks}}. The sector sees large contributions from tourism seeing around 62 million foreign visitors in 2020 which is why it is regarded as a crucial portion of the economy of some Yinese provinces.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.yingok.gov.yn/tourism | title = Tourism in Yingok | website = Government of Yingok}} Retrieved 13 December 2015.</ref>
In 2021, Yingok was the third-largest {{wp|trading nation}} in the world and the single largest in Abaria, with the value of exports representing over two-seventh of GDP. Its membership in the X facilitate access to capital, goods, services, and skilled labour.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Margaret |date=2021 |title=Yingok's Role in Global Trade and Investment |url=https://fl.southyinesepost.org/3341/562749 |website=South Yinese Post }} Retrieved 3 July 2022.</ref> Despite protectionist policies over certain industries, particularly in mining, Yingok has generally played a leading role in fostering free trade and commercial integration in Abaria in order to enhance its economy. In 2020, it ranked highly in Abaria and globally in foreign direct investment, with Abarian countries being leading sources. According to the [[Bank of Yingok]], the leading recipients of FDI were manufacturing, real estate, finance and insurance. [[Namging]] province has the highest concentration of multinational firms in Abaria.<ref>{{cite web |last=Steiners |first=Robert |date=2016 |title=Multinational Firms in Namging |url=https://www.abariabusiness.com/article/132948 |website=Abarian Business News }} Retrieved 19 September 2016.</ref>
The [[Dongsing Stock Exchange]] is one of the oldest in Abaria, created by X in 1864. In 2004, it merged with counterparts in Samlong, Sei'on, and Hoyzhau to form [[Yinnex]] (short for Yingok New Exchange), which in 2013 merged with X to form X, one of the world's largest stock exchange. Dongsing Stock Exchange is Abaria's largest {{wp|stock exchange}} market.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lum |first=Davis |date=2013 |title=Yinnex Stock Exchange Merger |journal=Abarian Business Journal |volume=8 |issue=3 }} Retrieved 29 January 2014.</ref>
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=== Energy===
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===Science and technology===
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===Infrastructure===
[[File:Port of donghoy.jpg|thumb|The port of [[Donghoy]] is the busiest port of Yingok and one of the most busiest in the world.]]
There are approximately 130,000 km (90,000 mi) worth of {{Wp|highway|highways}} in Yingok making the country one of the most well connected nations in the world after X. It is jointly maintained and upkeeped by the Yinese [[Bureau of Infrastructure]] and the [[Yinese Highway Administration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fl.byoi.gov/2016/roadways/ |title=Roadways in Yingok (2016) |publisher=Bureau of Infrastructure }} Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref> [[Sikhoy]] prefecture is home to the densest network of roads and highways in Yingok, with [[Namging]] right behind them. Yinese roads also handle substantial international traffic from X.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Garnier |first=Xavier |year=2014 |title=The Road Network of Yingok |journal=Journal of Transportation Planning and Technology |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=73–84 }} Retrieved 11 June 2019.</ref> The car market are dominated mainly by domestic brands, however [[Calesia|Calesian]] cars are not unheard of. Brands in Yingok include [[GSheung]], [[Baakmin]], and [[Nordhagen]]. Yingok is also one of the world's largest exporter of cars as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite book|title=燕國汽車|trans-title=Automobiles of Yingok|publisher=汽車雜誌|date=2023}} Retrieved 9 January 2024.</ref>
 
In terms of railway, it stretches roughly 60,000 km (37,000 mi) as of 2022. Locally, it is seen as an outdated and unreliable form of transportation as it is prone to delay and accidents. The Yinese railway is operated by the [[Railway Company of Yingok]] (RCY), a state owned corporation. Railways in Yingok are particularly strained during the holidays, especially during the {{Wp|Chinese new year|new year}} celebration, when roughly 350 millions people would travel to the countryside to visit their families and vice versa via rail annually. Trains in Yingok could travel at the maximum speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). The RCY also possesses routes to Pyinthar. Urban trains such as the [[Dongsing Subway]] are slightly more developed, with most major cities in the south and east having underground or tramway services complementing bus services.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chagnon |first=Charles |year=2023 |title=The State of the Yinese Railway System |journal=Journal of Transportation Planning and Technology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=123–134 }} Retrieved 18 December 2023.</ref>
 
There are 240 airports in Yingok.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia Yingok|edition=20|editor=Lo Wa|publisher=World Factbook}} Retrieved 28 September 2019.</ref> [[Hoyzhau International Airport]] is by far the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic in the eastern half of the country. [[Yinese Airlines]] is the national airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hoyzhau International Airport - About Us|url=https://www.hzgc.org/fl/home/about-us|website=Hoyzhau International Airport|date=2018}} Retrieved 6 August 2018.</ref> There are ten other major airports in Yingok, the largest of which is the [[Hong Bokngai International Airport]] in [[Dongsing]]. Yingok is also home to several leading {{Wp|aerospace}} companies including [[Washun]], [[Fongzou Aviation]], and [[Aero Engine Group of Bakmun]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Country Aerospace Comparison: Yingok|website=globalpower.com|url=https://www.globalpower.com/aerospace/yingok|date=2015}} Retrieved 17 April 2015.</ref>
 
Yingok has over 2,000 river and seaports, about 210 of which are open to foreign shipping. Some of the most busiest port in Yingok include the Ports of [[Donghoy]], [[Honglau]], [[Cuiwan]], [[Gumsha]], and [[Bikhoy]], with Donghoy being the most busiest port in Yingok.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016年燕國進出口狀況|trans-title=Exports and Imports of Yingok 2016|website=Dongsing Institute of Statistics|url=https://www.dsis.org/2016/files/2016年燕國進出口狀況.pdf}} Retrieved 23 January 2017.</ref> The country's inland waterways are one of the world's longest, at a total 8,747 km (5,435 mi).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Country Waterway Comparison: Yingok|website=globalpower.com|url=https://www.globalpower.com/waterway/yingok|date=2018}} Retrieved 26 June 2019.</ref>
 
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==Demographics==
 
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Since the industrial revolution, Yingok has been a highly {{wp|urbanisation|urbanised}} country. The percentage of the country's population living in urban areas increasing from 35% in 1900 to over 60% in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|website=globalpower.com|url=https://www.globalpower.com/urban-rural/yingok|title=Country Urban-Rural Comparison: Yingok}} Retrieved 13 February 2024.</ref> Yingok also has X cities with a population of over 1 million, with 14 {{wp|megacity|megacities}} as of 2020. The largest cities by population (Excluding metropolitan area population) being [[Hoyzhau]] (23,732,130), [[Dongsing]] (19,218,537), [[Samlong]] (12,754,552), [[Donghoy]] (12,694,268), [[Bikhoy]] (11,540,623), [[Sei'on]] (11,321,644), [[Gongbuk]] (10,756,313), [[Madan]] (10,242,844), [[Yunzhau]] (9,940,150), and [[Gumsha]] (9,831,581).<ref name="census">{{cite_web | title=Urbanisation in Yingok: City Population Statistics | url=http://www.yingok.gov.yn/files/2020/2020-urbanisation.pdf | website=Government of Yingok | format=PDF }} Retrieved 12 January 2021.</ref> {{wp|Rural flight}} continues to be a political issue throughout Yingok.
 
{{Largest cities
| country      = Yingok
| stat_ref    = 2020 census<ref name="census" />
| div_name    = Prefecture
 
| city_1 = Hoyzhau| div_1 = Dongmei| pop_1 = 23,732,130
| img_1 = Landscape_seen_from_top_floors_of_住友不動産六本木通ビル_9.jpg
| city_2 = Dongsing| div_2 = Namging| pop_2 = 19,218,537
| img_2 = Skyline_of_dongsing.png
| city_3 = Samlong| div_3 = Sikhoy| pop_3 = 12,754,552
| img_3 = Tokyo_Skytree_from_Airplane_01.jpg
| city_4 = Donghoy| div_4 = Dongmei| pop_4 = 12,694,268
| img_4 = Minato_Mirai_In_Blue.jpg
| city_5 = Bikhoy| div_5 = Zhongdei| pop_5 = 11,540,623
| city_6 = Sei'on| div_6 = Sankwai| pop_6 = 11,321,644
| city_7 = Gongbuk| div_7 = Namho| pop_7 = 10,756,313
| city_8 = Madan| div_8 = Sikhoy| pop_8 = 10,242,844
| city_9 = Yunzhau| div_9 = Seisaan| pop_9 = 9,940,150
| city_10 = Gumsha| div_10 = Sikhoy| pop_10 = 9,831,581
| city_11 = Poyu| div_11 = Namging| pop_11 = 9,207,952
| city_12 = Pingyi| div_12 = Sikhoy| pop_12 = 8,786,361
| city_13 = Punlong| div_13 = Sikhoy| pop_13 = 8,477,465
| city_14 = Fatlo| div_14 = Zhongdei| pop_14 = 7,375,682
| city_15 = Liuham| div_15 = Dongmei| pop_15 = 7,470,735
| city_16 = Yuthung| div_16 = Namging| pop_16 = 6,959,784
| city_17 = Honglau| div_17 = Sikhoy| pop_17 = 6,256,090
| city_18 = Mukleung| div_18 = Namho| pop_18 = 6,152,003
| city_19 = Cuiwan| div_19 = Sikhoy| pop_19 = 5,749,952
| city_20 = Qinfa| div_20 = Cheungming| pop_20 = 5,549,253
}}


=== Religion ===
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==Culture==
 
Since ancient times, Yinese culture have heavily influenced !Japan and [[Abaria|Southern Abaria]], although contemporary Yinese culture now combines influence from Calesia and eastern Abaria.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rough Future for Yinese Identity|author=Ronald Nook, Marston Seymour|year=2001}} Retrieved 18 July 2013.</ref> Traditional Yinese arts include crafts such as {{wp|ceramic}}s, {{wp|textile}}s, {{wp|lacquerware}}, {{wp|sword}}s and {{wp|doll}}s; performances of {{wp|Chinese opera|opera}}, {{wp|Chinese dance|dance}}, and {{wp|Chinese martial arts|martial arts}}; and other practices such as {{wp|painting}}, {{wp|poetry}}, and {{wp|calligraphy}}. Since the 1990s, Yingok has developed a system for the preservation and promotion of culture led mainly by [[Yinese Heritage]], a charity that manages over 3,000 historic monuments, buildings and places in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yinwaicaan.org/fallish/index.html|website=Yinese Heritage|title=Work of Yinese Heritage}} Retrieved 11 November 2016.</ref>
 
=== Art===
[[File:Yinese art.jpg|thumb|''[[Travelling to Fudou]]'' by [[Yip Zihou]], a depiction of the painter's travel from [[Sei'on]] to [[Fudou]]. It is believed to be painted from around 1712-1717.|250x250px]]
[[File:Daoist deity BM 1930.7-19-62.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|A statue of [[Semze]]<!-- 審者 -->, an example of both Yinese ceremic glazing and sculpting.]]
Yinese art is characterised by a degree of continuity and relative consistency since the [[Two Kingdoms Period]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Yinese Art History|author=Natasha Mei|year=2011|publisher=Eagle Press}} Retrieved 7-11-2015</ref> The term "Yinese art" is often referred to ceramics, paintings, and sculptures of Yinese origin. {{Wp|Decorative arts}} is also considered an important part of Yinese art, with complicated designs and intricate scenes often featured in various art forms.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=The Dongsing Museum Book of Yinese Art|editor=Wu Donggwan|publisher=Dongsing Museum Press|edition=3|year=2014}} Retrieved 21 August 2016.</ref> Ceramics, in particular, hold significant cultural and artistic value in Yinese tradition, with techniques such as porcelain production dating to the Sin Dynasty.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chun |first=Xiuming |title=The Cultural Significance of Ceramics in Tradition |journal=Journal of Yinese Art |volume=25 |issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=78-91}} Retrieved 12 January 2013.</ref> In the modern era, Yinese art have been subject to various influences including {{Wp|realism (art)|realism}} and {{Wp|Abstract art|abstraction}} brought about by the {{Wp|industrial revolution}} and modernism.<ref name=":22" />
 
Painting is mainly done on {{Wp|silk}} or {{Wp|paper}}, utilising techniques such as {{Wp|brush painting}} and {{Wp|ink-wash painting}}. Yinese paintings typically feature themes from nature, literature, daily life, as well as mythology. The finished work could typically be displayed as scrolls such as {{Wp|hanging scrolls}} or {{Wp|handscrolls}}, although other formats such as album sheets, walls, {{Wp|lacquerware}}, and {{Wp|folding screens}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yineseart.edu/fl/default/files/docs/painting-techniques-yingok.pdf |title=Evolution of Painting Techniques in Yinese Art |website=Yinese Art Foundation |access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> Yinese paintings have trended towards realism over time, a trend beginning in the Hon Dynasty of the Two Kingdoms Period.<ref name=":23" /> Landscape painting is widely considered one of the most esteemed genres within Yinese painting, and they are generally some of the largest and most detailed works in the tradition. Landscape painting in Yinese art often depicts natural scenes, with mountains, rivers, trees, and sometimes human figures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cander|first=Alan|date=1973|title=Yinese Landscape Painting|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=23|issue=2|pages=141–164}} Retrieved 10 March 2013.</ref> Traditionally, Yinese paintings were done by highly skilled artists who were trained in classical techniques in an {{Wp|apprenticeship}} system and often followed strict conventions established by previous generations.<ref name=":23" />
 
Yinese ceramics is generally noted as the longest-continuous Yinese art form. The earliest types of ceramics were made during the {{Wp|Palaeolithic}} era, and ranged from construction materials such as bricks and tiles, to hand-built pottery vessels fired in bonfires or {{Wp|kiln|kilns}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Yinese Pottery and Porcelain|publisher=Sydenham Press}} Retrieved 28 April 2014.</ref> {{Wp|Blue and white pottery}} is regarded as one of the most iconic styles of Yinese ceramics, characterised by its use of blue pigment on a white background, typically achieved through the application of {{Wp|cobalt oxide}} under a clear glaze. This technique became popular during the 13th century and has since remained a hallmark of Yinese ceramic craftsmanship. Later ceramics were produced on an industrial scale without a loss in quality in workshops and factories. Because of this, very few individual ceramic makers are known.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics|author=George Black|date=1978}} Retrieved 4 August 2019.</ref>
 
As well as porcelain, decorative arts in Yinese tradition encompass a wide array of mediums, including lacquerware, {{Wp|metalwork}}, textiles, {{Wp|furniture}}, and {{Wp|jade}}. Lacquerware holds a particularly significant place in Yinese decorative arts, with a history dating back to the [[Zhong dynasty]].<ref name=":23" /> Yinese jade was attributed with magical powers, thus they were often carved into impractical objects such as weapons, {{Wp|Jade burial suit|burial suits}} and tools. In the modern day, several of these jade objects, such as the [[Sword of Honour]] (which is used to swear in the president) are used as ceremonial items or symbols of authority rather than practical tools.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Jade: A Study in Yinese Archeology & Religion|journal=Journal of Ancient History|first=Zising|last=On|date=1995}} Retrieved 19 January 2013.</ref>
 
Yinese human sculpting derives from the practice of burying the deceased with a clay {{Wp|figurine}} likeness of themselves, a tradition dating back to the Paleolithic. These clay figurines have evolved over centuries, becoming more refined and detailed. Non-human subjects were also often depicted as {{Wp|zoomorphic}} decorations and symbolism. The materials used for sculptures have changed over time, from clay and stone during ancient times to bronze and other metals in later periods. Statues of emperors and other important figures are also common and formed a large part of historic imperial propaganda.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":23" />
 
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== Culture ==
[[File:Yinese archive.jpg|thumb|Manuscripts of [[Yinese Neo-Literature]] from the the [[Yinese Literary Archives]].|250x250px]]
[[File:NDL894923 古文真宝 - 補正標註 前集 part2.pdf|thumb|An example of Yinese literature titled ''A Collection of Ancient Yinese Treasures.''|250x250px]]
The literary traditions of Yingok are regarded as a melting pot, as its origins can be traced back to [[History of Yingok|Ancient Yinese]], Thanhliênese, Artuchid, and [[Calesia]]n literature.<ref>[https://www.fe43.edu.yn/&#x20;文學/燕国文学史概述 燕国文学史概述]. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</ref> One of the earliest known works is the compilation of poems called the ''[[Book of Songs]]'', which compiles about 413 sets of poems regarding daily living, the after life, and nature, dated to roughly around the late [[An dynasty]]. Other [[Yinese classics|classical texts of Yingok]] encompassed a wide range of thoughts and subjects, such as the {{wp|calendar}}, {{wp|military}}, {{wp|astrology}}, {{wp|herbology}}, and {{wp|geography}}, as well as many others. Some of these major works included the ''[[Way of Chiu]]'', and the ''[[Book of On]]'', texts that were both cornerstone of the [[Sendou]] curriculum sponsored by the state throughout the dynastic periods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=史傳文學與國古代小說|url=https://www.ynka.com/t43wre/t3987geyh5|trans-title=Historical and biographical literature and ancient Yinese novels|date=2010}} Retrieved 6 May 2014.</ref>


Literature in Yingok saw its first golden age during the [[Chiu dynasty]]. Poets such as [[Ho Ting]] and [[Wong Linggwan]] paved the way for the emergence of realism and romanticism respectively in Yinese literature. Several well known Yinese tales also date back to this era, including the ''[[Spirit of Winter]]'', and the ''[[Lands to the East]]'', {{wp|folklore}}ic and {{wp|mythology|mythological}} tales that would define Yinese literature for much of Yinese history. A [[Great Library of Poyu|great library]] would also be built during the 4th century BCE, which would be preserved by the subsequent invading Thanhliênese people and later burned by the Artuchid Empire in 1373.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|title=The Golden Ages of Yinese Literature|first=Gregory|last=Saan|publisher=Sydenham University Press|edition=9}} Retrieved 24 February 2014.</ref>
A second golden age for Yinese literature occurred during the late [[Hon dynasty]]. Promoted by the Yinese Monarchy, prominent literary figures emerged during this period. Writers and poets such as [[Laai Chi]] and [[Daai Tang]] become prominant names in Yinese high society as a result of their writing. The  [[Yinese Neo-Literature]] movement emerged during this era. Initially as a rebellion against Artuchid cultural dominance. Emerging during the early 15th century, the literary movement embraced ideas such as {{wp|social commentary}}.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite journal|title=An Overview of Yinese Neo-Literature|journal=Journal of Literature|first1=Timothy|first2=Red|last1=Leung|last2=Kent}} Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
Yinese Neo-Literature waned during the late 16th to early 17th century and saw a brief resurgence during the early [[Saan dynasty]].<ref name=":19" /> However, it soon gave way to the rise of Archaism in [[Yinese Archaism|Yinese]] literature. Influenced by a growing interest of both the upper class and a burgeoning citizen class in the Saan dynasty in ancient learnings, including art and literature. Poets and writers such as [[Hong Hin]] and [[Syun Yanhei]] emerged during this period.<ref name=":20">{{cite book |editor-surname=Heung |editor-given=Lewis |title=A New Literary History of Yingok |year=2013 |publisher=Masten Press }} Retrieved 3 May 2019.</ref> In the late 18th-19th century, Yinese literature experienced a wave of [[Yinese Realism|realism]]. Writers such as [[Fu Waanleung]] and [[Chung Jung]] depicted the harsh realities of industrial life, colonialism, war, explored social issues, and critiqued the existing power structures.<ref name=":21">David Eriksen (2002). ''Sources of Yinese Tradition: From 1600 through the Twentieth Century''. Vol. 2. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</ref>
A wave of romanticist and entertainment fiction such as {{wp|Wuxia|Mouhap}} and {{wp|Danmei|Daammei}} stories would also be seen during the waning decades of the Saan dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|title=燕國文學傳播|trans-title=Dissemination of Yinese Literature|publisher=Samlong Press}}</ref> During the [[Fourth Winter Period]], [[Yinese Modernism]] emerged, characterised by experimentation, fragmentation, and the exploration of subjective experiences. Writers like [[Taaisuk Yun]] and [[Yu Sauloi]] pushed the boundaries of traditional writing forms and delved into abstract and introspective themes. This period also saw the rise of the [[Yinese Surrealism]] movement. In the [[Yinese Fourth Republic|post-Fourth Winter era]], Yinese literature experienced a surge of social realism and political engagement. Writers like [[Wong Sauying]], [[Lau Fongwa]] and [[Jeung Man]] used their works as a means of social critique, addressing issues such as inequality, {{wp|civil rights}}, and the impact of war. This period also saw the resurgence of realism again in literature. Many renowned authors such as [[Ng Laino]] and [[Jiu Sauying]] also became recognised internationally for their writing.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" />
The latter half of the 20th century witnessed a diversification and expansion of literary themes and styles in Yinese literature. Yinese authors were loosely organised into literary generations. The [[Generation of Renewal]] of the 1970s and 1980s sought to challenge traditional narratives and explore new forms of expression. Writers like [[Chen Gwan]] and [[Yeung Gyun]] experimented with {{wp|stream-of-consciousness}} techniques and fragmented narratives. In the late 1980s to 2000s, the [[Generation of Identity]] emerged, focusing on themes of personal and cultural identity. Authors such as [[Lei Sauwa]] and [[Beatriz No]] emerged during this period, exploring issues of race, ethnicity, and gender. The latest generation, the [[Generation of the Globe]], which emerged in the 2000s, reflected on the growing influence of global trends and the impact of technology on Yinese literature. Their works often incorporated elements of {{wp|science fiction}} and {{wp|dystopia}}n settings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Three "Generations" of Yinese Literature|website=South Yinese Post|url=https://fl.southyinesepost.org/3780/565383|first=Gamhyun|last=Fong|date=2014}} Retrieved 8 March 2015.</ref><ref name=":21" />
In recent years, Yinese literature has continued to evolve and diversify. The rise of {{wp|independent publishing}} and {{wp|online platform}}s has provided opportunities for emerging voices and marginalised perspectives to be heard. Literary festivals and events, such as the [[Samlong Literary Expo]] and the [[Hoyzhau Book Fair]], attract both local and international authors. Yinese literature has also gained recognition on the global stage, with several authors receiving prestigious literary awards such as the X as well as translations of Yinese works.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rise of Yinese Culture to the World Stage|journal=International Journal of Cultural Studies|author=Yvonne Middleton|date=2017|issue=13|volume=5}} Retrieved 31 October 2017.</ref>
===Philosophy===
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==References==
=== Sports ===
{{reflist}}
 
==Further reading==
 
===General===
 
*{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia Yingok|editor=Lo Wa|edition=23|publisher=World Factbook}}
 
=== History===
 
*{{Cite book|title=The Dynastic History of Yingok|author=Leung Wei|date=1994|edition=7|publisher=Samlong Press}}
*{{Cite book|author=Thomas S. Kale, Gorden E. Brown|date=27 November 2001|publisher=Roundel House|title=Yingok: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Saan dynasty Encyclopedia|editor=Kevin Yuen|date=2004|edition=12|publisher=[[World Factbook]]}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Many Republics of Yingok|author=Yasmine Chagall|edition=3|date=1998|publisher=Milton Press}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Yingok|editor=Roger Price|edition=8|date=2010|publisher=World Factbook}}
*{{Cite book|title=On Yinese Relations With Foreigners|author=Cheung Houyu|date=1999|publisher=Yutzhau University Press}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Handbook Guide to Ancient Yingok|author=Gregory Anderson, Gwan Yeukbing|date=2003|edition=14|publisher=Roundel House}}
 
===Culture and politics===
 
*{{Cite book|title=The Basics: Yinese Culture and Society|edition=9|author=Gary Tristan|publisher=Eagle Press}}
 
*{{Cite book|title=Why Sendouism is So Important to Yinese People|author=Tracey Siu|edition=4|date=1993}}
*{{Cite book|title=A Short History of Yinese Literature|publisher=Pendleton University Press|author=Sarah Green, Iver Frederiksen|date=2011|edition=14}}
*[[Library:Constitution of Yingok|Constitution of Yingok (full text)]]
*{{Cite book|title=Yingok and World Politics|author=Baak Saanping|publisher=Samlong Press}}
 
==External links==
 
*[https://yingok.yn Yingok.yn] – official Yinese tourism site (in Fallish)
*[https://yingok.gov.yn Yingok.gov.yn] – official site of the government (in Fallish)
{{Yingoktopics}}
{{Teleon}}
[[Category:Teleon]]
[[Category:Teleon]]
[[Category:Yingok]]
[[Category:Yingok]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Countries (Teleon)]]

Latest revision as of 21:43, 25 September 2024

Fourth Republic of Yingok
燕華第四共和國 (Yinese)
Flag of Yingok
Flag
Seal of Yingok
Seal
Anthem: 燕華國歌
Yinwàh Gwokgō
"National Anthem of Yingok"
Yingok Ortho.png
Location of Yingok (green) in Abaria (dark grey)
Yingok Subdivision.png
Subdivisional map of Yingok
CapitalDongsing
Largest cityHoyzhau
Official languagesYinese
Recognised regional languagesShanese
Ethnic groups
(2022)[1]
83% Yinese
14% Shanese
3% Others
Religion
(2022)[2]
47% Sendou
41% Gregorianism
10% Irreligious
6% Others
Demonym(s)Yinese
GovernmentUnitary presidential constitutional republic
• President
Yeung Kapkaa
Vacant
Nam Gat
Wu Suk-fan
LegislatureNational Diet
History
c. 3000 BCE
12-23 June 1892
7 March 1966-23 November 1981
19 April 1974
29 December 1985
Area
• Total
6,485,823 km2 (2,504,190 sq mi)
• Water (%)
9
Population
• 2022 estimate
Increase652,421,000[3] (1st)
• Density
100.59/km2 (260.5/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase$9.122 trillion[4] (1st)
• Per capita
Increase$13,982[4]
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase$9.805 trillion[4] (1st)
• Per capita
Increase$15,028[4]
Gini (2022)Negative increase 39.7[5]
medium
HDI (2022)Steady 0.896[6]
very high
CurrencyTungbei (銅幣/₣, TBI)
Time zoneUTC-8 to -5 (Yatpui Mean Time, YMT; Fengwu Standard Time FST; Central Yinese Time, CYT; and Eastern Yinese Time, EYT)
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+38
Internet TLD.yn

Yingok (Yinese: 燕國; Jinping: Jin3 Gwok3; Yinese Hungshui Hernicisation: Yin-gwok), officially the Fourth Republic of Yingok (Yinese: 燕華第四共和國; Jinping: Jin3 Waa4 Dai6 Sei3 Gung6 Wo4 Gwok3; Yinese Hungshui Hernicisation: Yin-wàh Daih Sei Guhng-wòh-gwok; 4ROY) is the second largest country in Abaria. With an estimated population of over 600 million, Yingok is bordered by the Glacian Ocean to the north, Razan, X, and Pyinthar to the east, the Alconian Ocean to the west, and the Jade Sea to the south. Its 13 prefectures and 1 autonomous region spans a combined area of roughly 6,485,823 km2 (2,504,190 sq mi). Yingok is a unitary presidential constitutional republic with its capital in Dongsing, the largest city in Yingok by population. The largest city in the country by area is Hoyzhau which also serves as Yingok's main economic and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Gongbuk, Samlong, Sei'on, Donghoy, and Bikhoy.

Yingok was initially inhabited by the Zhong dynasty, followed by the An dynasty, which brought significant cultural and technological advancements. However, the An dynasty eventually fractured, leading to a fragmented political landscape and the rise of the Chiu dynasty, which brought political stability and a cultural renaissance. The region experienced invasions from the Thanhliênese and the Artuchid Empire, leading to periods of conflict and disruption. The 15th century marked the beginning of the Third Winter Period, characterised by intense competition among various factions. This era eventually gave way to the Three Kingdoms Period, with the Hon dynasty, Jeong dynasty, and emerging Dong Kingdom vying for dominance over Yingok. The Saan dynasty emerged victorious and established relative stability which lasted for nearly 3 centuries. The dynasty oversaw the rise of the Saan colonial empire. Internally, economic growth and a cultural rebirth during the period characterised the Saan dynasty's reign over Yingok. This coincided with the appearance of Calesian influence and culture at the beginning of the 17th century.

In the 19th century, Yingok embraced the Industrial Revolution, leading to rapid urbanisation and socio-political changes. The Saan dynasty's response to demands for reforms varied, leading to political unrest. The dynasty was overthrown in 1892, and Yingok went through a series of political upheavals, including various dictatorships and revolutions. Yingok remained neutral during the Great War due to internal conflicts. In 1966, a civil war erupted between different factions, culminating in a nationalist victory and the establishment of the Fourth Republic. Throughout its history, Yingok has maintained complex relationships with its neighbours, pursuing diplomacy and economic cooperation. It seeks regional stability, trade, cultural exchanges, and peaceful conflict resolution. Present-day Yingok has implemented political reforms, aiming for a more democratic and inclusive society, although challenges remain in fully implementing political freedoms and civil rights.

Yingok retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of art, science and philosophy. It is the world's leading tourist destination, receiving over 73 million foreign visitors in 2020. Yingok is a developed country with the world's single-largest economy by nominal GDP and PPP; in terms of household net income, it ranks sixth in the world. Yingok performs well in international rankings of health care, life expectancy and human development. It remains a great power in regional affairs and is recognised as a nuclear state. Yingok is also a leading member of numerous international organisations including the United Congress, the W4, and the Abarian Regional Forum.

Etymology

The word "Yingok" derives from two Yinese characters: 燕 (yin) referring to the Yinese people and 國 (gwok) meaning "state". However, this name was not in use until around the rise of Yinese nationalism during the late 19th century.[7][8] The term itself (rendered as "Yin-guok") first appeared in the 1876 translation by Gregorian missionary Edwin Gallagher of End of Cycles by Ho Gongwa which called for the abolition of the Yinese dynastic system.[9] The name was then popularised in the 1886 Pocket Guidebook and Dictionary to the Yinese State and Language, a bestseller by the Gregorian missionary Robin Wiland.[10] In popular culture, the name Yingwok is often translated as the "Kingdom of the Yin".[citation needed]

Prior to the term "Yingok", the name of the operating dynasty was always used to refer to Yingok. Outside the region however, most notable in Calesia, the name "Seushu" was primarily used to refer to Yingok. Its origins has been traced through X, X, X and X back to the Thanhliênese word chiều triều. "Seushu", rendered as "T'siuchu", first appeared in a letter dated 16 May 1497 from a X merchant who had visited Pyinthar that year. The word Seushu has been suggested by many Calesian scholars to have derive from the name for the Chiu dynasty (918-132 BCE).[11] Although usage in Pyinthari sources precedes this dynasty, this derivation is still given in various sources.[12][13]

The simplified name Yingok was in frequent use by the beginning of the 1900s. Despite the establishment of the Republic of Yingok a decade prior, many outside Yingok continued to refer to the country as Seushu until the end of the 1920s.[11] The name was also commonly written as the two-word Yin Gok until 1986 when the government officially adopted the one-word name. Some corporations and organisations founded before this date still keeps this name, including Yin Gok Electric Company, Yin Gok Hotels, Yin Gok Merchant Banking Corporation, and Yin Gok Railway Union.[14]

History

Prehistory

The Cingtongfa Rock Arts are one of the many relics of Pre-Dynastic Yingok.

Yingok is home to one of the world's oldest civilisation. Early hominids have inhabited the region as early as 1.05 million years ago, with the fossils of the Yunjou Man, a Homo erectus dating back to this period.[15] The fossilised remains of early Homo sapiens of the Proto-Longic A culture dated roughly 50,000 years ago were also discovered in the Munlok region, along with stone tools and evidence of early settlements.[16][17] Paleolithic sites are also known to exist, most notably the Daisek cave paintings in Dongzhong (15,000 BCE), the Shuitou pillars near Honliun (13,000 BCE), and the Cingtongfa Rock Arts in Cingtongfa (9,000 BCE).[18]

The first evidence of pottery in Yingok dates back to around 7,000 BCE.[19] This coincided with the rise of water levels, separating Yingok with !Japan as well as providing fertile land for early agricultural practices brought about by the end of the Last Glacial Age. The Neolithic in Yingok witnessed the emergence of settled farming communities, marking a significant shift in human development in the region.[20] Yinese proto-writing, characterised by intricate symbols and pictograms, began to emerge during the Neolithic Age. They have existed in Tongmun near Yuthung since approximately 5,200 BCE, marking the beginning of the Proto-Longic B culture.[21][17]

Proto-Longic B marked a crucial phase in the region's development. This period witnessed the further advancement of settled farming communities and the emergence of Proto-Longic B script, a significant development in Yinese proto-writing around 4,000 BCE.[22] The society during the Proto-Longic B period was organized into small-scale chiefdoms, where local leaders held authority over their communities. These chiefdoms engaged in trade and exchange, allowing large networks of activity between the different regions of Yingok. Excavations at various sites dating back to this period have unearthed remnants of dwellings, tools, and artefacts, shedding light on their subsistence practices, craftsmanship, and social structures, most notably the Gongyun ruins near Sheunglong.[23] The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities brought about significant changes in their way of life. The first evidence of silk production also dated back to this period (3538 BCE) and was written in the historical records of the ancient settlement of Kunsaan near Qinfa.[24]

Early dynasties

Oracle bone script fragment found in Saangong.
Gate entrance to the Tomb of Yeung near Dengduk.

According to records from the An dynasty, the Zhong dynasty was believed to have emerged during the late-4th millennium BCE, although the exact date is still debated among historians and scholars. Old legends, most notably the An Annals attribute the founding of the Zhong dynasty to the possibly mythical Emperor Yeung, a figure believed to possess exceptional wisdom and leadership qualities. The existence of the Zhong dynasty have come under scrutiny by historians and archeologists due to its minimal amount of evidence to its existence.[25] Archaeological findings along the Longcheun River dating to the period in 1944, dubbed the Longcheun culture have since been characterised as evidence of the existence of the dynasty. However, due to the lack of proper research initiatives in Yingok since the end of the Civil War, understanding of the Longcheun culture have remained minimal.[26]

The An dynasty succeeded the Zhong sometime around 2300 BCE. According to several writings from the period and later, including the An Annals and Book of On, the shift in power was related to internal struggles between two potential leaders of the state as well as external conflicts with neighbouring tribes.[27] The An dynasty marked the beginning of Yinese's dynastic system, where rulership was passed down within a particular family lineage.[28] Oracle bone script, which emerged around 2500 BCE, became the prominent form of writing during the An dynasty and is a direct ancestor of modern Yinese characters.[29] In addition, advanced irrigation techniques were used, including the earliest utilisation of dams near Tongtou. Archaeological sites dating to this period include Saangong, the Tomb of Yeung, and various other sites across southeastern Yingok.

The power of the An dynasty would later fracture and splinter, heralding the beginning of the First Winter Period in 1030 BCE.[27]

First Winter Period and Chiu dynasty

A Lam bronze helmet dating back to the middle of the First Winter Period.

More than a hundred factions emerged during the First Winter Period, however, this numbered had been reduced to around 17 by the beginning of the 10th century BCE. During this period, states often engaged in territorial disputes and conflicts, leading to a fragmented political landscape. Five major states came to dominate Yingok: Ping, Cheung, Lam, Ming, and Bo, collectively known as the Five Hegemons of the First Winter Period.[30] By the 990s PKE, relative peace emerged between the major states as a cordial détente was agreed upon. However, this changed in 986 BCE when the state of Bun, a rising power in the region began its conquest of the state Fung, beginning a chain reaction throughout Yingok that ended in a Bun hegemony in the north, and the hegemonies of Bo, Lam, and Yut to the south. In 928 BCE, the Tongtou Incident resulted in a coup d'état which overthrew the Bun monarchy, replacing it with the Chiu under the reign of Emperor Dongwei who launched a large-scale campaign on the remaining southern states, officially ending the First Winter Period in 918 BCE.[31]

After establishing the Chiu Dynasty, Dongwei initiated a series of reforms to consolidate his empire. Then he conquered the Dongmei people to the northeast and the Namguks to the southwest. The Chiu Dynasty brought about a period of political stability and cultural renaissance in Yingok. During this time, the arts, literature, and philosophy flourished, and significant advancements were made in fields such as agriculture, trade, and architecture. The Chiu Dynasty also established strong diplomatic relations with neighbouring kingdoms to the west. The political system was centralised, with the emperor holding the highest power. In order to reduce the differences between regions, Dongwei promoted the standardisation of writing through small seal script as the new writing system, the standardisation of currency, and weights and measures.[32]

After 6 other successful emperors following the death of Dongwei in 886 BCE, the Chiu Dynasty suffered a brief succession crisis which culminated in the Chiu Civil War between 753-748 BCE. The situation stabilised after that until the 2nd century BCE when the dynasty began to decline due to a succession of weak emperors, and rampant corruption, leading to the Thanhliên Invasion of Yingok in 132 BCE by the Thanhliênese, a nomadic confederation from Pyinthar, establishing the Sin dynasty.[32]

Southern invasion and Second Winter Period

TBA

Two Kingdoms Period and Artuchid rule

TBA

Third Winter and Three Kingdoms Period

TBA

Imperial dynasties and colonialism

Saan dynasty and the Imperial Reformation

TBA

Industrial Revolution

TBA

Fourth Winter Period

Yinese Revolution and First Republic

Ho Siyat in 1899.

The late 19th century was characterised by the weakening of the central government, leading to a fragmentation of power across various regions of Yingok, as numerous warlords and local strongmen seized power. This marked the beginning of the Fourth Winter Period in history. By the beginning of the 1880s, the most influential faction in Yingok emerged as the Gumsha Clique in Sikhoy, led by the young Cheui Houyin who controlled much of foreign imports flowing into the country.[33][34] Prior to the onset of the Yinese Revolution, numerous coups against the Saan monarch had been attempted, bolstered by an inefficent bureaucracy, corrupt legislature, political instability, and rising anti-dynastic sentiments. Notably, the 1889 Yinese coup attempt which caused the Dongsing bombing that resulted in the death of around 173 people.[35][36]

In 1892, Ho Siyat, a prominent Yinese politician, revolutionary leader, and head of the Kungwogun milita orchestrated a successful coup in the capital in June, backed by support from several warlords and high-ranking government officials. This coup marked the beginning of a new era with the establishment of the First Republic of Yingok.[35] However, a botched attempt to arrest the royal family allowed them to escape into exile in X. This, coupled with the resistance of many warlords along the western and southern coasts as well as in the northern regions who refused to recognise the authority of the state caused many to view the new republic as an illegitimate government, despite the rampant anti-monarchist sentiments.[37][35]

Entrenched Yinese soldiers during the Yingok-Haksaan War.

The early years of the First Republic were marred by attempts by the central government to assert its control over the rest of Yingok through military force, often resulting in small-scale acts of violence and terror perpetrated by both government and warlord forces, most notably the Heungsaan Incident (1892), Lunghap Standoff (1894), and the Fongzou Bombing of 1897.[37] These incidents, among many others, further exacerbated tensions and contributed to the combined instability within the country. The most famous incident, the Battle near Muksek, led to the outbreak of the Yingok-Haksaan War on 12 February 1895 with the central government clashing with the Old Haksaan Clique. This conflict eventually led to the replacement of the Old Haksaan Clique with the pro-government New Haksaan Clique on 26 September 1897.[38]

On 16 July 1896, Ho Siyat established the Kongwotong and oversaw the ratification of the first Constitution of Yingok, which laid the groundwork for the formation of the National Diet of Yingok and the establishment of key government positions such as president, vice president, and chancellor.[39] Ho also declared himself the first president of Yingok, and announced that the first election to be held in 7 years. In reaction, several new political parties also emerged, including the Kwokmuntong in 1897 and the Kongchangtong in 1900.[40]

By 1899, anti-Kongwotong sentiments had coalesced into a alliance of warlords in the north and west of the country, challenging the authority of the First Republic and establishing the Chiusaan Confederacy, led mainly by the Fumen, Gutdong, and Choi Cliques with numerous other factions also considered members of the Confederacy.[41] This development sparked a series of confrontations between government and Confederacy forces across Yingok.[citation needed]

The assassination of Ho Siyat on the afternoon of 2 November 1900 in a shootout with local anti-government militias during a visit to Wongzen further shook the political system of Yingok. In the aftermath, vice president Baak Yingman was sworn in as acting president, declaring martial law and seized the opportunity to accuse the Chiusaan Confederacy for the death of the late president.[42] Violent clashes erupted between pro-government and pro-Confederacy groups as a result in cities like Cingdou, Gaiwing, Wodhun and Nanshui, leading to series of brutal skirmishes and small scale battles.[41] Meanwhile, President Baak ordered the crackdown on possible anti-Kongwotong militias and dissenting factions, leading to widespread arrests as well as supression of civilian protests, with many being accused of being part of "anti-government plots".[43]

In 1902, Pro-Confederacy forces launched a series of attacks against colonial authorities in Louwan which were loyal to the Saan, thus marking the beginning of several operations which aimed to subjegate Yinese colonies under the Chiusaan Confederacy.[44]

The failure of the government to hold elections in 1903 sparked widespread discontent among the populace, particularly in urban areas where many protests and strikes were organised by the Kongchangtong (which had gained the favour of various labour movements) and other opposition groups in protest.[45] The most famous of which occured in August of 1903 where members of the United Mine Workers of Yin Gok clashed with local police in Liuham, resulting in the Liuham Massacre when the military was deployed to suppress the protesters, causing the deaths of some 40 people.[46]

Amidst the growing unrest, divisions within the military manifested, with some factions aligning with the Kongchangtong and other opposition factions within the government while others remained loyal to the government. The Kwokmuntong, meanwhile, formed close alliances with the Confederacy following negotiation in 1904 over their mutual distrust of the current government of Yingok.[47]

Empire of Yingok

Baak Yingman in 1903.
Flag of the Empire of Yingok.
Artillerymen of the Confederacy during the Empire's Choi River Campaign.

On 19 May 1905, President Baak Yingman dissolved the National Diet and declared the end of the First Republic and the birth of the Empire of Yingok, citing the need for a more centralised and authoritative government to address the escalating internal conflicts. This move evoked a spectrum of reactions among the populace: while some hailed Baak's action as a necessary decision to regain order amidst the chaos that had engulfed the country, others viewed it as a betrayal of the democratic principles upon which the First Republic was founded.[48][45][43]

Around the same time, the Cheungming Clique underwent a transformation following a coup which brought the faction under the leadership of a pro-Kongchangtong Fok Yeukgong following a coup in the same year. This development provided a significant boost to the Kongchangtong, affording them a secure stronghold from which to challenge the authority of the newly formed Empire.[49][47]

The year 1906 witnessed a critical blow to colonial authorities as Louwan capitulated to Confederacy forces on 23 June. This emboldened the Confederacy, allowing them to begin numerous other operations of this nature in X, X, and X.[44] In the same year on 7 November, the Kongchangtong and Chiusaan Confederacy solidified their opposition to the Empire by forming the United Yinese Front following the Yunzhau Agreement.[50] In winter that year, a series of brutal crackdowns by imperial forces on pro-democracy protests percieved as "traitourous groups" resulted in widespread civilian casualties and fueled resentment towards the new imperial government. Armed anti-imperial movements sprang up in various regions, particularly in rural areas where imperial control was weakest and anti-imperial groups fled.[43][51]

Meanwhile, escalating tensions and build up of troops on the borders of the Empire of Yingok and the United Yinese Front erupted into open conflict on 24 October 1908 after an incident occurred at a disputed village near Cingdou turned into a full scale battle, marking the onset of the Union-Imperial War.[52] Initially, imperial troops were successful against the forces of the Confederacy and the Kongchangtong, winning several major battles at Wasaan, Choi River, Diusaan among others. By the autumn of 1909, imperial forces had captured Heungsaan, the base of operation for the Kongchangtong and even routed a large Confederacy force near Zhongcheung.[53] However, as the war dragged on, the Empire of Yingok faced several issues, including supply shortages and logistically challenges brought about by passive resistance and sabotage by anti-imperial elements within its territories.[54]

In February of 1910, the bulk of the imperial military along the border of Sankwai were forced to withdraw due to increasingly strained supply lines and persistent guerrilla attacks by anti-imperial factions. This allowed the United Yinese Front to regroup and launch a series of counteroffensive. By the beginning of August that year, forces of the United Front had reached Tengmuk, with plans already being drawn up to campaign up the Longcheun to Dongsing.[55] In November, Kongchangtong forces recaptured Heungsaan, heralding the beginning of the end of the Empire of Yingok.[56] The recapture dealt a severe blow to imperial morale and forced the remaining imperial troops in Cheungming to retreat across the Longcheun River into Dongmei, allowing Kongchangtong forces to seize control of the majority of central Yingok.[55][53]

At the end of 1910, the Confederacy signalled the beginning of the Tengmuk-Dongsing Campaign, which aimed to capture the capital of the Empire by pushing up the Longcheun River.[55] The campaign, although brutal, with heavy casualties on both sides of the conflict, proved successful with the Battle of Dongsing occurring by mid-August of 1911. On 29 August, President Baak was captured by Confederacy forces after they stormed the Jibun Palace (which had been used as the meeting place of the National Diet). However, fighting in the city would not end until 2 September when Baak was able to issue an announcement declaring the surrender of the Empire of Yingok.[57]

Yet, the war would not end until the signing of the Treaty of Poyu on 17 September 1911 which officially dissolved the Empire of Yingok and laid the groundworks for the establishment of the Second Republic, and fighting would continue for several more months in isolated pockets of resistance until as late as 1922.[55]

Second Republic

Portrait of Gong Yuenwai taken in 1889, 24 years before he would become president of Yingok.

The Yinese Provisional Government was established on 22 September 1911 with the Tongtou Declaration between the Confederacy and Kongchangtong. However, disagreements between the two factions manifested immediately over the stategy governance and revision of the constitution fuelled internal strife within the newly formed government.[58] Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, warlords would grow increasingly powerful once more, taking advantage of the central government's weakness and the squabbling among political factions, with local strongmen asserting their authority and often disregarding directives from the central government.[59]

In 1913, a new Constitution was finally agreed upon, formally establishing the Second Republic.[60] In the same year, the Chiusaan Confederacy was admmitted into the Republic increasing the territory of the Second Republic to nearly twice its size.[58] On 23 November that year, the first election took place, resulting in a Kongchangtong victory with Gong Yeunwai sworn in as president just 4 days later. However, accusations of electoral fraud marred the victory, with violence occurring in some regions of Yingok in response.[61] On 27 March 1914, the Confederacy Coalition Party would be founded by former members of the Chiusaan Confederacy, seeking to represent the interests of the late Confederacy within the newly formed government.[58][47]

By 1918, defiance of the government reached its peak when on 13 September, the State of Sikhoy was proclaimed in the Gumsha Clique by Cheui Houyin further fragmented the nation and alarming the central government,[34] setting a precedent for subsequent breakaway states in the following years which included the Fengwu State and Zenmuy Union (which would later by subjegated by Sikhoy in 1926) in 1920; the Namho Free State in 1923; the Republic of Long in 1928; Zhongdei Republic and Order of Fui in 1933; and the Teng State in 1941.[62] This resulted in numerous violent episodes as the Second Republic struggled and often failed to maintain control over potential breakaway states and warlord factions.[59][58][62]

A group of militiamen near Mount Yingcao during the Hakul Rebellion of 1923.

In the 1920 election, the Kwokmuntong emerge victorious leading to the election of Lo Waijing as president.[63] This howbeit, coincided with the rise of nationalist sentiments among various ethnic minorities within the country, particularly in Outer Razan. In April 1923, the Joldu Uprising erupted in the city of the same name in the region, demanding representation and autonomy for the Hakul people. This uprising quickly escalated into a full-blown rebellion, drawing support from the Feiping Clique and further challenging the central government's authority.[64]

The rebellion was eventually crushed when the last pocket's of militia men were cleared out around the region of Mount Fofu in January of 1927.[64] In the same year, the 1927 Yinese presidential election took place, with Lo Waijing being re-elected by a small margin against the Confederacy Coalition candidate Yu Man.[65] Lo aimed to strengthen the economy, specifically from foreign trade and investment. However, his efforts were hindered by the continued dominance of warlords, by this time, numerous "toll roads" had been established by warlords throughout Yingok which heavily taxed travel and trade, impeding economic growth and stifling civilian movement around the country.[62][59]

Meanwhile, an uprising in X colony began in January 1928, fueled by dissatisfaction with colonial rule and inspired by the broader political turmoil within Yingok, in 1931 they would everthrow the colonial government and establish X.[44]

Labour strikes resurfaced in the early 1930s, in reaction to worsening economic conditions and discontent among the populace. In response, Lo Waijing announced the Six-Year Plan for Economic Reconstruction, aiming to address the economic challenges and social inequalities.[66][67] However, implementation of the plan faced significant challenges due to opposition from entrenched interests in the government many of which saw the proposed reforms as a waste time and resources which could be better utilised to combat the influence of warlords.[68]

On 23 May 1931, Saan dynasty prince in exile Chungmau returned to Yingok from exile in X, claiming legitimacy as the rightful ruler. His return sparked mixed reactions, with loyalists to the Saan dynasty concentrated mainly in Sankwai and Fengwu.[62] In the same month, the Dynastic Restoration Movement would be founded in Sankwai and a coup to overthrow the Yeungwu Clique occured successfully, giving the new movement a foothold on Yingok. A few months later in July, the New Saan dynasty was proclaimed. In January 1933, Prince Chungmau would also orchestrate the overthrow of Touhou Clique with the help of the Fengwu State which aligned with the Movement.[69]

A squad of Second Republican soldiers after winning the Battle of Fuwsaan in early October of 1934 during the Yinese Midlands War.

Back in the Second Republic, tired of its inability to address ongoing crises, the Kongchangtong orchestrated the succession of the People's Union of Zhongdou and Cheungming in August 1934, removing the leaders of the Yaujeng and Wongzen Cliques in an armed coup on 2 and 3 August respectively.[70] This was followed by a month of conflict against resisting forces loyal to the deposed leaders. The Republic responded by sending their own military forces to suppress the coup while the Kongchangtong branch in the government denied any involvement, labelling their counterpart in the People's Union as "traitors of the Party". By the end of August, the Yinese Midlands War had escalated into a full-blown conflict. However, a stalemate ensued by mid-October.[71]

In November, Lo Waijing would be re-elected for a third term,[72] now an old man in his late 70s, he left most of the day-to-day governance to his vice president and cabinet members.[66] In the Yinese Midlands War, negotiations between the government and the People's Union begun in early January of 1935, bogged down by mutual distrust and conflicting demands.[71] However, an accord was able to be reached by March of 1935, leading to a ceasefire and the subsequent Treaty of Qinfa which was signed on the 11th that month, ending the war, while simultaneously, the Second Republic refused to recognise the legitimacy of the People's Union.[73]

A violent incident between Long forces and a contingency of Yinese soldiers occurred in Wochun a year later on 27 March, giving Yingok a justification to intervene militarily.[74] Thus sparking the Yingok-Long War when the Yinese Third Army crossed into Long territory on 2 April.[62] This sparked fear in other breakaway states, prompting the formation of the Jade Sea Mutual Defence Pact on 3 April 1937 with the Honliun Accords which saw the participation of all breakaway states in the south of Yingok. The Republic of Long would eventually surrender to Yingok and would be officially dissolved during the Treaty of Donggong on 20 December 1940 which also ended the war.[75]

At 14:47 CYT, on 16 June 1941, Lo Waijing died of a stroke, causing vice president Fong Yunwai to ascend to the role of acting presidency.[76] He would subsequently win the election in November.[77] However, he and various other key politicians of Yingok would be assassinated the following year in a series of bombings by pro-monarchist terrorists. Political instability would intensified due to this as competing factions within the government vied for power in the vacuum left by the deaths of the key leaders. In the aftermath, Fung Hokgong would be sworn as acting president and martial law was declared. Curfew was imposed in major cities, and the government launched a crackdown on suspected dissidents and extremist groups.[78]

Hong Bokngai in 1942 after his victory in the Yinese presidential election.

1942 would see another election being held after Fung Hokgong stepped down as president due to his deteriorating health and cancer diagnosis. Hong Bokngai of the Confederacy Coalition would emerge victorious.[79] Continuing on his predecessor's crackdowns while also beginning several ineffective moderate economic and social reforms. Efforts were made to reconcile with disenfranchised communities and marginalised groups while economic restructuring initiatives were launched to diversify the economy and reduce dependence on traditional industries such as fishing and iron refining.[78][59] Hong also attempted to implement several programmes to improve social welfare, healthcare, and education. This was helped along by a fragile peace between political factions that was maintained by the government under Hong.[62]

In February of 1943, the National Diet agreed to Hong's proposal for constitutional reforms. The revision of the Constitution took place over numerous months, with the political factions clashing over the details of the amendments. Eventually, by September, the revised constitution was finalised and ratified by the National Diet on the 30th. Major changes in the new constitution included the shortening of the presidential term to six years, the establishment of term limits for the presidency to 3 terms, the assurance of the freedom of speech and thought, and the strengthening of the judiciary's independence.[80]

With the ratification of the new Constitution, Hong proclaimed the establishment of the Third Republic, thus ushering in the last era of the Fourth Winter Period.

Third Republic

Yingok, right after the proclamation of the Third Republic.
Namho volunteers swearing to fight before the Battle of Dongzhong in December 1956 during the Namho-Zhongdei War.
President Yin Kyun in 1957.

The first major act of power the Third Republic conducted came in July 1944 where Yingok consolidated its military power and began the Hakul Campaign which aimed to assert Yingok's dominance over the northeastern Hakul cliques of Ulu and Feiping, culminating in their surrender and annexation in 1948 with the Treaty of Fumun and Port Tündük respectively, although skirmishes with resistance fighters would continue into the 1960s.[81]

In 1949, Hong was re-elected in a landslide victory. Now at 45 years old, for his second term, Hong negotiated with the Jade Sea Mutual Defence Pact beginning in March 1949 to re-join Yingok with partially successful results. Nearly all states refused besides the State of Sikhoy who accepted the offer to be reintegrated into Yingok as a prefecture in 1951 in the Meishu Agreement along with the Zenmuy Protectorate which was annexed by Sikhoy following the brief Zenmuy War which lasted for 12 days between 3 to 15 June 1951 before Zenmuy surrendered to Sikhoy.[82]

The Kongchangtong was banned from the Yinese government and National Diet in January 1952 when journalist Wong Hyun exposed evidence in their involvement in the succession of the People's Union. Protests erupted across Yingok following the announcement of the ban, with supporters of the party decrying what they perceived as an infringement on their political rights. These demonstrations, while initially peaceful, escalated into violent clashes with the authorities.[83] The government responded with a heavy-handed crackdown, leading to a significant number of deaths and arrests. In the wake of the ban, Hong implemented a series of measures aimed at curbing political opposition, including the banning of paramilitary groups and the establishment of a register of political affiliations for all public servants.[84]

Meanwhile, the Jade Sea Mutual Defence Pact gradually collapsed mainly due to the loss of Sikhoy and major disagreements between the Namho Free State and Zhongdei Republic that culminated in the outbreak of the Namho-Zhongdei War between the two states in 13 March 1954 over a disputes farming village along their border which had turned into a skirmish. Namho would eventually win the war against Zhongdei in November 1957, ending in their annexation by Namho.[82]

In 1955, Siu Gunyu of the Kwokmuntong emerged as the victor in a closely contested presidential election. His administration promised to assert Yingok's position on the international stage and assert the government's authority over disobedient territories. This policy culminated in the passing of the Haksaan-Fui Reorganisation Act by the National Diet in 1959 where Yingok annexed all of their satellite territories, including the New Haksaan Clique, Fanyi Free City, Hoydong Clique, Wuchuen Clique, Order of Fui, and the Teng State.[85][86] This was met with protest and resistance from various factions, both domestically and internationally. The annexation process involved extensive military and administrative operations aimed at integrating these regions fully into the Yinese state structure. The consolidation of these territories marked a significant expansion of the Third Republic's influence, leading to increased tension with neighboring factions within Yingok.[87]

In the same year, Prince Chungmau of the Lower Saan dynasty was assassinated in August following a bombing during a visit to Bunmun. The dynasty immediately fell into disarray, paralysed with no clear line of succession. Eventually Two possible heirs, Princes Cheunyam and Ngawai emerged in a power-struggle against contenders such as army generals and other political figures. Ngawai broke away from the main group in January 1960 to establish the Northern Dynastic Restoration Movement based in Touhou.[88] Taking advantage of the confusion, both the Kongchangtong and the Yinese government sought to exploit the power vacuum. Yingok backed Prince Ngawai, in exchange for his pledge to integrate Sankwai and Fengwu back into the Yingok as autonomous territories while the Kongchangtong in the People's Union opted to invade the Lower Saan dynasty, sparking the Communist-Royalist War, their goal being to extend their influence in preparation for what many within the party saw as an inevitable confrontation with the Third Republic.[89]

In the 1961 election, a split in the Confederacy vote between Hong Bokngai and Mou Mandou as well as Siu Gunyu's refusal to participate, citing his old age led to the victory of Yin Kyun of the Weikuntong; a party which was formed by remnants of the Kongwotong when the Empire of Yingok was disestablished. Yin Kyun's presidency was characterised by the strengthening of the bureaucracy and the expansion of government control over various sectors of the economy. Around the same time, the Confederacy Coalition began to fall apart due to internal disagreements between two factions led by Hong and Mou respectively, culminating in a declaration of dissolution in April 1962. Hong Bokngai retired the same month and the Neo-Confederacy was founded by Mou.[90]

Around the same time in the Communist-Royalist War, the People's Union had captured most of Fengwu, with minor skirmishes occurring against the Third Republic, while remants of the Cheunyam-led Lower Saan dynasty continued to fight throughout the region into the Yinese Civil War.[89] Meanwhile, entrenchment of the remaining major political factions within the Third Republic deepened. Political instability characterised the last few years of the Warlords Era. Corruption and inefficiency began to plague the government under Yin Kyun's weak authority. The escalation of tensions between the Yinese government and the Kongchangtong-led People's Union, especially over the matter of the Lower Saan dynasty finally culminated in the outbreak of war on 7 March 1966.[91]

Yinese Civil War

  • Insert progress of war.
  • Prince Cheunyam is killed in 1968 in a bombing of Gutdong.
  • The government weakened during the late 60s and early 70s even more during the war, suffering from a lack of political consensus and indecision that cost Yingok several cities in the early stages of the war.
  • Yin Kyun dies of smallpox in May of 1973 during the Civil War, his vice president, Lei Daatping (雷達平) becomes acting president.
  • However, the loss of the late president, who's moderate policies had helped united the National Diet, threw the government into chaos.
  • Hong Bokngai, who had retired from politics years before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis and called on the nation to suspend the government and reform the constitutional system.
  • The 1973 Yinese coup d'état was initiated by Hong Bokngai and his supporters in August which dissolved the National Diet, forced Lei Daatping to resign, established another Yinese Provisional Government, and appointed Hong Bokngai as president once more.
  • The Fourth Republic was officially proclaimed in April of 1974 and a new constitution would be written.
  • The 1974 Yinese presidential election took place with Hong Bokngai refusing to participate, Mou Mandou was elected as a result.
  • Prince Ngawai dies of cancer in 1976.
  • The conflict died down in the last few years of the war, with communist strongholds mainly in Cheungming.
  • A final Yinese campaign in 1980 eventually led to the surrender of the Kongchangtong in 1981, ending the conflict.

Fourth Republic and onwards

  • Yinese "Red Scare" happens.
  • Economic miracle/recovery
  • Yingok expands influence overseas
  • etc

Geography

Topographical map of Yingok.

Taking up almost the entirety of western Abaria, Yingok is the 2nd largest nation in the world behind Razan, with a total area of 6,485,823 km2 (2,504,190 sq mi), roughly 9% of which being water.[92] It is bordered by the Alconian Ocean to the west, the Jade Sea and X to the south, Razan, X, and Pyinthar to the east, and the Glacian Ocean to the north. The country lies between latitudes 32° and 74° N and longitudes 58° and 114° W. Yingok is considered the westernmost country in Abaria with Seisek Point on Yatpui being considered the most western point of both Yingok and Abaria as a whole.[93]

Yingok possesses 5 major mountain ranges, 4 of which belong to the Hakul Mountains system. The smallest of the 4 are the Seisaan Mountains which runs along the western coast of the country including the prefectures of Yauhing, and the eponymous Seisaan. The other three mountains include the Buuksaan Mountains in the north of the country encompassing the prefectures of Fengwu, Yauhing, Saanbuk, and Outer Razan; the Cheungceung Mountains found in Seisaan, Cheungming, and Yauhing; as well as the Hakul Mountains in Outer Razan which contains the mountain of Tongfong which at an elevation of 8,684 m (28,491 ft) is the highest point in Yingok and the world, the mountains also form the traditional boundary between the region of Yingok and the outside world. The smallest and oldest mountain range geologically is the Namging Mountains on the border between Namging and Dongmei prefectures.[94] The lowest point in Yingok is the Ngapun Depression in the Dongmei steppe which lies at about 32 m (105 ft) below sea level.[95][94]

The rest of Yingok's geography consists of flat plains in the south, northwest and southeast of the country. The southern and southeastern flatlands are characterised by an arable coast but an arid and semi-arid interior. The northwest is dominated by the deciduous Great Alconian Forest which primarily sits on the Duk basin and Fengwu Peninsula to the west. The northern regions of Yingok beyond the Buuksaan Mountains are marked by a boreal environment which is part of the Razanite and Yinese taiga.[96] Offshore, Yingok also possesses several major islands and archipelagos, including Yatpui, Mindong Island, the Siksha Islands, Honfei Islands, and Bukgok Island which is the most northern territory administered by the nation.[97]

Home to over 40,000 rivers and 200,000 lakes, Yingok has one of the largest surface water resources. The largest lake in Yingok is Lake Feng which holds about 10% of the country's fresh water.[98] Major rivers of Yingok include the Wucheun, Fui, Longcheun, Fey, Gumsha, Choi, and Duk. The Longcheun is the longest, extending over 4,952 km (3077 mi) from its source in the Buuksaan Mountains to its delta in southern Zhongdei, and is also widely regarded as Yingok's national river.[93]

Climate

Köppen climate classification map of Yingok.

Yingok lies primarily in the temperate climate zone of the northern hemisphere where the prevailing wind direction is from the west. The climate, particularly along the coast is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the !Gulf Stream from southern Elia Borealis. The !Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Yingok's heater", because it makes Yingok's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. Most of southern Yingok has a distinctively Sankwai climate, which features warm to hot, dry summers and cool to mild winters and frequent sunny skies. Central Yingok and parts of the Fengwu Peninsula has an oceanic climate, with cool to warm summers and cool winters with frequent overcast skies. Northern Yingok is classified as having a humid continental climate, which features warm to hot summers and cold winters.[99]

In the interior, a cold semi-arid climate dominates the south-central interior and eastern coast, seeing warm to hot dry summers and cold and sometimes freezing winters. The Cheungming Desert to the north lies in the rain shadow of the Cheungceung and Seisaan Mountains, and feature a cold desert climate with warm dry summers and cold dry winters. Further east, tundra climates can be mainly found in the Hakul Mountains, featuring little to no rainfall or snowfall, frigid temperatures, and short growing seasons.[99]

Typhoons rarely affect Yingok, and are confined to the southern prefectures of Sikhoy, Zhongdei, and Namho. The most devastating one occurred in 2003 named Typhoon Kuromizu which killed 70 people and caused around $13 billion in damages.[100] Tornadoes occur frequently across Yingok. Over 300 are recorded each year, with some reaching over 120 km/h (75 mph). They occur most frequently in the central regions of Yingok, but activity is also prevalent in the southern and eastern regions.[101]

Shamun County in Munlok currently holds the highest recorded temperature in Yingok, at 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) on 27 July 2022,[102] while Bukgok Island, Saanbuk, holds the record for the lowest temperature in Yingok, at −72.3 °C (−98.1 °F) on 30 December 2022.[103]

Biodiversity

TBA

Environment

TBA

Government and politics

Yeung Kapkaa
23rd President
since 2 January 2022
Vacant

since 10 June 2024

Yingok is classified as a unitary presidential constitutional republic, with the president acting as head of state and head of government as well as commander-in-chief of the Yinese Defence Forces. The president and vice president are elected by direct election for six-year terms, with a limit of three terms.[104] The president appoints and presides over the cabinet, subject to the approval of the Appointments Committee. The vice president is the first in line for succession if the president resigns, is removed after impeachment, is permanently incapacitated, or dies. The vice president is usually, though not always, a member of the president's cabinet and may be appointed without the approval of the Appointments Committee. If there is a vacancy in the position of vice president, the president will appoint any member of the National Diet (usually a party member) as the new vice president. The appointment must then be validated by a three-fourths vote of the National Diet.[105] The incumbent president is Yeung Kapkaa, elected in 2021,[106] while the position of vice president became vacant following Dong Dak's resignation on 10 June in response to an ACEC investigation.[107]

Legislative power is vested in the unicameral National Diet, with its 92 members elected for 4-year terms. Each subdivision are allowed three representatives which are elected via direct vote in their respective subdivisions, while the remaining 50 members of the National Diet are elected proportionally based on the total national vote.[108] The National Diet is headed by the Chancellor, currently Nam Gat, who is elected from among its members by a majority vote for 4-year terms. The Chancellor serves as the presiding officer of the National Diet and is responsible for facilitating legislative proceedings, and maintaining order within the National Diet.[109]

The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court of Yingok, which serves as the highest court in the country. It is led by the Chief Justice, currently Wu Suk-fan, and comprises of 6 associate justices. The justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Committee. Each subdivision has its own court system, which handles cases within their respective jurisdictions.[110]

Since the Fung administration, corruption has been a key focus of reform in Yingok. The government has initiated various measures to combat and address corrupt practices within the country, including a lengthy anti-corruption campaign that has led to significant changes in the political and social landscape.[111] The Anti-Corruption and Ethics Commission (ACEC) was also established as well during the Fung administration as an independent agency with the primary goal of investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption at all levels of government.[112]

Allegations of corruption

TBA

Law

First page of the original copy of the Constitution.

The law of Yingok is derived from five sources: constitutional law, statutory law, treaties, administrative regulations, and the common law.[113] The most important of these laws is the constitution which specified the make up of the central government of Yingok, as well as various civil liberties. The constitution sets out the boundaries of state law, which include treaties ratified by the National Diet, statutes enacted by the National Diet, administrative regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and common law originating from the judiciary of Yingok.[113] The law is largely derived from Calesian law and legal systems, with some elements descending from Sendouist philosophy of social control through moral education.[114]

Yingok has historically possessed harsh blasphemy laws which has been abolished since 1943 along with sodomy laws during the constitutional revisions under Hong Bokngai. Nevertheless, "violations of public decency" or "disturbances of public order" have been employed to suppress street prostitution and other activities deemed morally or socially disruptive. The enforcement of these public decency and public order statutes has often been discretionary, leading to varying degrees of strictness depending on the political climate and social attitudes of the time.[citation needed]

Yingok generally has a solid reputation in regards to LGBT rights. In recent decades, there have been significant legal reforms to protect and promote the rights of LGBT individuals. For example, anti-discrimination laws have been enacted to ensure equal treatment in employment, housing, and public accommodations. Additionally, civil unions for homosexuals were recognised legally in 2005 while same-sex marriages were permitted in 2014.[115] However, it took until 2019 for adoption laws to be revised to allow same-sex couples to adopt children. The country is also considered one of the most generous in terms of freedom of speech, as guaranteed by its constitution. Because of this, Yingok does not have laws against hate speech and racism.[116]

Subdivisions

Yingok is divided into 13 prefectures and 1 autonomous region. The prefectures are further subdivided into 394 counties and 23 municipalities. The Outer Razan autonomous region holds a higher degree of autonomy in local governance and decision-making.[117]

Each prefecture is overseen by a local assembly and is headed by a prefectural governor who is elected by the population of the respective prefecture for a term of 5 years, with a limit of three consecutive terms. the local assemblies are comprised of representatives from the counties and municipalities within each prefecture. These representatives are elected by the county or municipal population for 4 year terms. While each local assembly operates independently from the National Diet, they are ultimately accountable to the central government and must abide by national laws and policies[104]

Flag Name Capital Population
Namging flag.png Namging Dongsing X
Outer razan flag.png Outer Razan Altayara X
Seisaan flag.png Seisaan Yunzhau X
Dongmei flag.png Dongmei Hoyzhau X
Sikhoy flag.png Sikhoy Samlong X
Fungwu flag.png Fungwu Wunsing X
Zhongdei flag.png Zhongdei Bikhoy X
Sankwai flag.png Sankwai Sei'on X
Yauhing flag.png Yauhing Cinglong X
Munlok flag.png Munlok Wongzen X
Cheungming flag.png Cheungming Qinfa X
Namho flag.png Namho Gongbuk X
Yatpui flag.png Yatpui Yukgong X
Saanbak flag.png Saanbak Fumun X

Foreign relations

TBA

Military

The Yinese Defence Force (YDF) serves as the armed forces of Yingok, playing a pivotal role in safeguarding the nation's security, protecting its sovereignty, and contributing to regional stability. It is comprised of several branches, including the Yinese Army (YA), Yinese Navy (YN), Yinese Air Force (YAF), Yinese Space Force (YSF), and the and the Yinese National Police Force (YNPF), which also fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of Yingok.[118] In 2022, Yingok military expenditure was $382.4 billion, or 3.9% of the Yinese GDP. Leadership of the YDF is vested in the Bureau of Defence, with the President of Yingok acting as commander-in-chief.[119] With a total personnel count of 1.37 million, the YDF is considered one of the largest military forces in the world behind Waldrich and X.[120]

27 military research laboratories are considered to be components of the Yinese Defence Forces, under the authority of the Bureau of Defence. These laboratories play a critical role in advancing the YDF's technological capabilities, supporting research and development efforts to enhance the military's readiness and effectiveness.[121] In terms of intelligence, the military branch is led by the Military Intelligence Division of Yingok (MIDY) and serves under the Bureau of Defence, while the civilian branch is led by the National Intelligence Office (NIO) under the Yinese National Police Force.[citation needed] Yingok's cybersecurity capabilities are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation in the world.[122]

In 2021, national conscription was abolished by the National Diet.[123]

Economy

The Dongsing Stock Exchange is one of the oldest as well as largest in the world.

Yingok has developed a medium-income mixed market economy. For the last few decades, the Yinese economy has consistently ranked among the largest globally; it is currently the world's single largest by purchasing power parity at $9.122 trillion, and the single largest by nominal GDP at $9.805 trillion. According to the United Congress, Yingok is ranked relatively low in nominal GDP per capita compared to other developed nations, with roughly $15,028 per inhabitant.[4] It is also placed highly in the Human Development Index at 0.896.[6] Political corruption was also historically among the highest in the world, with Yingok consistently ranking among the 50 most corrupt countries until 2003; it placed X as of 2022, down twenty place from 2001.[124] Yingok is Abaria's single largest spender in research and development, at over 4 percent of GDP; globally, it ranks Xth. The Yinese economy is considerably open, although the state still owns considerable shares in key industries related to energy, telecommunications and transport.[125] The country is considered an economic powerhouse, with membership in X, X, and X.

Yingok's economy is highly diversified, the sevices sector represents 62.4% of both the workforce and GDP, while the industrial sector accounts for 30.2% of GDP and a similar proportion of employment. Roughly 7% of GDP is generated by the primary sector, namely mining.[126] However, Yingok's mining sector is among the largest in value and leads Abaria in terms of overall production; it is highly concentrated in the extraction of iron, copper, gold, and coal, which are nationally protected product. The central prefectures of Yingok are characterised by large quarries and mining areas dedicated towards coal and iron, while the eastern highland prefectures are dedicated towards copper and gold. The services sector is based around banking and finances, in which the state plays an important role with saving banks. The sector sees large contributions from tourism seeing around 62 million foreign visitors in 2020 which is why it is regarded as a crucial portion of the economy of some Yinese provinces.[127]

In 2021, Yingok was the third-largest trading nation in the world and the single largest in Abaria, with the value of exports representing over two-seventh of GDP. Its membership in the X facilitate access to capital, goods, services, and skilled labour.[128] Despite protectionist policies over certain industries, particularly in mining, Yingok has generally played a leading role in fostering free trade and commercial integration in Abaria in order to enhance its economy. In 2020, it ranked highly in Abaria and globally in foreign direct investment, with Abarian countries being leading sources. According to the Bank of Yingok, the leading recipients of FDI were manufacturing, real estate, finance and insurance. Namging province has the highest concentration of multinational firms in Abaria.[129]

The Dongsing Stock Exchange is one of the oldest in Abaria, created by X in 1864. In 2004, it merged with counterparts in Samlong, Sei'on, and Hoyzhau to form Yinnex (short for Yingok New Exchange), which in 2013 merged with X to form X, one of the world's largest stock exchange. Dongsing Stock Exchange is Abaria's largest stock exchange market.[130]

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Energy

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Science and technology

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Infrastructure

The port of Donghoy is the busiest port of Yingok and one of the most busiest in the world.

There are approximately 130,000 km (90,000 mi) worth of highways in Yingok making the country one of the most well connected nations in the world after X. It is jointly maintained and upkeeped by the Yinese Bureau of Infrastructure and the Yinese Highway Administration.[131] Sikhoy prefecture is home to the densest network of roads and highways in Yingok, with Namging right behind them. Yinese roads also handle substantial international traffic from X.[132] The car market are dominated mainly by domestic brands, however Calesian cars are not unheard of. Brands in Yingok include GSheung, Baakmin, and Nordhagen. Yingok is also one of the world's largest exporter of cars as of 2023.[133]

In terms of railway, it stretches roughly 60,000 km (37,000 mi) as of 2022. Locally, it is seen as an outdated and unreliable form of transportation as it is prone to delay and accidents. The Yinese railway is operated by the Railway Company of Yingok (RCY), a state owned corporation. Railways in Yingok are particularly strained during the holidays, especially during the new year celebration, when roughly 350 millions people would travel to the countryside to visit their families and vice versa via rail annually. Trains in Yingok could travel at the maximum speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). The RCY also possesses routes to Pyinthar. Urban trains such as the Dongsing Subway are slightly more developed, with most major cities in the south and east having underground or tramway services complementing bus services.[134]

There are 240 airports in Yingok.[92] Hoyzhau International Airport is by far the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic in the eastern half of the country. Yinese Airlines is the national airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services.[135] There are ten other major airports in Yingok, the largest of which is the Hong Bokngai International Airport in Dongsing. Yingok is also home to several leading aerospace companies including Washun, Fongzou Aviation, and Aero Engine Group of Bakmun.[136]

Yingok has over 2,000 river and seaports, about 210 of which are open to foreign shipping. Some of the most busiest port in Yingok include the Ports of Donghoy, Honglau, Cuiwan, Gumsha, and Bikhoy, with Donghoy being the most busiest port in Yingok.[137] The country's inland waterways are one of the world's longest, at a total 8,747 km (5,435 mi).[138]

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Demographics

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Religion

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Urbanisation

Since the industrial revolution, Yingok has been a highly urbanised country. The percentage of the country's population living in urban areas increasing from 35% in 1900 to over 60% in 2023.[139] Yingok also has X cities with a population of over 1 million, with 14 megacities as of 2020. The largest cities by population (Excluding metropolitan area population) being Hoyzhau (23,732,130), Dongsing (19,218,537), Samlong (12,754,552), Donghoy (12,694,268), Bikhoy (11,540,623), Sei'on (11,321,644), Gongbuk (10,756,313), Madan (10,242,844), Yunzhau (9,940,150), and Gumsha (9,831,581).[140] Rural flight continues to be a political issue throughout Yingok.

 
Largest cities or towns in Yingok
2020 census[140]
Rank Prefecture Pop. Rank Prefecture Pop.
Hoyzhau
Hoyzhau
Dongsing
Dongsing
1 Hoyzhau Dongmei 23,732,130 11 Poyu Namging 9,207,952 Samlong
Samlong
Donghoy
Donghoy
2 Dongsing Namging 19,218,537 12 Pingyi Sikhoy 8,786,361
3 Samlong Sikhoy 12,754,552 13 Punlong Sikhoy 8,477,465
4 Donghoy Dongmei 12,694,268 14 Fatlo Zhongdei 7,375,682
5 Bikhoy Zhongdei 11,540,623 15 Liuham Dongmei 7,470,735
6 Sei'on Sankwai 11,321,644 16 Yuthung Namging 6,959,784
7 Gongbuk Namho 10,756,313 17 Honglau Sikhoy 6,256,090
8 Madan Sikhoy 10,242,844 18 Mukleung Namho 6,152,003
9 Yunzhau Seisaan 9,940,150 19 Cuiwan Sikhoy 5,749,952
10 Gumsha Sikhoy 9,831,581 20 Qinfa Cheungming 5,549,253

Language

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Education

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Health

Culture

Since ancient times, Yinese culture have heavily influenced !Japan and Southern Abaria, although contemporary Yinese culture now combines influence from Calesia and eastern Abaria.[141] Traditional Yinese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of opera, dance, and martial arts; and other practices such as painting, poetry, and calligraphy. Since the 1990s, Yingok has developed a system for the preservation and promotion of culture led mainly by Yinese Heritage, a charity that manages over 3,000 historic monuments, buildings and places in the country.[142]

Art

Travelling to Fudou by Yip Zihou, a depiction of the painter's travel from Sei'on to Fudou. It is believed to be painted from around 1712-1717.
A statue of Semze, an example of both Yinese ceremic glazing and sculpting.

Yinese art is characterised by a degree of continuity and relative consistency since the Two Kingdoms Period.[143] The term "Yinese art" is often referred to ceramics, paintings, and sculptures of Yinese origin. Decorative arts is also considered an important part of Yinese art, with complicated designs and intricate scenes often featured in various art forms.[144] Ceramics, in particular, hold significant cultural and artistic value in Yinese tradition, with techniques such as porcelain production dating to the Sin Dynasty.[145] In the modern era, Yinese art have been subject to various influences including realism and abstraction brought about by the industrial revolution and modernism.[143]

Painting is mainly done on silk or paper, utilising techniques such as brush painting and ink-wash painting. Yinese paintings typically feature themes from nature, literature, daily life, as well as mythology. The finished work could typically be displayed as scrolls such as hanging scrolls or handscrolls, although other formats such as album sheets, walls, lacquerware, and folding screens.[146] Yinese paintings have trended towards realism over time, a trend beginning in the Hon Dynasty of the Two Kingdoms Period.[144] Landscape painting is widely considered one of the most esteemed genres within Yinese painting, and they are generally some of the largest and most detailed works in the tradition. Landscape painting in Yinese art often depicts natural scenes, with mountains, rivers, trees, and sometimes human figures.[147] Traditionally, Yinese paintings were done by highly skilled artists who were trained in classical techniques in an apprenticeship system and often followed strict conventions established by previous generations.[144]

Yinese ceramics is generally noted as the longest-continuous Yinese art form. The earliest types of ceramics were made during the Palaeolithic era, and ranged from construction materials such as bricks and tiles, to hand-built pottery vessels fired in bonfires or kilns.[148] Blue and white pottery is regarded as one of the most iconic styles of Yinese ceramics, characterised by its use of blue pigment on a white background, typically achieved through the application of cobalt oxide under a clear glaze. This technique became popular during the 13th century and has since remained a hallmark of Yinese ceramic craftsmanship. Later ceramics were produced on an industrial scale without a loss in quality in workshops and factories. Because of this, very few individual ceramic makers are known.[149]

As well as porcelain, decorative arts in Yinese tradition encompass a wide array of mediums, including lacquerware, metalwork, textiles, furniture, and jade. Lacquerware holds a particularly significant place in Yinese decorative arts, with a history dating back to the Zhong dynasty.[144] Yinese jade was attributed with magical powers, thus they were often carved into impractical objects such as weapons, burial suits and tools. In the modern day, several of these jade objects, such as the Sword of Honour (which is used to swear in the president) are used as ceremonial items or symbols of authority rather than practical tools.[150]

Yinese human sculpting derives from the practice of burying the deceased with a clay figurine likeness of themselves, a tradition dating back to the Paleolithic. These clay figurines have evolved over centuries, becoming more refined and detailed. Non-human subjects were also often depicted as zoomorphic decorations and symbolism. The materials used for sculptures have changed over time, from clay and stone during ancient times to bronze and other metals in later periods. Statues of emperors and other important figures are also common and formed a large part of historic imperial propaganda.[143][144]

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Literature

Manuscripts of Yinese Neo-Literature from the the Yinese Literary Archives.
An example of Yinese literature titled A Collection of Ancient Yinese Treasures.

The literary traditions of Yingok are regarded as a melting pot, as its origins can be traced back to Ancient Yinese, Thanhliênese, Artuchid, and Calesian literature.[151] One of the earliest known works is the compilation of poems called the Book of Songs, which compiles about 413 sets of poems regarding daily living, the after life, and nature, dated to roughly around the late An dynasty. Other classical texts of Yingok encompassed a wide range of thoughts and subjects, such as the calendar, military, astrology, herbology, and geography, as well as many others. Some of these major works included the Way of Chiu, and the Book of On, texts that were both cornerstone of the Sendou curriculum sponsored by the state throughout the dynastic periods.[152]

Literature in Yingok saw its first golden age during the Chiu dynasty. Poets such as Ho Ting and Wong Linggwan paved the way for the emergence of realism and romanticism respectively in Yinese literature. Several well known Yinese tales also date back to this era, including the Spirit of Winter, and the Lands to the East, folkloreic and mythological tales that would define Yinese literature for much of Yinese history. A great library would also be built during the 4th century BCE, which would be preserved by the subsequent invading Thanhliênese people and later burned by the Artuchid Empire in 1373.[153]

A second golden age for Yinese literature occurred during the late Hon dynasty. Promoted by the Yinese Monarchy, prominent literary figures emerged during this period. Writers and poets such as Laai Chi and Daai Tang become prominant names in Yinese high society as a result of their writing. The Yinese Neo-Literature movement emerged during this era. Initially as a rebellion against Artuchid cultural dominance. Emerging during the early 15th century, the literary movement embraced ideas such as social commentary.[153][154]

Yinese Neo-Literature waned during the late 16th to early 17th century and saw a brief resurgence during the early Saan dynasty.[154] However, it soon gave way to the rise of Archaism in Yinese literature. Influenced by a growing interest of both the upper class and a burgeoning citizen class in the Saan dynasty in ancient learnings, including art and literature. Poets and writers such as Hong Hin and Syun Yanhei emerged during this period.[155] In the late 18th-19th century, Yinese literature experienced a wave of realism. Writers such as Fu Waanleung and Chung Jung depicted the harsh realities of industrial life, colonialism, war, explored social issues, and critiqued the existing power structures.[156]

A wave of romanticist and entertainment fiction such as Mouhap and Daammei stories would also be seen during the waning decades of the Saan dynasty.[157] During the Fourth Winter Period, Yinese Modernism emerged, characterised by experimentation, fragmentation, and the exploration of subjective experiences. Writers like Taaisuk Yun and Yu Sauloi pushed the boundaries of traditional writing forms and delved into abstract and introspective themes. This period also saw the rise of the Yinese Surrealism movement. In the post-Fourth Winter era, Yinese literature experienced a surge of social realism and political engagement. Writers like Wong Sauying, Lau Fongwa and Jeung Man used their works as a means of social critique, addressing issues such as inequality, civil rights, and the impact of war. This period also saw the resurgence of realism again in literature. Many renowned authors such as Ng Laino and Jiu Sauying also became recognised internationally for their writing.[155][156]

The latter half of the 20th century witnessed a diversification and expansion of literary themes and styles in Yinese literature. Yinese authors were loosely organised into literary generations. The Generation of Renewal of the 1970s and 1980s sought to challenge traditional narratives and explore new forms of expression. Writers like Chen Gwan and Yeung Gyun experimented with stream-of-consciousness techniques and fragmented narratives. In the late 1980s to 2000s, the Generation of Identity emerged, focusing on themes of personal and cultural identity. Authors such as Lei Sauwa and Beatriz No emerged during this period, exploring issues of race, ethnicity, and gender. The latest generation, the Generation of the Globe, which emerged in the 2000s, reflected on the growing influence of global trends and the impact of technology on Yinese literature. Their works often incorporated elements of science fiction and dystopian settings.[158][156]

In recent years, Yinese literature has continued to evolve and diversify. The rise of independent publishing and online platforms has provided opportunities for emerging voices and marginalised perspectives to be heard. Literary festivals and events, such as the Samlong Literary Expo and the Hoyzhau Book Fair, attract both local and international authors. Yinese literature has also gained recognition on the global stage, with several authors receiving prestigious literary awards such as the X as well as translations of Yinese works.[159]

Philosophy

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Cuisine

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Media

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Music

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Cinema

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Fashion

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Sports

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National symbols and holidays

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Further reading

General

  • Lo Wa (ed.). Encyclopedia Yingok (23 ed.). World Factbook.

History

  • Leung Wei (1994). The Dynastic History of Yingok (7 ed.). Samlong Press.
  • Thomas S. Kale, Gorden E. Brown (27 November 2001). Yingok: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact. Roundel House.
  • Kevin Yuen, ed. (2004). The Saan dynasty Encyclopedia (12 ed.). World Factbook.
  • Yasmine Chagall (1998). The Many Republics of Yingok (3 ed.). Milton Press.
  • Roger Price, ed. (2010). A Concise History of Yingok (8 ed.). World Factbook.
  • Cheung Houyu (1999). On Yinese Relations With Foreigners. Yutzhau University Press.
  • Gregory Anderson, Gwan Yeukbing (2003). The Handbook Guide to Ancient Yingok (14 ed.). Roundel House.

Culture and politics

  • Gary Tristan. The Basics: Yinese Culture and Society (9 ed.). Eagle Press.
  • Tracey Siu (1993). Why Sendouism is So Important to Yinese People (4 ed.).
  • Sarah Green, Iver Frederiksen (2011). A Short History of Yinese Literature (14 ed.). Pendleton University Press.
  • Constitution of Yingok (full text)
  • Baak Saanping. Yingok and World Politics. Samlong Press.

External links

  • Yingok.yn – official Yinese tourism site (in Fallish)
  • Yingok.gov.yn – official site of the government (in Fallish)