|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Infobox royalty | | {{Infobox officeholder |
| |name = Izibongo Ngonidzashe | | |honorific-prefix = His Excellency |
| |image = IzibongoNgonidzashe75.jpg | | |name = Samhuri Ngonidzashe |
| |succession = [[Monarchy of Rwizikuru|Mambo of Rwizikuru]] | | |image = Léon_M'ba_1964.jpg |
| |reign = 2 July, 1964 - 21 September, 1979 | | |imagesize = 250px |
| |predecessor = ''himself as President''
| | |caption = Samhuri Ngonidzashe in 1952 |
| |suc-type =
| | |office = [[President of Rwizikuru]] |
| |successor = [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe]]
| | |term_start = 2 July, 1946 |
| |succession2 = [[President of Rwizikuru]] | | |term_end = 2 July, 1954 |
| |reign2 = 2 July, 1954 - 2 July, 1964 | | |vicepresident = [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]] (1946-1950)<br>[[Joseph Mungoshi]] (1950-1954) |
| |suc-type2 = | | |predecessor = (TBC) (as [[Governor of Riziland]]) |
| |predecessor2 = [[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]] | | |successor = [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]] |
| |successor2 = ''himself as Mambo'' | | |birth_date = {{circa|1899}} |
| |reg-type2 = {{nowrap|[[Vice-President of Rwizikuru|Vice-President]]}}
| | |birth_place = [[Vongai]], [[Rwizikuru|Riziland]] |
| |regent2 = [[Fred Ngonidzashe]] | | |death_date = 2 July, 1961 (age 61-62) |
| |spouse = [[Anatswanashe Ngonidzashe]] | | |death_place = [[Port Fitzhubert]], [[Rwizikuru]] |
| |issue = 10+ children, including [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe]]
| | |alma_mater = |
| |full name = Nathaniel Izibongo Ngonidzashe | | |nationality = [[Estmere|Estmerish]] (1899-1946)<br>[[Rwizikuru|Rwizikuran]] (1946-1961) |
| |house = [[House of Ngonidzashe]] | | |profession = |
| |father = [[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]]
| | |party = [[Rwizikuran National Movement]] (1927-1946)<br>[[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru]] (1946-1959) |
| |mother = [[Kugarakunzwana Ngonidzashe]]
| | |religion = {{wp|Methodism|High Estmerish}} |
| |birth_date = {{birth date|1921|4|28|df=y}} | | |spouse = [[Kugarakunzwana Ngonidzashe]] |
| |birth_place = [[Vongai]], [[Rwizikuru|Riziland]] (present-day [[Rwizikuru]]) | | |children = tbc, including [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]] |
| |death_date = {{death date and age|1979|9|21|1921|04|28|df=y}} | |
| |death_place = [[Crogan]], [[Rwizikuru]] | |
| |religion = {{wp|Methodism|High Estmerish Church}} | |
| |signature = | |
| }} | | }} |
| '''Izibongo Ngonidzashe''' (28 April, 1921 - 21 September, 1979) was the second and last [[President of Rwizikuru]], serving from 1954 to 1964, and the first [[Monarchy of Rwizikuru|Mambo of Rwizikuru]], ascending the throne in 1964, and reigning until his death in 1979. Having reigned for 25 years, 2 months, 19 days, he was the longest reigning leader of an independent Rwizikuru until his son and successor, [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe]] surpassed his record on December 11, 2004 as the longest reigning leader of Rwizikuru.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Early life==
| | '''Samhuri Ngonidzashe''' (c. 1899 - 2 July, 1961) was an anti-colonial activist who organized the [[Rwizikuran National Movement]], which helped end [[Estmere|Estmerish]] rule over [[Rwizikuru]]. Following its independence in 1946, he was sworn as the first [[President of Rwizikuru]], as per the [[Constitution of Rwizikuru, 1946|constitution of Rwizikuru]]. |
| Izibongo Ngonidzashe was born on 28 April, 1921, as the second child and eldest son of [[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]] and [[Kugarakunzwana Ngonidzashe]] in the town of [[Vongai]] at the district of [[Parunoguma]], and was baptized into the {{wp|Methodism|High Estmerish Church}} as Nathaniel.
| |
|
| |
|
| His family moved to [[Port Fitzhubert]] in 1923, as his father sought to give his children a good education. Thus, in 1926, Izibongo Ngonidzashe entered the [[Charles Fitzhubert School]], where he was described as an excellent student by his teachers, and he was noted for his propensity to go into the library to study for hours at a time.
| | (TBC) |
|
| |
|
| In 1932, he finished his elementary studies, and took the exams to get into the [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema Grammar School|James Parlow Grammar School]] (present-day [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema Grammar School]]). After passing them, he began his schooling at the James Parlow Grammar School, where they noted his "knowledge of most things," and his charisma, which they likened to his father.
| | ==Early life== |
| | | Izibongo Ngonidzashe was born sometime in 1899 in [[Vongai]]. |
| After finishing {{wp|sixth form}} in 1939, he began to participate in his father's [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|Rwizikuran National Movement]], initially as a low-level member, but eventually reached the point that by 1945, he was a leader of the local chapter in Port Fitzhubert.
| |
| | |
| ==Early political career== | |
| ===Legislator===
| |
| In May 1946, the first elections were held for an independent Rwizikuru to select the new [[President of Rwizikuru|President]] to succeed the outgoing [[Estmere|Estmerish]] authorities, as well as the first elections for the [[National Assembly (Rwizikuru)|National Assembly]]. Izibongo Ngonidzashe was nominated by the [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|MRR]] (formerly the [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|Rwizikuran National Movement]]) to be the candidate for the constituency of Dockside.
| |
| | |
| He won the constituency with 67% of the vote, against rival candidate [[Nokutenda Pocock]] of the [[Mubatanidzwa weVakuru]], and thus, on 2 July, 1946, he was sworn into the National Assembly.
| |
| | |
| As soon as he was sworn in, he gained a reputation of being his father's mouthpiece, with speaker [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]] saying in 1947 that he was "the mouthpiece of his father [[[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]]]," and that "it is improbable that he has any aspirations beyond what his father wants to say."
| |
| | |
| Despite this reputation, Izibongo Ngonidzashe was seen by many in his constituency as an effective legislator and one who "listens to what the people have to say." Thus, in 1950, he soundly defeated [[Mbada Gumede]] of the [[Mubatanidzwa weVakuru]] for his seat in the legislature.
| |
| | |
| ===Speaker===
| |
| When [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]] died in December 1950, Izibongo Ngonidzashe was named {{wp|speaker (politics)|mutauri}}. While Nhema had been very non-partisan, Izibongo sought to use his position as speaker to advance both his father's agenda, and his own personal agenda. As such, he began to use his powers for his party's benefit, and to the detriment of the opposition parties. Thus, unlike the traditional convention, he placed a very active role as speaker, voting on issues, even if there was no tie to be broken, and voting in accordance with the wishes of the governing [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|MRR]].
| |
| | |
| These actions were seen as contrary to constitutional protocol, which led to an incident on 10 September, 1951, when legislator [[Cecilia Sands]] of the [[Mubatanidzwa weVakuru]], which was elected {{wp|official opposition}} in both 1946 and 1950, was kicked out of the chamber by the speaker after she issued a scathing criticism of the speaker's actions in the preceding vote. This action caused almost every opposition legislator to leave the chamber in protest, leaving only a single member of the Mubatanidzwa weVakuru, [[Rambwa Dabengwa]], remaining in the chamber.
| |
| | |
| In response to this mass walkout by the opposition, Izibongo Ngonidzashe suspended the day's seating. The following day, when only Rambwa Dabengwa showed up, Izibongo Ngonidzashe tabled a motion to expel all the "dishonorable members" from the National Assembly, to hold a by-election in all of the affected constituencies, and to "permanently disqualify all those who participated in the mass walkout." This motion was passed with ninety votes in favor, all from the MRR, one vote against from Dabengwa, and with fifty-nine absent.
| |
| | |
| Thus, by-elections were scheduled on 6 November, 1951, after his father, [[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]] approved of the request, which only had candidates from the MRR running, as the MV declared a boycott. Thus, after the end of the 1951 by-elections, there were 149 members of the MRR in the National Assembly, with only Rambwa Dabengwa representing the MV.
| |
| | |
| With the near-complete destruction of the Mubatanidzwa weVakuru from the National Assembly, Izibongo Ngonidzashe's agenda was free to go unchallenged, with Rambwa Dabengwa only being able to offer feeble resistance against the actions of the MRR. Thus, over the next few years, he was able to use his position as Speaker to refuse to give any time to Dabengwa.
| |
| | |
| ==Presidency==
| |
| [[File:Izibongocampaign54.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Izibongo Ngonidzashe campaigning in [[Port Tsalar|Saint-Germain]], 1954]]
| |
| In 1954, with [[Samhuri Ngonidzashe]] reaching the end of his second term, and the [[Constitution of Rwizikuru, 1947|constitution]] having a two-term limit, he was forced to step aside.
| |
| | |
| Thus, in March 1954, a party convention was organized in [[Port Fitzhubert]] for the [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|MRR]] to select a successor to Samhuri. Izibongo declared his intention to run to be the party leader, while [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]]'s nephew, [[Vudzijena Nhema]] also announced his intention to run for the party leadership.
| |
| | |
| Over the next few days, a flurry of activity emerged as factions emerged: Vudzijena was supported by many "moderate" members of the MRR, while Izibongo was supported by the radicals.
| |
| | |
| On 18 March, 1954, Samhuri Ngonidzashe formally lent his endorsement to his son, Izibongo. This caused Vudzijena's support to evaporate, and the following day, Vudzijena renounced his candidacy, effectively naming Izibongo as the Presidential candidate for the MRR.
| |
| | |
| With his victory in the party leadership convention, he began to hold campaign events and rallies across the country. In April, the [[Mubatanidzwa weVakuru]] finally selected a candidate, [[Isaac Mnkandla]].
| |
| | |
| While Izibongo's campaign was centered on veRwizi nationalism, "prosperity for all," and on "continuity," Mnkandla's campaign was centered on attacking Izibongo's record as Speaker, and calling him a "dictator" along the lines of [[Gyowade !natan]] in neighboring [[Nasana]], as well promising a "multicultural federation."
| |
| | |
| Thus, over the next few months, it appeared to be likely that the MV would gain most of their seats in the district of [[Yekumavirira]], while the MRR would gain most of their seats in the remainder of the country. Thus, Izibongo Ngonidzashe chose to exploit the issue of religion in the district of [[Yekumavirira]], with a rally in [[Port Tsalar|Saint-Germain]] (present-day [[Port Tsalar]]) on 30 April where he said that "a victory for the MRR is a victory for the {{wp|Christians|Sotirians}}." That rally, which included anti-Irfanic attacks helped gain him support among the Sotirian population in Yekumavirira.
| |
| | |
| By the 24th of May, when elections were held, the results for the presidential campaign were officially 75% in favor of Izibongo, 24% in favor of Mnkandla, and 1% either for other candidates or spoiled votes. In the [[National Assembly (Rwizikuru)|National Assembly]], 135 seats went to the MRR, with only fifteen seats going to the MV.
| |
| | |
| Thus, on 2 July, 1954, Izibongo Ngonidzashe was inaugurated to succeed his father. His father took his seat in the constituency of Dockside, and was elected Speaker.
| |
| | |
| In his first term, he was still largely seen as a puppet of his father, as his father often made frequent public appearances. However, over the next few years, Samhuri's health began to deteriorate, with Izibongo taking on more and more of the functions of the MRR, and of the Presidency. In 1956, the increasing activities of the [[Yekumavirira Liberation Movement]] led him to extend his term from four years to five years, although still keeping the term limit in place.
| |
| | |
| Despite his authoritarian nature, he invested in the construction of the Mugwagwa, which connected the cities of Port Fitzhubert, [[Port Graham]], and Saint-Germain with each other, and sought to not alienate the "bourgeoisie," as he felt that they were still needed to help build the country.
| |
| | |
| In 1959, his father relinquished his role as Speaker, handing the role to Izibongo's younger brother, [[Ingwe Ngonidzashe]], and resigned his position as leader of the MRR, allowing Izibongo to become the official leader of the MRR. In the 1959 elections, he won with 95% of the vote in a dubious election, and his party won every single seat in the National Assembly.
| |
| | |
| In his second term, he presided over rising tensions with the Irfanic population in Rwizikuru. As many Irfanic people in Yekumavirira were joining the Yekumaviriran Liberation Movement, he passed legislation in February 1960 which closed almost all mosques in the country, with two of them in Saint-Germain, and the other in Port Fitzhubert. This led to substantial protests in Saint-Germain, leading to the [[Saint-Germain massacre]] on 4 March, 1960, killing twenty-two people and injuring sixty-three people.
| |
| | |
| As well, he began to reduce the amount of foreign investment coming into Rwizikuru, with Izibongo saying in 1961 that "foreign 'aid' and investment is a tool for colonial powers to continue to extract our God-given wealth." Thus, he instituted policies that restricted foreign investment, and instituted strict regulations and high taxes, so to ensure that "any development truly benefits the people of Rwizikuru, and not the elites in Ashcombe."
| |
| | |
| Thus, by the end of his second term, he was facing a declining economy, and increasing unrest in Yekumavirira, combined with increasing tensions with neighboring Nasana. At around that time, he began plans to organize his coronation, and in November 1963 commissioned jewelers from [[Eldmark]] to produce a lavish crown.
| |
| | |
| ==Mambo==
| |
| ===Coronation===
| |
| [[File:Výstava_valtice8.JPG|150px|thumb|right|Coronation crown, 2016]]
| |
| With the [[Constitution of Rwizikuru, 1947|constitutional term limits]] coming up in 1964, Izibongo Ngonidzashe held a convention in March 1964 for members of the governing [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru]]. As Izibongo Ngonidzashe had not requested an amendment, it was widely believed that he would transfer power to his younger brother, [[Ingwe Ngonidzashe]], or to his son, [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe]], while maintaining leadership of the MRR.
| |
| | |
| However, Izibongo stunned the crowd when on 2 March, 1964, he announced his intention to suspend the Rwizikuran constitution, citing the instability in [[Yekumavirira]] as a reason, but also citing the fact that it had been "modelled on imperialist governments that have no ties to Bahian tradition."
| |
| | |
| Thus, he announced his intention to establish a [[Monarchy of Rwizikuru|monarchy]], with himself as '''Mambo''', or King of Rwizikuru. Despite opposition led by [[Fred Ngonidzashe]], Izibongo Ngonidzashe was able to secure support for his motion, and on 5 March, 1964, the MRR agreed to Izibongo's proposals.
| |
| | |
| The next day, in the [[National Assembly (Rwizikuru)|National Assembly]], Ingwe Ngonidzashe tabled the motion to "suspend the constitution effective 2 July, 1964," and was unanimously approved by all the representatives. With this approval, the Speaker declared the dissolution of the national assembly {{wp|sine die}}.
| |
| | |
| With the end of the Republic, Izibongo's priorities were immediately set to organizing a lavish coronation ceremony, which he chose to model after the coronations of previous [[Kingdom of Estmere|Estmerish monarchs]]. By that point, his crown, produced by jewelers from Eldmark had been completed, and after having it be delivered and "fit him quite nicely," he officially designated it as his coronation crown.
| |
| | |
| He also selected the venue to be coronated, choosing [[Saint David's Church, Port Fitzhubert|Saint David's Church]] in [[Port Fitzhubert]], as he was a devout {{wp|Methodist|High Estmerian}}, and arranging the ceremony to take place on 2 July.
| |
| | |
| Finally, he sent out around 3,000 invitations to foreign dignitaries. Despite his efforts at inviting heads of state and members of foreign nobility, the highest-ranking person attending the coronation was pretender to the Estmerish throne [[Clovis Richard Vernon-Dryden]], with most of the few hundred attendees being ambassadors and businessmen.
| |
| | |
| Thus, on 2 July, 1964, at 8:00, Izibongo Ngonidzashe and his family emerged from the [[Old Palace Museum (Port Fitzhubert)|Royal Palace]]. After climbing a ladder, they got on the {{wp|howdah}} on top of the lead elephant, with the Marathi {{wp|mahout}} leading the elephant from the palace to the church. Behind the elephant were three more elephants, led by Marathi mahouts.
| |
| | |
| An hour later, the Ngonidzashes arrived at the church, and they disembarked from the elephant, so they may go into the church. The elephants were subsequently returned to the zoo.
| |
| | |
| At the church, while the daughters and younger sons took their seats with the audience, Izibongo, his wife, and his eldest son, [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe|Kupakwashe]] made their way to their seats, with the priest, [[Isaac Mutambara]] delivering a sermon on the duties of the King. Following the sermon, Izibongo swore an oath to be a "just and upright ruler for the veRwizi people."
| |
| | |
| With this, Isaac Mutambara anointed the Mambo with holy oil, and crowned Izibongo as Mambo. Izibongo then named his wife ''Mambokadzi'', or Queen, and his son ''korona muchinda'', or crown prince.
| |
| | |
| Finally, he received homage from almost all the traditional chiefs, starting with the descendants of the Mubako who once ruled over [[Chekumabvazuva]] and [[Port Fitzhubert]], with only the Olongas, who ruled over [[Yekumavirira]] not paying him homage, as they refused to attend the ceremony.
| |
| | |
| With this, the ceremony was concluded, and Izibongo and his family left the church, and returned to the palace in four convertibles. Later that evening, a banquet was held with food being imported from (TBC). After the banquet and subsequent fireworks display, the festivities ended.
| |
| | |
| ===Increasing authoritarianism===
| |
| Following his coronation as Mambo of Rwizikuru, he made it clear that he would rule as an {{wp|absolute monarch}}. Thus... (TBC)
| |
| | |
| ==Personal life==
| |
| In 1939, Izibongo Ngonidzashe met his future wife, 18 year old [[Anatswanashe Ngonidzashe|Anatswanashe Nhema]], daughter of [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]], when his father introduced him to her father, fellow nationalist [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]]. After having fallen in love, they got married in 1940.
| |
| | |
| He was the father of five sons with [[Anatswanshe Ngonidzashe]]: [[Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe]], who was born in 1942, [[Simbarashe Ngonidzashe]] who was born in 1944, and died in 1996, [[Tashongedzwa Ngonidzashe]], who was born in 1947, Shungudzemwoyo Ngonidzashe, who was born in 1950 and died in 1959 of {{wp|malaria}}, and [[Taropafadzwa Ngonidzashe]], who was born in 1954.
| |
| | |
| In addition, he had five daughters with Anatswanshe Ngonidzashe: Farisai Chimutengwende, born in 1941 and died in 2005, Chiratidzo Towungana, who was born in 1944 as a twin sibling of Simbarashe, Tinotendaisheanesu Mnkandla, who was born in 1952, Nyemwererai Mtawarira, who was born in 1956, and died in 2011, and the youngest daughter, Isheanopa Ngonidzashe, who was born in 1958.
| |
| | |
| However, from the late 1960s onward, he exercised the {{wp|droit du seigneur|droit de cuissage}}. By the time of his death in 1979, he had at least three illegitimate children of various women between 1966 and 1979, with some sources claiming that he had as many as 110 illegitimate children in that time span.
| |
| | |
| He was a member of the {{wp|Methodism|High Estmerish Church}}, and was known to be extraordinarily devout, with a priest in [[Port Fitzhubert]] saying that Izibongo was "an extraordinary member of the church: he made sure to attend every service, and sought to expound these principles in everyone."
| |
| | |
| He was fluent in {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}}, {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}, and {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}, and could carry a basic conversation in the [[Wopoto language]].
| |
| | |
| ==Titles and honors==
| |
| *'''28 April, 1921 - 2 July, 1954''' - Izibongo Ngonidzashe
| |
| *'''2 July, 1954 - 2 July, 1964''' - ''His Excellency'' Izibongo Ngonidzashe, ''President of the Republic of Rwizikuru''
| |
| *'''2 July, 1964 - 21 September, 1979''' - ''His Most Faithful Majesty'' Izibongo Ngonidzashe
| |
| *'''Full regnal title''' - ''His Most Faithful Majesty'' Ngonidzashe II, ''by the {{wp|Grace of God}}, and by the will of the Rwizikuran people through the [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|MRR]]'s heroic efforts against [[Estmere|the colonizer]], Mambo of the Rwizikuran nation and of the veRwizi people''
| |
| | |
| ===Domestic honors===
| |
| *{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} - Anogamuchira iyo Kurongeka kweTembo, 1952
| |
| *{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} - Anogamuchira iyo Kurongeka yeMeriti, 1958
| |
| *{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} - Changamire kwoRudzi, 1964
| |
| *{{flagicon|Rwizikuru}} - Mubairo wekurwira muvengi, 1969
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Foreign honors===
| | (TBC) |
