Second Reunification War of Hoterallia: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 91: | Line 91: | ||
The '''Second Reunification War of Hoterallia''' was a {{wp|civil war}} in [[Hoterallia]] fought from 1939 to 1943, officially between the Government, Imperial loyalists, and the disorganized, guerrillas' forces loyal to the proclaimed "''Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity''" (CNSNP).<ref name=":Messy">Friedman, Herbert. [https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ ''""The (Messy) War in Hoterallia""'']. Retrieved May 1, 2019.</ref> The loyalists were led by [[Hoterallia_Important_Individuals_Directory#The_1961_Edition|Emperor Norihi]] (who later stepped down to act as the Director-General of the Hoterallian Government), with the aid of the Imperial Armed Forces and volunteered {{wp|Irregular military|irregular military units}}.<ref name=":Messy"></ref><ref name=":Changed">Kōichirō, Ogawa; Lind, Michael (2008) [https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "''The War That Changed The Hoterallian Perception of War and Military''"]. Guri: University of Guri Press.</ref> While the guerrillas' forces, better known as the ''Revolutionaries'', were led by [[Hoterallia_Important_Individuals_Directory#The_1961_Edition|Takeshi Itō]], a journalist, labor leader, socialist, and political agitator.<ref name=":Messy"></ref><ref name=":Front">Doyle, Harry; Lipsman, Samuel; (1986). ''The Hoterallian Civil War Experience: Inside The Deadly Front''. Study in Hoterallia.</ref> | The '''Second Reunification War of Hoterallia''' was a {{wp|civil war}} in [[Hoterallia]] fought from 1939 to 1943, officially between the Government, Imperial loyalists, and the disorganized, guerrillas' forces loyal to the proclaimed "''Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity''" (CNSNP).<ref name=":Messy">Friedman, Herbert. [https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ ''""The (Messy) War in Hoterallia""'']. Retrieved May 1, 2019.</ref> The loyalists were led by [[Hoterallia_Important_Individuals_Directory#The_1961_Edition|Emperor Norihi]] (who later stepped down to act as the Director-General of the Hoterallian Government), with the aid of the Imperial Armed Forces and volunteered {{wp|Irregular military|irregular military units}}.<ref name=":Messy"></ref><ref name=":Changed">Kōichirō, Ogawa; Lind, Michael (2008) [https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "''The War That Changed The Hoterallian Perception of War and Military''"]. Guri: University of Guri Press.</ref> While the guerrillas' forces, better known as the ''Revolutionaries'', were led by [[Hoterallia_Important_Individuals_Directory#The_1961_Edition|Takeshi Itō]], a journalist, labor leader, socialist, and political agitator.<ref name=":Messy"></ref><ref name=":Front">Doyle, Harry; Lipsman, Samuel; (1986). ''The Hoterallian Civil War Experience: Inside The Deadly Front''. Study in Hoterallia.</ref> | ||
The war saw a major split in Hoterallian politics, {{wp|Nationalism|nationalism}}, and {{wp|Statism|statism}}, especially in terms of [[Hoterallian clans]]. Due to the international [[Era of Civil Wars|political climate]] at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as a {{wp|class struggle}}, a struggle between {{wp|Statism|statism}} and {{wp|Anti-statism|anti-statism}}, between {{wp|revolution}} and {{wp|counterrevolution}}, and between {{wp|Nationalism|nationalism}} and {{wp|communism}}. The Loyalists won the war, which ended in mid 1943, and restored national order throughout the country.<ref name=":Seiki">Ryōichi, Fujimoto (1999) [https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ 『ほてらじあの世紀。 政治と社会』{Hoterajia no Seiki. Seiji to Shakai} (In Hoterallian)]. ''Minami no Taiyō''.</ref> The civil war began after a series of revolts from the population known as the Kezio Riots. The riots were the result of poor management of the [[Hoterallia_Important_Individuals_Directory#The_1961_Edition|Ichirō Jishage]] administration, which led to {{wp|inflation}} in the Hoterallian economy and economic hardship for Hoterallian farmers and Hoterallian living in rural and underdeveloped areas, and a massive increase in the price of {{wp|rice}}, {{wp|consumer goods}}, and rents.<ref name=":MPWJ">MacPherson, WJ (1995). ''The Economic Development of Hoterallia 1868–1939''. Victoria University.</ref> | The war saw a major split in Hoterallian politics, {{wp|Nationalism|nationalism}}, and {{wp|Statism|statism}}, especially in terms of [[Hoterallian clans]]. Due to the international [[Era of Civil Wars|political climate]] at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as a {{wp|class struggle}}, a struggle between {{wp|Statism|statism}} and {{wp|Anti-statism|anti-statism}}, between {{wp|revolution}} and {{wp|counterrevolution}}, and between {{wp|Nationalism|nationalism}} and {{wp|communism}}. The Loyalists won the war, which ended in mid 1943, and restored national order throughout the country.<ref name=":Seiki">Ryōichi, Fujimoto (1999) [https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ 『ほてらじあの世紀。 政治と社会』{Hoterajia no Seiki. Seiji to Shakai} (In Hoterallian)]. ''Minami no Taiyō''.</ref> | ||
The civil war began after a series of revolts from the population known as the Kezio Riots. The riots were the result of poor management of the [[Hoterallia_Important_Individuals_Directory#The_1961_Edition|Ichirō Jishage]] administration, which led to {{wp|inflation}} in the Hoterallian economy and economic hardship for Hoterallian farmers and Hoterallian living in rural and underdeveloped areas, and a massive increase in the price of {{wp|rice}}, {{wp|consumer goods}}, and rents.<ref name=":MPWJ">MacPherson, WJ (1995). ''The Economic Development of Hoterallia 1868–1939''. Victoria University.</ref> | |||
It started with peaceful petitioning but quickly escalated to riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices, and armed clashes. By 1938, there were 321 separate disputes involving more than 59,000 workers. Some 19,000 people were arrested, of whom 9,200 were convicted of various crimes, with punishments ranging from minor fines to the death penalty.<ref name=":MPWJ"></ref><ref name=":TY">Tōru, Yamada (1998). ''Hoterallian Pre-civil War Growth (Hoterallian Economic History 1600–1960)''. Orajioe University Press.</ref> | It started with peaceful petitioning but quickly escalated to riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices, and armed clashes. By 1938, there were 321 separate disputes involving more than 59,000 workers. Some 19,000 people were arrested, of whom 9,200 were convicted of various crimes, with punishments ranging from minor fines to the death penalty.<ref name=":MPWJ"></ref><ref name=":TY">Tōru, Yamada (1998). ''Hoterallian Pre-civil War Growth (Hoterallian Economic History 1600–1960)''. Orajioe University Press.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 13:14, 19 May 2022
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
| Second Reunification War of Hoterallia Hoterallian Civil War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Era of Civil Wars | |||||||||
Magateza | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Regional warlords (Government loyalists) Minor militias, volunteer auxiliaries and territorial forces |
| ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Governor Norihi(Former Emperor and Director-General of the Hoterallian Government) |
 Takeshi Itō †(Chairman of the Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity) | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
690,000 (regular) 810,000 (militia) (June 1941)[1][2] |
320,000 (regular) 650,000 million (militia) (July 1941)[3] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| c. 550,000 total killed[4] | |||||||||
The Second Reunification War of Hoterallia was a civil war in Hoterallia fought from 1939 to 1943, officially between the Government, Imperial loyalists, and the disorganized, guerrillas' forces loyal to the proclaimed "Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity" (CNSNP).[5] The loyalists were led by Emperor Norihi (who later stepped down to act as the Director-General of the Hoterallian Government), with the aid of the Imperial Armed Forces and volunteered irregular military units.[5][6] While the guerrillas' forces, better known as the Revolutionaries, were led by Takeshi Itō, a journalist, labor leader, socialist, and political agitator.[5][7]
The war saw a major split in Hoterallian politics, nationalism, and statism, especially in terms of Hoterallian clans. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as a class struggle, a struggle between statism and anti-statism, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between nationalism and communism. The Loyalists won the war, which ended in mid 1943, and restored national order throughout the country.[8]
The civil war began after a series of revolts from the population known as the Kezio Riots. The riots were the result of poor management of the Ichirō Jishage administration, which led to inflation in the Hoterallian economy and economic hardship for Hoterallian farmers and Hoterallian living in rural and underdeveloped areas, and a massive increase in the price of rice, consumer goods, and rents.[9]
It started with peaceful petitioning but quickly escalated to riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices, and armed clashes. By 1938, there were 321 separate disputes involving more than 59,000 workers. Some 19,000 people were arrested, of whom 9,200 were convicted of various crimes, with punishments ranging from minor fines to the death penalty.[9][10]
The flash-point came on July 21, 1939, with the Magateza Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the Central Army. Similar revolts broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all prefectures renounced the Imperial government. On August 1, 1939, the clan-appointed Takeshi Itō as Chairman of the Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.
By 1941, Hoterallia was divided into warlords' states, with clans controlling their separate armies, several of the warlords' states either aligned with the government or the revolutionaries. This era of the war was characterized by constant civil war between different factions and warlords. The era of warlords would end by the start of 1942 as the loyalists rallied back multiple clans-controlled warlords' states and slowly unified the country through both negotiations and force.
By mid-1942, even though several of the warlords continued to maintain their influence but many had joined the government coalition. The civil war entered its final stages as the revolutionaries were swept out of major city areas and the surviving revolutionaries resorted to insurgencies in rural areas to fight back the loyalists, with the support of the already-weakened warlords.
At the start of 1943, major internal issues were sparked in the revolutionaries' clique as the socialists clashed with the anarchists. During the chaos, Takeshi Itō was assassinated and the Council of National Salvation and National Prosperity collapsed. The summer of 1943 marked a series of counterinsurgencies against the revolutionaries, which resulted in the stronghold in Central Hoterallia fully collapsing to the Hoterallian government. By August 1943, Hoterallia was fully unified and the ones who associated with the losing revolutionaries were put up on trials. On September 2, 1943, Governor Norihi reassumed his role of Emperor of Hoterallia and proclaimed the Second Empire of Hoterallia. A new constitution and the 1945 National Act soon followed that re-stabilized and re-structured the Hoterallian government and economy.
This period of civil war has various names throughout the years, with the "Second Reunification War of Hoterallia", "Hoterallian Second Reunification War" and "Hoterallian Civil War" being the most commonly used names in Common.[11] In Hoterallian, the period is generally known as "軍閥時代" (Gunbatsu Jidai, Warlords Era). It has also been called "国家統一戦争" (Kokka Tōitsu Sensō, War For National Reunification).[12]
References
- ↑ Military History Institute of Hoterallia 2002
- ↑ Hoko, James C. (June 1, 2007). "A History of the Modern Hoterallian Army". Guri: University of Guri Press.
- ↑ Makato, Kobayashi (1994). "The Rise and Fall of Communism in Hoterallia". Sunadic Publishers & Dist.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lynch, Michael; Nao; Yamamoto (2010). "The Hoterallian Civil War 1939–43". Fuuka Publishing.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Friedman, Herbert. ""The (Messy) War in Hoterallia"". Retrieved May 1, 2019.
- ↑ Kōichirō, Ogawa; Lind, Michael (2008) "The War That Changed The Hoterallian Perception of War and Military". Guri: University of Guri Press.
- ↑ Doyle, Harry; Lipsman, Samuel; (1986). The Hoterallian Civil War Experience: Inside The Deadly Front. Study in Hoterallia.
- ↑ Ryōichi, Fujimoto (1999) 『ほてらじあの世紀。 政治と社会』{Hoterajia no Seiki. Seiji to Shakai} (In Hoterallian). Minami no Taiyō.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 MacPherson, WJ (1995). The Economic Development of Hoterallia 1868–1939. Victoria University.
- ↑ Tōru, Yamada (1998). Hoterallian Pre-civil War Growth (Hoterallian Economic History 1600–1960). Orajioe University Press.
- ↑ Meaker, Scott S.F. "The Hoterallian Second Reunification War or Hoterallian Civil War?". Queen Diana University Press.
- ↑ "Olivacia-Nation: History, Demographics, & Issues: The Hoterallian Civil War". Retrieved August 18, 2008.
The Hoterallian Civil War is also called 'The Warlords Era' and 'The War For National Reunification' by the Hoterallian
