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| The '''Hedapenak''' (''expansions'') is the name for an early 1990s project by the separatist [[Lemovicia|Lemovician]] government to build new cities to accommodate {{wp|internally displaced persons}} as a result of the [[Lemovician War]].
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| ==History== | | Define $bold = fontsize:L shift:(10,-4) |
| ===Background===
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| [[File:Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse004.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Lemovician people|Lemovicians]] from [[Hoikoćija]] in an {{wp|internally displaced person|IDP camp}}, 1988]]
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| At the end of the [[Lemovician War]] in June 1992, [[Lemovicia]] faced many challenges. One problem was that most [[Lemovician people|Lemovician]] during the war fled from [[West Miersa|West Miersan]]-held territory, leading to the establishment of {{wp|Internally displaced person|IDP camps}} to house the internally displaced Lemovicians. Conditions were poor, despite efforts by the Lemovician government to improve conditions in the camps, leading to the government beginning to draft plans for the scheme.
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| Another problem was that much of Lemovicia's infrastructure had been destroyed by the fighting during the Lemovician War, meaning that the supply of housing was low, while few industries were able to operate. This hindered the ability of the Lemovician government to resettle the internally displaced persons within Lemovician territory, while the lack of jobs meant that many Lemovicians in neighbouring countries, such as [[Bistravia]], [[Champania]], and [[East Miersa]] were less likely to return to Lemovicia.
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| Finally, due to its [[International recognition of Lemovicia|political status]], few countries had diplomatic relations with Lemovicia, while sanctions imposed upon it by the West Miersan government hindered the ability of the Lemovician government to import necessary supplies to help rebuild the country. One official warned that "without coordinated international support, Lemovicians will continue to suffer the after-effects of the Lemovician War for generations to come."
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| ===Early planning=== | | Period = from:1890 till:2022 |
| [[File:Muhamed_Kadic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Architect [[Alac Muru]], 1990]]
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| Planning for the scheme began in March 1988 after the fall of [[Hoikoćija]] (''Goikoecija'' in {{wp|Basque language|Lemovician}}) in [[Lemovician War#Fall of Sechia and Operation Zemsta|Operation Zemsta]], as the fall of the city and of [[Ibaiak Province]] by the end of the year, due to virtually all the Lemovicians in Hoikoćija fleeing to Lemovicia. This influx, combined with the failure of the [[Revolutionary Defence Forces (Lemovicia)|Revolutionary Defence Forces]] to recover Ibaiak Province put pressure on the Lemovician government to organise a "medium-term resettlement scheme," as the {{wp|Internally displaced person|IDP camps}} were deemed to be "completely unsatisfactory for the development of a socialist society." [[Alac Muru]] would play a significant role in outlining plans for residential and industrial neighbourhoods.
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| While by 1990, several sites were shortlisted for what would become [[Goikoecija Beŕija]], including the Gereziondoa Cooperative Farm (named after the Wiśniowskis who owned the land prior to 1979), planning for other parts of the Hedapenak programme would only begin in earnest, as the Lemovician government began to work on post-war recovery plans: as many houses and factories were damaged or destroyed over the course of the Lemovician War, it was also important for the Lemovician government to provide quality housing to the Lemovicians. This meant that the government began eying vacant land (i.e. land owned by {{wp|Polish people|Miersans}} who fled during the war) or cooperative farms for repurposing into hedapenak for neighbouring towns and villages.
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| By July 1992, a preliminary plan was approved for the Hedapenak programme: with the exception of Goikoecija Beŕija, which was to be built on the Gereziondoa Cooperative Farm, new neighbourhoods were to be built in [[Topagunea]], [[Zubizurija]], [[Ecijehaŕa]], [[Gotor]], [[Sardeśkak]], and [[Burdina]], while certain communities that were "almost or entirely destroyed by the Lemovician War," such as [[Heŕibeŕija]], were to be rebuilt entirely.
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| ===Construction===
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| [[File:Moscow,_Bolshaya_Maryinskaya_Street_11_construction_site_(31245563291).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Construction of a {{wp|khrushchyovka|zerubaseŕiak}} in [[Topagunea]], 1995]]
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| With the institution of the preliminary plan, time was of the essence: in October 1992, [[Ociote Sasiambarena]] held a {{wp|groundbreaking ceremony}} on the site of Goikoecija Beŕija, with Sasiambarena saying that "we have an obligation to all Lemovicians whose homes and workplaces have been destroyed during the war to complete this quickly, so that they can live with dignity."
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| Construction began quickly, even before the plans for the hedapenak were finalised by the [[National Assembly (Lemovicia)|National Assembly]] in January 1993, as the Lemovician government prioritised reconstruction of the country following the [[Lemovician War]]. With the formal approval of the hedapenak programme in January 1993, the Lemovician government quickly began construction of other hedapenak throughout the country, with the primary priority first being towards reconstructing housing, and the secondary priority being to construct workplaces. Many of the {{wp|khrushchyovka|zerubaseŕiak}} would be completed in a matter of months, due to the {{wp|panel building|panel design}} of each zerubaseŕia, with several models of zerubaseŕiak being used.
| | from:1891 till:1997 text:"[[Sotirian Democratic Party (Imagua)|Sotirian Democratic Party]]" color:con |
| | from:1892 till:1948 text:"[[Democratic Party (Imagua)|Democratic Party]]" color:lib |
| | from:1903 till:1919 text:"[[Socialist Party (Estmere)|Estmerish Section of the Workers' International]]" color:left |
| | from:1919 till:1937 text:"[[Socialist Party (Estmere)|Socialist Party]]" color:left |
| | from:1919 till:1946 text:"[[Imaguan Section of the Workers' International]]" color:com |
| | from:1937 till:1948 text:"[[Labour Party (Imagua)|Labour Party]]" color:left |
| | from:1946 till:2022 text:"[[West Arucian Section of the Workers' International]]" color:com |
| | from:1948 till:2022 text:"[[Democratic Labour Party (Imagua)|Democratic Labour Party]]" color:left |
| | from:1948 till:1979 text:"[[Imaguan Party of Democrats]]" color:lib |
| | from:1978 till:1997 text:"[[National Labour Party (Imagua)|National Labour Party]]" color:con |
| | from:1985 till:2022 text:"[[Green Party (Imagua)|Green Party]]" color:green |
| | from:1997 till:2022 text:"[[Sotirian Labour Party (Imagua)|Sotirian Labour Party]]" color:con |
| | from:1997 till:2022 text:"[[Sotirian Defence Party (Imagua)|Sotirian Defence Party]]" color:rwp |
| | from:1997 till:2022 text:"[[New Labour Party (Imagua)|New Labour Party]]" color:lib |
| | from:2004 till:2022 text:"[[Movement for a New Imagua]]" color:rwp |
| | </timeline></center> |
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| On 21 November 1994, just over two years after the groundbreaking ceremony in Goikoecija Beŕija, Ociote Sasiambarena opened Goikoecija Beŕija to the {{wp|internally displaced persons}} from Hoikoćija. At the time that it was opened, five residential neighbourhoods and one industrial neighbourhood were completed, with a designed population of 10,000 people, although several more residential neighbourhoods were under construction when Sasiambarena opened the city.
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| Despite the opening of Goikoecija Beŕija in 1994, construction continued in most hedapenak, although by 1996, construction began to slow down in the hedapenak as all the internally displaced persons have been resettled, and the housing shortage ceased being a significant issue to Lemovicia. By 1999, construction of new residential neighbourhoods had effectively ceased, and in May of that year, the [[Presidency of Lemovicia|Chairman of the Presidency]] at the time, [[Patryk Krawczak]] declared that "the hedapenak programme has fulfilled its purpose" in resettling Lemovicians in "better housing."
| | '''Political Parties (to achieve parliamentary representation):''' |
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| ==Layout==
| | ;''Right-wing Populist'': |
| ===Neighbourhoods===
| | {{legend2|#0000ff|[[Sotirian Defence Party (Imagua)|Sotirian Defence Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| [[File:Солнечный_-_panoramio_(17).jpg|250px|thumb|right|A residential neighbourhood in a [[Zubizurija]] hedapena, 2013]] | | {{legend2|black|[[Movement for a New Imagua]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| Each area built in the Hedapenak programme is divided into neighbourhoods ({{wp|Basque language|Lemovician}}: ''auzoak''). The neighbourhoods within each hedapena (''expansion'') were divided into two categories: the residential neighbourhoods (''bizitegi-auzoa'') and the industrial neighbourhoods (''śemisoba-auzoa'').
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| The residential neighbourhoods were to be arranged akin to a {{wp|microdistrict}} in TBD. The residential neighbourhoods would contain {{wp|khrushchyovka|zerubaseŕiak}} to be built in the neighborhoods, with {{wp|shops}}, {{wp|schools}}, {{wp|parks}}, {{wp|playgrounds}}, {{wp|Bar mleczny|cafeterias}}, and {{wp|clinics}}. Many of the zerubaseŕiak were five storeys in height, although in [[Goikoecija Beŕija]], [[Topagunea]], and [[Zubizurija]], zerubaseŕiak could go as high as twenty storeys in height. The residential neighbourhoods were designed to accommodate between 1,000 and 2,000 people within an area between 10 hectares and 100 hectares.
| | ;''Conservative'': |
| | {{legend2|#0000ff|[[Sotirian Democratic Party (Imagua)|Sotirian Democrats]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| | {{legend2|#e9a735|[[National Labour Party (Imagua)|National Labour]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| | {{legend2|#e9a735|[[Sotirian Labour Party (Imagua)|Sotirian Labour Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
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| The industrial neighbourhoods were generally designed around one or more {{wp|factories}}, {{wp|mills}}, {{wp|coal}} and {{wp|iron}} mines, or {{wp|offices}}, with facilities catering to the workplaces in these neighbourhoods being concentrated within industrial neighbourhoods, such as {{wp|transport hubs}}, {{wp|cafeterias}}, and {{wp|dormitories}} for temporary workers not resident within the area. To ensure the most efficient distribution of these neighbourhoods, and to reduce the likelihood of unemployment, the preliminary plan stated that there was to be one industrial neighbourhood for every five residential neighbourhoods, so that there were enough workers to work within the industrial neighbourhoods: this suggests that the ideal population needed to fill the labour pool in an industrial neighbourhood is between 5,000 and 10,000 people.
| | ;''Liberal'': |
| | {{legend2|#7D26CD|[[Democratic Party (Imagua)|Democrats]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| | {{legend2|#EF759D|[[Imaguan Party of Democrats|Imaguan Party of Democrats]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| | {{legend2|#e9a735|[[New Labour Party (Imagua)|New Labour]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
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| In addition to these two main types of neighbourhoods, there is a central neighbourhood (''erdiko-auzoa'') in areas which had no discernable city centre prior to the hedapenak programme, or were otherwise "completely devastated" during the [[Lemovician War]], with the intention of serving as city centres for the community as a whole. The central neighbourhoods feature amenities such as {{wp|hospitals}}, {{wp|town halls}}, {{wp|department stores}}, a {{wp|plaza}}, a {{wp|stadium}}, and a [[Lemovician Episemialist Church|Lemovician Episemialist]] {{wp|church}}.
| | ;''Social Democratic'': |
| | {{legend2|#b22222|[[Estmerish Section of the Workers' International]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| | {{legend2|#E3170D|[[Socialist Party (Estmere)|Socialist Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| | {{legend2|#CE1127|[[Labour Party (Imagua)|Labour Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| | {{legend2|#CE1127|[[Democratic Labour Party (Imagua)|Democratic Labour Party]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
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| ===Zerubaseŕiak===
| | ;''Communist'': |
| ====Design====
| | {{legend2|#b22222|[[Imaguan Section of the Workers' International]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| [[File:Zerubaseŕi_baten_antolamendua.png|250px|thumb|left|A typical layout of a flat in a zerubaseŕi]] | | {{legend2|#b22222|[[West Arucian Section of the Workers' International]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| The {{wp|khrushchyovka|zerubaseŕiak}} in the residential neighbourhoods of each hedapena were {{wp|prefabricated buildings}} made of concrete panels, designed for quick construction. This enabled each section to be built at a factory, and transported to the construction site. Most of the zerubaseŕiak were designed to be five storeys in height, as according to Lemovician building standards, this was the maximum number of floors that do not require a lift, with any building higher than five storeys necessitating the installation of lifts. However, in certain communities, primarily [[Goikoecija Beŕija]], [[Topagunea]], and [[Zubizurija]], zerubaseŕiak could go as high as twenty storeys in height, due to the higher populations in these areas compared to other municipalities in [[Lemovicia]].
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| The typical layout of each flat within a zerubaseŕi include two bedrooms with closets attached, a bathroom, a storage room, and a combination living room and kitchen, with hallways connecting the rooms with one another. Overall, the average area in an individual zerubaseŕi two-bedroom flat is 46 square metres (501 square feet). However, smaller zerubaseŕi exist with only one bedroom, bathroom, and a combination living room/kitchen, and larger zerubaseŕi exist with three bedrooms, a bathroom, a storage room, and a combination living room/kitchen. All flats in a zerubaseŕi have a connection to water and sewer systems, electricity, {{wp|central heating}}, and to waste disposal.
| | ;''Greens'': |
| | | {{legend2|#2D902D|[[Green Party (Imagua)|Greens]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| On the lower floors of zerubaseŕiak, primarily the ground floor, space is often made for the use of the residents within a zerubaseŕi. Common amenities include a {{wp|conference room}} for the [[#Governance|board]], a {{wp|laundromat}}, a {{wp|rec room}} and a {{wp|gym}}, although {{wp|libraries}}, {{wp|internet cafes}}, {{wp|daycares}}, and {{wp|convenience stores}} are often found in many, but not all zerubaseŕiak.
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| ====Governance====
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| [[File:Office_building_boardroom_LCCN2011635618.tif|200px|thumb|right|Empty board room in a zerubaseŕi, 2014]]
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| While zerubaseŕiak were built by the [[Lemovicia#Politics|Lemovician government]] as part of the Hedapena programme, when residents settled in a zerubaseŕi, ownership was transferred from the state to a '''{{wp|Condominium#Homeowners association|board}}''' ({{wp|Basque language|Lemovician}}: ''zerubaseŕiko-taula'') elected by all residents in a given zerubaseŕi 16 years or older, to serve a one year term.
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| The typical composition of a board is comprised of five members, with four representing the floors inhabited by residents in a given zerubaseŕi, and one being elected {{wp|at-large}} by all the residents in a given zerubaseŕi. However, in cases where a zerubaseŕi has more floors than the average five storeys, it may have as many as twenty members, of whom nineteen represent the residents on a given floor. Regardless of the circumstances, all members are equal, although in practice, each session is chaired by someone who rotates among the members with each session.
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| The responsibility of each board is to maintain the building "to government standards," to organise activities for the residents within a given zerubaseŕi, to approve of businesses or cooperatives to operate on the ground floor, and to implement restrictions, such as the prohibition of smoking or drinking within a zerubaseŕi. As well, members of the board can select a delegate from any of the residents to represent their particular zerubaseŕi on the district council.
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| Like all elected officials in [[Lemovicia]], including the [[National Assembly (Lemovicia)|National Assembly]], board members are bound by {{wp|imperative mandates}}, and if enough residents are dissatisfied with either their "floor representative" or their zerubaseŕi representative on the board, {{wp|recall elections}} must be held. Despite these safeguards against abuses of power, complaints have arisen over the years of boards in certain zerubaseŕiak becoming "too entrenched" and unwilling to address residents' concerns, which have led to proposals for reform to eliminate the "little lords" as some derogatorily call the boards, or to otherwise curtail their powers.
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| ==Present day== | |
| [[File:Khoroshevo-Mnevniki_District,_Moscow,_Russia_-_panoramio_(13).jpg|200px|thumb|left|Stairwell in a zerubaseŕi, 2020]]
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| Since the official end of the hedapenak programme in 1999, the rate of construction of new neighbourhoods slowed down: while in 1995, 72 residential neighbourhoods and 16 industrial neighbourhoods were built, between 2000 and 2016, only nine residential neighbourhoods and four industrial neighbourhoods have been built.
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| The {{wp|khrushchyovka|zerubaseŕiak}} were designed for a 50-year lifetime, although it has been alleged by many boards and by opposition politicians that most zerubaseŕiak in Lemovicia were only designed to last for 25 years: since 2010, the number of zerubaseŕiak designated "unfit for human habitation" has increased significantly, although according to the Lemovician government, "only 1.3% of all zerubaseŕiak have been designated unfit for human habitation" as of 2018, compared to 0.2% in 2008, with the government blaming anti-social behaviours. Thus, since 2010, 641 zerubaseŕiak have been demolished for being unfit for human habitation, while another 3,698 have been rehabilitated.
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| Another issue with the zerubaseŕiak is that most of them lack lift access, primarily due to the fact that most zerubaseŕiak are five storeys or fewer, and thus do not have lifts. This, combined with small flat sizes, have been criticised by {{wp|disability rights}} activists, who see the lack of lift access as detrimental to older people and those with disaiblities, as residents on upper floors of each zerubaseŕi are effectively "trapped in their own homes."
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| Beginning in 2020, the Lemovician government has started on the Irisgaŕizko Eciebizica strategy, which intends to create "high-density flats with lift access and designed in accordance with {{wp|universal design}}." Plans for these buildings include a minimum of 10-storey buildings, an average flat size of 70 square metres (754 square feet), and for the buildings to be built in an environmentally-friendly way while maintaining "the benefits of the zerubaseŕiak." Furthermore, the building's designs are to be based on {{wp|Basque architecture|traditional Lemovician architecture}}, with stone cladding on the lower floors and wooden cladding on the upper floors, and sloped roofs, as opposed to the modernist architecture of the zerubaseŕiak.
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| The intention is that construction on the new buildings will begin by 2025, with the intention of replacing 95% of all zerubaseŕiak by 2050, with the remaining 5% being "in small communities" and those "deemed of heritage value." It is expected that construction would prioritise [[Goikoecija Beŕija]], [[Topagunea]], and [[Zubizurija]] first, before construction starts in smaller communities, as these were where zerubaseŕiak were heavily concentrated, including "derelict zerubaseŕiak."
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