Second Reunification War of Hoterallia

Second Reunification War of Hoterallia Hoterallian Civil War
Part of Era of Civil Wars
Clockwise from top right: Loyalists machine gun position at Kaipi Captain Hirohiko and Airborne units depart on their mission to Nuime Loyalist paratroopers under the command of Lieutenant Kentarō Imai inside a transport ship departing from the Unhak to retake Ryume Revolutionaries' artillery in Konan shortly after the assault on Okahiyomi Loyalist troops fighting to retake the Orajioe Palace after the revolutionaries had taken the city during the outbreak of the war Loyalists' armored vehicles and pioneer troops approaching Magateza
Date 21 July 1939 – 2 September 1943 (1939-07-21 – 1943-09-02) (3 years and 250 days) Location Hoterallia Result Loyalist victory Reunification of Hoterallia Governor Norihi returned to the Phoenix Throne, Proclamation of the Second Empire of Hoterallia Revolutionaries put up on trials Establishment of the National Codes through the 1950 National Act Period of restablization and reconstruction Territorial changes Reunification of Hoterallia into the Second Empire of Hoterallia in 1976
Belligerents
Loyalist Loyalists Imperial Hoterallian Army Imperial Hoterallian Navy Imperial Hoterallian Air Services Regional warlords (Government loyalists) Minor militias, volunteer auxiliaries and territorial forces	Revolutionaries Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity: Army For National Salvation Coastal Force, Junk Force and defected naval security units Independent military forces Regional warlords (Revoluntionaries)
Commanders and leaders
Governor Norihi (Former Emperor and Director-General of the Hoterallian Government) Other leaders Takayuki Hasegawa Futoshi Ishihara Daisuke Itō Hosuke Konako Kōji Yamamoto Tōru Shima Hitoshi Sakata Hiroyasu Ishii Kentarō Shōji † Hideki Yokosuka (WIA)	Takeshi Itō  † (Chairman of the Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity) Other leaders Fumiya Seki   Munehiko Ogasawara Shizuka Tsuchiya   Daisaku Yamamoto Kōji Uchida Eiichi Fukuda Daisuke Ono Shin'ya Hashimoto  † Teppei Koike
Strength
690,000 (regular) 810,000 (militia) (June 1941)	320,000 (regular) 650,000 million (militia) (July 1941)
Casualties and losses
124,000 killed in action (including executions) 1,000-5,000 civilians killed	423,000 killed in action 7,000-8,000 civilians killed
c. 550,000 total killed

The Second Reunification War of Hoterallia was a civil war in Hoterallia fought from 1939 to 1943, officially between the Government, Imperial loyalists, and the disorganized, guerrillas' forces loyal to the proclaimed "Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity" (CNSNP). The loyalists were led by Emperor Norihi (who later stepped down to act as the Director-General of the Hoterallian Government), with the aid of the Imperial Armed Forces and volunteered irregular military units. While the guerrillas' forces, better known as the Revolutionaries, were led by Takeshi Itō, a journalist, labor leader, socialist, and political agitator.

The war saw a major split in Hoterallian politics, nationalism, and statism, especially in terms of Hoterallian clans. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as a class struggle, a struggle between statism and anti-statism, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between nationalism and communism. The Loyalists won the war, which ended in mid 1943, and restored national order throughout the country. The civil war began after a series of revolts from the population known as the Kezio Riots. The riots were the result of poor management of the Ichirō Jishage administration, which led to inflation in the Hoterallian economy and economic hardship for Hoterallian farmers and Hoterallian living in rural and underdeveloped areas, and a massive increase in the price of rice, consumer goods, and rents.

It started with peaceful petitioning but quickly escalated to riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices, and armed clashes. By 1938, there were 321 separate disputes involving more than 59,000 workers. Some 19,000 people were arrested, of whom 9,200 were convicted of various crimes, with punishments ranging from minor fines to the death penalty.

The flash-point came on July 21, 1939, with the Magateza Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the Central Army. Similar revolts broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all prefectures renounced the Imperial government. On August 1, 1939, the clan-appointed Takeshi Itō as Chairman of the Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.

By 1941, Hoterallia was divided into warlords' states, with clans controlling their separate armies, several of the warlords' states either aligned with the government or the revolutionaries. This era of the war was characterized by constant civil war between different factions and warlords. The era of warlords would end by the start of 1942 as the loyalists rallied back multiple clans-controlled warlords' states and slowly unified the country through both negotiations and force.

By mid-1942, even though several of the warlords continued to maintain their influence but many had joined the government coalition. The civil war entered its final stages as the revolutionaries were swept out of major city areas and the surviving revolutionaries resorted to insurgencies in rural areas to fight back the loyalists, with the support of the already-weakened warlords.

At the start of 1943, major internal issues were sparked in the revolutionaries' clique as the socialists clashed with the anarchists. During the chaos, Takeshi Itō was assassinated and the Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity collapsed. The summer of 1943 marked a series of counterinsurgencies against the revolutionaries, which resulted in the stronghold in Central Hoterallia fully collapsing to the Hoterallian government. By August 1943, Hoterallia was fully unified and the ones who associated with the losing revolutionaries were put up on trials. On September 2, 1943, Governor Norihi reassumed his role of Emperor of Hoterallia and proclaimed the Second Empire of Hoterallia. A new constitution and the 1945 National Act soon followed that re-stabilized and re-structured the Hoterallian government and economy.

This period of civil war has various names throughout the years, with the "Second Reunification War of Hoterallia", "Hoterallian Second Reunification War" and "Hoterallian Civil War" being the most commonly used names in Common. In Hoterallian, the period is generally known as "軍閥時代" (Gunbatsu Jidai, Warlords Era). It has also been called "国家統一戦争" (Kokka Tōitsu Sensō, War For National Reunification).