|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Infobox officeholder | | {{Infobox company |
| |honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable | | | name = Imaguan Maritime Service<br/>Servizio marittimo imaguano |
| |name = Viviana Andreoli
| | | logo = IMSlogo.png |
| |honorific-suffix = [[Order of Imagua|CI]] | | | logo_size = 200px |
| |image = Eugenia_Charles.jpg
| | | type = {{wp|State-owned enterprise}} |
| |imagesize = 250px | | | foundation = [[Cuanstad]], [[Imagua and the Assimas]] (1953) |
| |caption = Viviana Andreoli, 1998 | | | location = [[Cuanstad]], [[Imagua and the Assimas]] |
| |office = 16th [[Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas]]
| | | key_people = |
| |term_start = 22 May, 1997
| | | industry = {{wp|Transport|Transportation}} |
| |term_end = 22 May, 2001
| | | products = Ferry service |
| |president = [[Ornell Elliott]]
| | | revenue = |
| |primeminister =
| | | homepage = |
| |deputy = [[Edmondo Privitera]]
| |
| |predecessor = [[Austin Houghton]]
| |
| |successor = [[Agnes Ingram]]
| |
| |office1 = Member of Parliament for Bencivenga-Lazzari
| |
| |term_start1 = 23 April, 1992
| |
| |term_end1 = 22 May, 2001
| |
| |predecessor1 = ''constituency established''
| |
| |successor1 = [[Erico D'Antonio]]
| |
| |office2 = Member of Parliament for Bencivenga
| |
| |term_start2 = 22 April, 1956
| |
| |term_end2 = 23 April, 1992
| |
| |predecessor2 = [[Odorico Sirna]]
| |
| |successor2 = ''constituency abolished''
| |
| |birthname = Viviana Scaffidi
| |
| |birth_date = {{birth date|1919|8|22|df=y}}
| |
| |birth_place = [[Bencivenga]], [[Assimas Islands|Assimas]], [[Etruria]] | |
| |death_date = {{death date and age|2005|9|6|1919|8|22|df=y}}
| |
| |death_place = [[San Pietro, Imagua and the Assimas|San Pietro]], [[Assimas Parish]], [[Imagua and the Assimas]]
| |
| |alma_mater = | |
| |nationality = [[Etruria|Etrurian]] (1919-1946)<br/>[[Imagua and the Assimas|Imaguan]] (since 1946)
| |
| |profession = | |
| |party = [[Democratic Labour Party of Imagua|Democratic Labour Party]] | |
| |otherparty =
| |
| |religion = [[Solarian Catholic Church|Solarian Catholic]] | |
| |spouse = [[Benedetto Andreoli]] | |
| |children = 4
| |
| <!--Military service-->
| |
| | nickname =
| |
| | allegiance =
| |
| | branch =
| |
| | serviceyears =
| |
| | rank =
| |
| | unit =
| |
| | commands =
| |
| | battles =
| |
| | awards =
| |
| | military_blank1 =
| |
| | military_data1 =
| |
| | military_blank2 =
| |
| | military_data2 =
| |
| | military_blank3 =
| |
| | military_data3 =
| |
| | military_blank4 =
| |
| | military_data4 =
| |
| | military_blank5 = | |
| | military_data5 = | |
| }} | | }} |
| '''Viviana Andreoli''' (22 August, 1919 - 6 September, 2005) was a politician who served as the sixteenth [[Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas]], serving from 1997 to 2001, and as member of Parliament for Bencivenga from 1956 to 1992, and for Bencivenga-Lazzari from 1992 until her retirement from politics in 2001. | | '''Imaguan Maritime Service''' ({{wp|Italian langauge|Etrurian}}: ''Servizio marittimo imaguano'') is a state-run {{wp|ferry operator}} providing ferry services between the [[Imagua and the Assimas|Imaguan]] islands of [[Imagua (island)|Imagua]], [[Avitabile Island]], and [[Ineweyu Island]]. |
|
| |
|
| ==Early life==
| | Established in 1953, it was intended to unite [[Imagua and the Assimas]] by providing regular ferry transportation at "an affordable price," so to ensure that all Imaguans could freely travel between the islands. |
| Viviana Andreoli was born in [[Bencivenga]], which at the time was part of the [[Etruria|Etrurian]] possession of the [[Assimas Islands]], as the youngest of six children to Rolfo Scaffidi, and Ernesta Scaffidi, who were farmers living near Bencivenga.
| |
| | |
| She started attending the [[School of the Sisters of Charity]] in 1925. In 1930, she underwent the ''avviamento al lavoro'', as her parents wanted her to stay in the countryside. Thus, by 1933, after completing her programme, she officially completed her education, and became a farmer, like her parents and siblings.
| |
| | |
| In 1938, she met and married a schoolteacher, [[Benedetto Andreoli]]. This allowed her to leave the farm, and move to the village of Bencivenga. However, the next few years were greatly shaped by the [[Solarian War]], as the Assimas Islands was occupied over by [[Imagua|Imaguan]] forces.
| |
| | |
| Following the war's conclusion, while she was initially bitter at the occupation, after hearing of the adoption of the [[Education in Imagua and the Assimas|Imaguan education system]] to replace the Etrurian model on all levels except for university education, she realized the benefits of such a system, as now, "all my children shall be able to receive a better education than I ever could."
| |
| | |
| ==Early political career==
| |
| ===Constituency association===
| |
| In 1948, her close friend, [[Odorico Sirna]] was nominated by the newly established [[Democratic Labour Party of Imagua|Democratic Labour]] constituency association to run for election to represent the newly-established constituency of Bencivenga in the [[Lesser House of Imagua|Lesser House]] of [[Parliament of Imagua and the Assimas|Parliament]]. At his urging, he requested that she join the constituency association.
| |
| | |
| Once she joined, she discovered a "new world of possibilities: what had once been an impossible dream of me, a woman, shaping affairs for our little constituency, is now a reality." After Sirna's victory over [[National Party of Imagua|Conservative]] candidate [[Ariosto Cardinali]], Sirna gave her a job opportunity, where she would be his secretary at his offices in [[Bencivenga]]. She accepted the offer.
| |
| | |
| At her position, she gained "clear insights" as to how Imaguan politics worked, through Sirna's activities. As she garnered more information, she felt "empowered" to not only "make things better" for Bencivenga, but also for [[Imagua and the Assimas]].
| |
| | |
| By 1952, she wholeheartedly threw her support to Sirna's campaign, to the point that many in the constituency association started to consider that should Sirna retire, that she take over the helm of the Bencivenga constituency association. With Sirna defeating Conservative [[Terzo Onorato]] and [[Imaguan Party of Democrats|Democratic]] candidate [[Sosteneo Carrano]], he was able to keep his seat, and Andreoli remained his secretary.
| |
| | |
| However, by 1956, Odorico Sirna announced his retirement from politics. The local constituency association nominated Viviana Andreoli to run under the DLP ticket for the constituency of Bencivenga, and despite her admitted "misgivings," she accepted the nomination.
| |
| | |
| She competed against Conservative challenger [[Ariosto Cardinali]] and Democratic candidate Carrano, campaigning on "continuing to represent the interests of Bencivenga" in the Lesser House, and criticizing both candidates for their "arrogant actions" during the campaign. This helped boost her popularity, and she won the seat with 53.5% of the vote.
| |
| | |
| ===Backbencher===
| |
| On 23 April, 1956, Viviana Andreoli was sworn in as Member of Parliament for Bencivenga, succeeding [[Odorico Sirna]]. During her first term in the [[Lesser House of Imagua|Lesser House]] of [[Parliament of Imagua and the Assimas|Parliament]], Andreoli was seen as quiet and reserved, partially as at that time, she knew "virtually no {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}." Despite this, Andreoli represented the interests of the constituency of Bencivenga, helping boost her popularity.
| |
| | |
| In 1960, she was re-elected, defeating [[Giusto Busalacchi]] of the [[National Party of Imagua|Conservatives]], and [[Ermenegildo Sposito]] of the [[Imaguan Party of Democrats]]. During her second term, Andreoli remained a backbencher, even though she was a member of the governing [[Democratic Labour Party of Imagua|Democratic Labour Party]], as although her fluency in Estmerish had improved, it was not to a level deemed "acceptable" by the party officials of the day.
| |
| | |
| She won a third term in 1964, defeating Conservative candidate [[Eberardo De Matteo]], and Democratic candidate [[Erico D'Antonio]] with 56.7% of the vote. During her third term, Viviana Andreoli began developing a close political relationship with [[Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas|Prime Minister]] [[Efrem Lacovara]], who appointed her as {{wp|minister without portfolio}}, which made her the first [[Bahio-Imaguans|Bahio-Imaguan]] cabinet minister in Imaguan history.
| |
| | |
| In 1968, she won a fourth term with 51.5% of the vote over Conservative challenger [[Giove Tiberio]] and Democratic candidate D'Antonio. The newly-elected Prime Minister, [[Eric Fleming]], appointed her to be [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (Imagua)|Minister of Minority Affairs]].
| |
| | |
| ===Minister of Minority Affairs===
| |
| On 23 April, 1968, she was sworn into [[Eric Fleming]]'s cabinet as [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (Imagua)|Minister of Minority Affairs]], making her the first [[Bahio-Imaguans|Bahio-Imaguan]] cabinet minister to actually hold a cabinet portfolio.
| |
| | |
| While there were concerns from within the [[Democratic Labour Party of Imagua|Democratic Labour Party]] that Viviana Andreoli would not be able to perform the job well, as her {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} was not great, Fleming and newly-elected [[President of Imagua and the Assimas|President]] [[Efrem Lacovara]] defended her inclusion in Fleming's cabinet, as her combination of being an {{wp|Italian language|Etrurian}} speaker and her ethnicity made her a perfect fit for the job.
| |
| | |
| During her time as Minister of Minority Affairs, she oversaw the policies instituted by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, such as {{wp|biculturalism}} between the [[Etrurian-Imaguans|Etrurian-Imaguan]] and [[Estmero-Imaguans|Estmero-Imaguan]] communities, as well as {{wp|affirmative action}} policies to help further close the gap between the Bahio-Imaguan majority and the [[Eucleo-Imaguans|Eucleo-Imaguan]] minority which still remained dominant over the country.
| |
| | |
| At the same time, Viviana Andreoli continued to represent her constituency, and urging the government to address the issues facing the area, especially as {{wp|deindustrialization}} was starting to take place in both [[San Pietro, Imagua and the Assimas|San Pietro]] and in [[Cuanstad]].
| |
| | |
| In 1972, Viviana Andreoli won with 57.3% of the vote, allowing her to win a fifth term in the [[Lesser House of Imagua|Lesser House]] of [[Parliament of Imagua and the Assimas|Parliament]], defeating [[Imaguan Party of Democrats|Democrat]] [[Erico D'Antonio]], who only earned 31.2% of the vote, and [[National Party of Imagua|Conservative]] [[Ermete Cerruti]], who only earned 9.8% of the vote. However, the DLP lost thirteen seats, meaning that they were now the official opposition.
| |
| | |
| ===Shadow minister===
| |
| [[File:Andreoli74.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Viviana Andreoli, 1974]]
| |
| As Viviana Andreoli maintained her seat in the [[Lesser House of Imagua|Lesser House]] of [[Parliament of Imagua and the Assimas|Parliament]], and due to her excellent job as the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (Imagua)|Minister of Minority Affairs]], she was appointed to the [[Democratic Labour Party of Imagua|Democratic Labour]] {{wp|shadow cabinet}}, as the Shadow Minister of Minority Affairs.
| |
| | |
| During her fifth term, she continued representing the interests of the constituency of Bencivenga, and criticized the [[National Party of Imagua|Conservative]] government for "continuing to undermine rural communities" on the [[Assimas Islands]] like her hometown of [[Bencivenga]], and "hurting large cities" like [[San Pietro, Imagua and the Assimas|San Pietro]]. This allowed her to increase her popularity back in her constituency.
| |
| | |
| Thus, in 1976, she managed to defeat [[Imaguan Party of Democrats|Democratic]] nominee [[Erico D'Antonio]], and Conservative nominee [[Nicoletta Andreoli]] defeating him with 54.2% of the vote, allowing her to secure a sixth term in the Lesser House. She remained the Shadow Minister of Minority Affairs.
| |
| | |
| In her sixth term, Viviana Andreoli became one of the major members of the Democratic Labour Party, with the 1979 leadership conference suggesting that Andreoli run for the [[President of Imagua and the Assimas|presidency]] in 1980. However, she declined, and after [[Edmondo Privitera]] also declined, [[Casimiro Fioravanti]] was nominated.
| |
| | |
| That year, she defeated D'Antonio of the Democrats and [[Gineto Senerchia]] of the Conservatives with 53.4% of the vote, compared to D'Antonio's 32.9% of the vote, and Senerchia's 12.2% of the vote, allowing her to serve for a seventh term in the Lesser House.
| |
| | |
| During her seventh term, Viviana Andreoli backed former [[Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas|Prime Minister]] [[Efrem Lacovara]] at the 1981 leadership convention, over Edmondo Privitera, as she believed that Lacovara would engage in "rational" and "common-sense" policies, while she believed that Privitera was not ready to become leader of the DLP.
| |
| | |
| When Privitera became leader of the DLP, Andreoli was moved to the position of Shadow Minister of the Interior, away from her longtime position of Shadow Minister of Minority Affairs. Thus, over the next few years, she helped draft the Democratic Labour platform for local governance.
| |
| | |
| In 1984, she faced Conservative candidate [[Averardo Maffucci]], defeating him 53.1% to 41.4%. This allowed her to win an eighth term in the Lesser House, and to return to cabinet.
| |
| | |
| ===Interior Minister===
| |
| On 23 April, 1984, newly-elected [[Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas|Prime Minister]] [[Edmondo Privitera]] named Viviana Andreoli [[Ministry of the Interior (Imagua)|Interior Minister]].
| |
| | |
| As the interior minister, Viviana Andreoli's main job during this time was overseeing local governance of municipalities and parishes, with Andreoli approving a revision of the boundaries between the parishes of [[Cuanstad]] and [[Saint Ellen's Parish|Saint Ellen's]] in 1985 to accommodate the growth of the former's metropolitan area. She also sought to merge "collections of no longer viable towns" across the country into "larger centres" with the hope that they would be more viable if resources were allocated more efficiently.
| |
| | |
| Thus, in 1987, she tabled the ''[[Local Governance Act of 1987]]'', which passed both the [[Lesser House of Imagua|Lesser House]] and the [[Senate of Imagua|Senate]], and was signed into law by [[President of Imagua and the Assimas|President]] [[Marguerite Ernman]].
| |
| | |
| In 1988, she faced [[National Party of Imagua|Conservative]] candidate [[Erico D'Antonio]], where she came close to being unseated by him. However, she was able to secure a ninth term in the Lesser House of [[Parliament of Imagua and the Assimas|Parliament]] with 48.6% of the vote, compared to D'Antonio's 47.7% of the vote.
| |
| | |
| With her victory, she remained as the Minister of the Interior, allowing her to oversee the implementation of the Local Governance Act of 1987: between 1987 and 1992, eighty-nine villages and towns were merged to twenty-seven towns, with some of the more prominent towns merged into others include Privitera's hometown of [[Piavenna, Imagua and the Assimas|Piavenna]] into [[Rutigliano]]. However, these mergers would fail to halt the decline of rural towns, as many continued moving to larger cities.
| |
| | |
| In 1990, she became Mother of the House when Conservative MP [[Ted Wilburn]] of Nua Taois-East retired from the Lesser House, and was subsequently succeeded by [[Rudy Wilkinson]] of the [[National Reform Party of Imagua|National Reform Party]], making her the first female member of Parliament to be the longest-serving member of Parliament.
| |
| | |
| By the 1991 census, her own constituency of Bencivenga was dissolved, as it no longer had a large enough population to remain its own constituency. Instead, it was merged with the constituency of Lazzari, which was represented by Conservative MP [[Adamo Corsini]].
| |
| | |
| The 1992 general elections saw Viviana Andreoli secure a tenth term, as she defeated Lazzari 51.2% to 47.1%. However, as the Democratic Labour Party were defeated by the Conservatives under [[Isaac Egnell]], she became a member of the opposition.
| |
| | |
| ===Return to the shadow cabinet===
| |
| [[File:Andreoli96.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Viviana Andreoli, 1996]]
| |
| Viviana Andreoli was sworn in for her tenth term on 23 April, 1992, as the Member of Parliament for Bencivenga-Lazzari. With the return of the [[Democratic Labour Party of Imagua|Democratic Labour Party]] to the opposition, she was appointed into the {{wp|shadow cabinet}}, as Shadow Minister of the Interior.
| |
| | |
| During this period in time, she became prominent in Imaguan politics, partially due to her longevity, and partially due to having served in two cabinet ministries. As the [[National Reform Party of Imagua|National Reform Party]] started making inroads, she started to advocate for a [[National Party of Imagua|Conservative]]-DLP coalition to prevent [[Austin Houghton]] "from coming anywhere close to power."
| |
| | |
| However, in the 1995 parliamentary elections, Andreoli defeated Conservative nominee [[Nazario Mignogna]], 52.5% to 41.4%, allowing her to stay in the [[Lesser House of Imagua|Lesser House]] for an eleventh term in office. However, the National Reform Party formed a {{wp|minority government}}, leaving both the DLP and the Conservatives in a lurch.
| |
| | |
| At the 1995 leadership convention, with [[Ornell Elliott]] announcing a bid for the [[President of Imagua and the Assimas|Imaguan presidency]], she announced her bid for the [[Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas|Imaguan premiership]]. With support from [[Edmondo Privitera]] and other prominent people in the Democratic Labour Party such as former Prime Minister [[Efrem Lacovara]], her nomination sailed through.
| |
| | |
| In 1996, she campaigned alongside Elliott, and organised "get out the vote" campaigns with the intention to get all Imaguans to vote, saying that "if [[Rudy Wilkinson|Rudy]] wins, we will all suffer." Her influence helped allow Elliott to become President with 68% of the vote, and with the highest turnout in Imaguan history.
| |
| | |
| During this time, she negotiated with the Conservatives where in the event of a minority government by either the Conservatives, the DLP, or National Reform, the Conservatives and the DLP would form a {{wp|grand coalition}} with Andreoli to be Prime Minister, and Conservative leader [[Erberto Formica]] to be [[Deputy Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas|Deputy Prime Minister]]. In addition, both parties would not run candidates against each other in areas where vote-splitting would benefit the National Reform, and also in the seats of the party leaders.
| |
| | |
| By early 1997, this arrangement was agreed by the top leadership of both the DLP and the Conservatives. Thus, when the 1997 budget was presented by Austin Houghton, both parties voted against it, and thus triggered an early election.
| |
| | |
| During the 1997 election campaign, Viviana Andreoli campaigned on "fixing up the messes left behind by Houghton," and to "help Ornell get the job done." This, combined with the severe unpopularity of the National Reform Party, allowed the Democratic Labour Party to win fifteen additional seats in the Lesser House, allowing them to form a {{wp|majority government}}.
| |
| | |
| ===Premiership===
| |
| Following her election, she was sworn in on 22 May, 1997 as the sixteenth [[Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas]]. While she was the third [[Bahio-Imaguans|Bahio-Imaguan]] to be Prime Minister, after [[Eric Fleming]], and [[Anthony Brockett]]], as well as the second woman after [[Marguerite Ernman]], she was the first Bahio-Imaguan woman to be sworn in as Prime Minister, and the second oldest Prime Minister to be elected, after [[Harmon Lambourne]], who was elected at the age of 79 in 1908.
| |
| | |
| That day, she unveiled her cabinet, with [[Edmondo Privitera]] named [[Deputy Prime Minister of Imagua and the Assimas|Deputy Prime Minister]].
| |
| | |
| During her tenure as Prime Minister, Viviana Andreoli became... (TBC)
| |
| | |
| ==Personal life==
| |
| Viviana Andreoli first met [[Benedetto Andreoli]] in 1938, and a few months later married. They had two sons: Gastone Andreoli, who was born in 1939, and died in 1942 from {{wp|meningitis}}, and [[Cesario Andreoli]], who was born in 1945, as well as two daughters: Tatiana Ciresi, born in 1941, and Marzia Forner, born in 1948.
| |
| | |
| At the time of her death in 2005, she was survived by three of her children, nine grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren. Her husband, Benedetto Andreoli, died in 2014 in [[San Pietro, Imagua and the Assimas|San Pietro]] from {{wp|colon cancer}}.
| |
| | |
| Her native language was [[Imaguan Creole]], but she was fluent in {{wp|Italian language|Etrurian}}. Andreoli only learned {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} after her election in 1956, and while she was fluent enough to carry a "basic conversation" by the time of her appointment to the [[Ministry of the Interior (Imagua)|Ministry of the Interior]], she spoke with a heavy accent.
| |
| | |
| ===Political views===
| |
| Viviana Andreoli identified as a {{wp|social democrat}} throughout her career in the [[Democratic Labour Party of Imagua|Democratic Labour Party]].
| |
| | |
| (TBD)
| |
| | |
| ===Religion===
| |
| Viviana Andreoli was baptized as a [[Solarian Catholic Church|Solarian Catholic]], and was raised to be a devout Catholic.
| |
|
| |
|
| (TBC) | | (TBC) |
|
| |
| ==Honours==
| |
| ===Domestic===
| |
| *{{flagicon|Imagua and the Assimas}} Companion of the [[Order of Imagua]], 2002
| |
|
| |
| ===Foreign===
| |
