Second Cross-Strait War

Second Cross-Strait War
Part of the Kayatman Theater of the Hanaki War
The 29th Infantry Batallion of the Daoan National Guard
Date 10 January 1928 - 27 October 1931 (3 years, 9 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) Location Jin Daobac Result Daoan Victory TBD TBD
Belligerents
Daobac	Jin
Commanders and leaders
TBD TBD	Ma Hongbin
Strength
- TBD	- TBD
Casualties and losses
Daoan Casualties TBD+ Killed TBD+ Wounded TBD+ Died of wounds Total: TBD casualties	Jin Casualties TBD+ Killed TBD+ Wounded TBD+ Died of wounds Total: TBD casualties
Est TBD - TBD civilians killed on both sides Est TBD+ civilians displaced.

The Second Cross-Strait War, also known as the Second Daoan-Jin War, was a military conflict fought between the Daoans and their Tsurushiman allies against the Jin that began on 10 January 1928 until it finally ended on 27 October 1931, twenty nine years after the First Cross-Strait War. Modern day historians consider the conflict to be another theater of the Hanaki War, an ocean spanning-wide war that involved most if not all nations in the Ozerosis ocean, Ochran & Malaio continents. Prior to the start of the war, the Jin had carefully crafted a public facade of a liberal, democratic and much less hawkish state compared to their predecessors. The republican Jin government established cordial relations and signed a non-aggression pact with the Daoans to demonstrate their goodwill and commitment to a peaceful state of affairs in the Ochran continent. Privately however, the Jin government plotted to gain their revenge against the Daoans. With careful planning and preparation and using the Hanaki War as cover, the Jin slowly amassed and mobilized forces, masking them under the pretense of securing its eastern borders against potential incursions by the primary imperialist aggressors of the war. Eventually on the early morning hour of 10 January 1928, the Jin initiated a large-scale chemical attack against military and civilian targets on the northern coasts of Dammay and Bautroi island followed by a massive |amphibious invasion of both islands. Jin forces on Dam May island successfully established beachheads and occupied parts of the island, although those on Bau Troi island were eventually forced to retreat. The invasion had dire political consequences for the Jin, whom the Daoans perceived as dishonorable and untrustworthy. This was compounded by the lack of a formal declaration of war by the Jin prior to its attacks. In response President XXX rallied the nation in a speech that was broadcasted one hour after the first bombs fell, asking for Congress to declare a state of war against the Jin, ordered the general mobilization of all Daoan males between the ages of 17 to 60 and declared martial law throughout the country. Congress unanimously approved the declaration of war against the Jin, which was followed by Tsurushima also declaring war against the Jin, honoring their pledge to defend Daobac. The Jin government espoused irredentist views by claiming that the Daoans were culturally and geographically part of a greater Jin state, even going so far as challenging Daobac’s right to exist and sovereignty as a nation state.

While never officially or formally acknowledged, the Jin government’s claims were supported by the other major imperialist and expansionist powers of the Hanaki war such as the Negara Meluguen, Zanzali, Lusoña and the Tshekedi Rebels. In spite of its early victories in the first months of war, their gains were reversed when the Daoan armies successfully disrupted Jin naval logistic routes that it used to ferry large amounts of supplies and troops across the Kayatman sea from the Ochran mainland to Dam May island. The Daoan Navy and Air Corps were eventually successful in encircling Jin forces that failed to escape prior to their encirclement, achieving both naval and aerial superiority which eventually forced the invading Jin forces to capitulate by November 1929. To be continued.

Background

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Aftermath of the First Cross-Strait War

Despite the intense pacifist sentiment by the ruling government of the Huang dynasty after the First Cross-Strait War, irredentist and revanchist nationalism emerged amongst the general populace and the military during the period. These sentiments were especially marked by the younger military officers of the Newly Created Army (Jin: 新建陸軍; pinyin: Xīnjiàn lùjūn) of the Huang dynasty, many of whom were forced into early retirement because of the disarmament stipulation imposed by the Treaty of Haobinh. The treaty imposed harsh monetary reparations and requirements for the demilitarisation of the Huang dynasty's southern coast. The victorious Daobac and Tsurushimese governments also limited the size and capability of the country's armed forces, which led to a significant loss of prestige and divinity for the Emperor of the Huang dynasty, reinforcing the 18th-century diplomatic characterisation of Da Huang as the "Sick man of Ochran".

Da Huang

See also: Da Huang and Republic of Jin

Resentment against the monarchy has been brewing since the early onset of the war. The intense rivalry between the Nanyang Fleet (led by the Empress Dowager) and the Newly Created Army (led by Grand Marshal Han Huilin) has made many younger officers to be disillusioned with the imperial prestige and divinity of the Jin Emperor and the Huang dynasty. On the streets of Basingse, esoteric preachers spread the word of the return of the seven centuries of humiliation, claiming that the Emperor had lost heaven's favour and that the Mandate of Heaven was lost. Fearing that these unsanctioned preachers would stir the masses into unrest, the Yuanguang Emperor ordered the Eastern Depot to imprison anyone who would or is suspected of engaging in the anti-Huang movement. This measure, however, only served to fuel the anti-Huang sentiment; several factions, including underground anti-Huang groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernising it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Huang dynasty.

Exacerbating the situation, in the immediate aftermath of the war, Empress Dowager Chaoxing was assassinated by elements of the Newly Created Army, who believed that the Empress Dowager was responsible for the retreat of key marine personnel that led to the disastrous defeat of the army in the Battle of Xi'Hai. Known as the Chuxiu incident, the assassination would lead government officials and the sanctioned Eastern Depot to use increasingly violent means of suppression against unauthorised gatherings and alleged secret societies. The flash point came on 10 February 1900 with the Wucheng Uprising, an armed rebellion among partisans and members of the Wubei Army that fought the garrisons of local officials when they launched a campaign of religious persecution against the Golden Mother Society. Similar revolts then broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all provinces renounced the Huang dynasty and the Emperor.

The Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion overthrew the Huang government and four thousand years of monarchy in Jinae. Throughout Jin history, old dynasties have always been replaced by new dynasties. The Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion, however, was the first to overthrow a monarchy entirely and attempt to establish a republic to spread democratic ideas throughout Da Huang. On 27 November 1902, Li Ao was sworn in as the first Provincial President of the Republic of Jin in Daxing. The government based in Daxing, known as the Daxing Government, was internationally recognised as the legitimate government, first by Daobac and Tsurushima in 1903 and then by the rest of the international community in 1914, so the period from 1902 to 1914 was known simply as the "Daxing Period". The first National Assembly election took place according to the Provisional Constitution amongst the territories held by the nascent republic. While in Daxing, the Guomindang (GMD) was formed on 17 May 1903, and it had the majority of seats after the election, where Ma Hongbin was elected as premier.

On 20 March 1913, Li Ao was assassinated in Basingse under the secret order of Ma Hongbin. He announced an emergency meeting and pushed for Chen Yi, a loyal underling of Ma under the GMD, to become the interim President of the Republic, allowing him to secure control over the republican government.

Daobac

See also: Daobac

Tsurushima

See also: Tsurushima

Pre-war events

Jin rearmament

Main article: Jin rearmament

The Jin rearmament was a policy and practice of rearmament carried out in Da Huang during the interwar period (1899-1928) in violation of the Treaty of Hoabinh, which required Jin disarmament after the First Cross-Strait War to prevent the Jin from starting another war. It began on a small, secret, and informal basis shortly after the treaty was signed. However, Jin officials expanded openly and massively during the following Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion and Warlord era between the Royalist and anti-royalist Jin forces. Wary of a royalist victory, Da Huang's neighbours, the Daobac Congressional Republic and the Daitoa Republic of Tsurushima, sent their advisors to aid the nascent anti-royalist forces, amping up their support with military equipment as the civil war transitioned to its later stages.

The establishment of the Republic of Jin (ROJ) after the civil war saw the new republic return to the original stipulations of the Treaty of Hoabinh under the supervision of international observers. The reestablishment of friendly ties between the Jin and the international community, mainly its former rivals of Daobac and Tsurushima, allowed the Jin to negotiate for the Xi'hai agreement of 21 July 1925 that revoked some of the restrictions placed on Da Huang by the Treaty of Hoabinh and recognised the ROJ as having an equal right to armaments. The Xi'Hai agreement gave the ROJ the legal cover for the creation of the ROJ Navy and Air Force, which had already begun in secret, and for the increase of the ROJ Army's staffing, guns and munitions.

Despite the Xi'hai agreement, Jin rearmament remained a largely covert operation, carried out using front organisations such as glider clubs for training pilots and sporting clubs and the ROJ's Guomindang (GMD; Jin Nationalist Party, the ruling party of the ROJ) sponsored Yellow Shirts Society (the GMD's Paramilitary wing) for teaching infantry combat techniques. Front companies like the Ping An Research Corporation (PARC) and the Xi'hai Automotive Industry Corporation (XAIC) were set up to finance the rearmament by placing massive orders with various international and local Jin industrial manufacturing companies for the manufacture of weapons forbidden by the Xi'hai agreement.

Li Jing, a Jin journalist and pacifist, exposed the reality of the Jin armament in 1916 and reported his finding to the Daoan embassy in Jinae. However, the Daoan government met his warnings with ridicule and disregarded his warnings. The Daoan government believed that the new Jin government had a vested interest in keeping the peace with the international community, as Daobac and Tsurushima extensively supported them during the civil war. They also thought Da Huang was military inadequate as the ROJ Army relied heavily on foreign arms imports and could not field a capable fighting force should this supply be cut off. Li Jing was eventually imprisoned and tortured by the ROJ New Eastern Depot (the ROJ's spy and secret police agency), dying of tuberculosis and the after-effects of his abuse.

Daoan miscalculations

The Daoan government's misplaced trust in the Jin's motives and intentions had dire consequences which directly contributed to the Jin's early successes in the opening stages of the conflict. During the Wucheng Heavenly Rebellion the Daoan government extensively supported rebel forces on both sides of the conflict in order to keep the Jin destabilized and unable to regain their previous power and capabilities. The Office of National Intelligence (ONI), Daobac's newly established intelligence & propaganda agency, provided arms and funding to these rebels through clandestine means. Weapons, primarily small-arms, of Jin origin that were captured from the First Cross-Strait War were studied, manufactured and distributed to the various Jin factions & warlords. Funding, primarily in form of cash in Latin Soladus, was also provided to the rebels. The utilization of Jin made weapons was hoped to mask direct or indirect Daoan involvement in the conflict. However when it became apparent republican forces were poised to emerge victorious <INSERTNAME>, the President of Daobac at the time, ordered that support for non republican elements of the Jin be stopped. It was hoped that by currying favor with the republican elements that Daobac could control and tame the Jin. The established Republic of Jin, quickly took steps to dissuade Daoan concerns by publicly stating its commitment to honor the Treaty of Hoabinh and the Daoan-Jin non-aggression pact in 1903. While the Daoan government became more amenable towards raproach with the Jin, <INSERTNAME> the director of ONI continued to harbor strong suspicions and ordered the continued observation of Jin's intentions. ONI's extensive network of field agents and informants continued to gather what intelligence they could, observing prominent ROJ institutions such as the Yellow Shirt's Society, Ping An Research Corporation and the Xi'hai Automotive Industry Corporation. While they were unable to definitively prove that the Jin were undertaking rearmament efforts, ONI analysts correctly deduced that these institutions were most likely utilized in preparation for a future conflict with Daobac and Tsurushima.

When Li Jing approached the Daoan embassy in 1916, ONI took his report and findings with great interest. A copy of Li Jing's report was made by an ONI attache stationed at the Daoan embassy and sent to ONI's primary headquarters in Congvat where it was scrutinized. His report essentially verified what ONI analysts had suspected through all this time and it was used by ONI as the final piece of evidence needed to present these findings before the National Congress. Steps were taken to bring Li Jing to testify before the National Congress, however before he could be placed under protective custody by ONI the Jin reporter was imprisoned by ROJ law enforcement officials, denying ONI a key witness and source of information. ONI presented its findings in a closed door hearing in Congress in 1917, where ONI officials recommended a pre-emptive strike against key industrial sectors of the Jin that has been identified by ONI as contributors to the Jin's rearmament efforts. However, at the time Daoan politicians were not eager to pursue an aggressive course of action against what it perceived to be a reformed neighbor. The Daoan government had recently approved a major modernization of their armed forces, purchasing new equipment primarily from Tsurushima, and thus felt that any military action taken by the Jin could be easily repelled. Furthermore, the Daoan government felt that its mutual defense treaty with Tsurushima was a sufficient deterrent to any potential Jin aggression. ONI's reports were archived and, unwilling to risk political fallout from clandestine operations, ONI was ordered to curtail its activities at the Jin mainland. Despite being ordered to cease all espionage activities, ONI continued to maintain a minimum surveillance presence on the Jin mainland which would prove crucial when the Jin initiated their attack in 1929.

In 1919 <INSERTNAME> was named as the Jin ambassador for Daobac, and was well known for his support of a peaceful coexistence between the Daoans & Jin. The ROJ government sought to use <INSERTNAME>'s presence to further lull Daobac into a false sense of security. <INSERTNAME> brokered significant political breakthroughs for the two governments. In 1920 a free trade agreement was brokered between the two rivals and in 1925 successfully negotiated the Xi'hai agreement where provisions of the Treaty of Hoabinh were rescinded in exchange for economic and trade privileges afforded to Daobac. When the Hanaki War broke out in 1928 and the forces of Pulau Keramat were on the verge of invading the Kajeran islands, Daobac refocused most of its military resources towards the southern border in anticipation of a spillover of the conflict into Daoan territory. The ROJ government urged <INSERTNAME> to propose that the Jin be permitted to conduct air and maritime patrol along its western coastlines out of concern for encroachment by imperialist elements that sought to infiltrate the Jin. Under the Treaty of Hoabinh, the southern Jin coast was to be demilitarized but in 1928 an exception was given for surveillance and patrol purposes. This would eventually come to a head when the Jin used this loophole to gradually build up their forces in the southern coast and launched a surprise attack against the Daoans in 1928.

Daoan Preparations

In spite of the Daoan civilian government’s reluctance to engage in a more cautious attitude towards Jin political endeavors, Daoan military planners shared their concerns and suspicions with ONI and extensively collaborated to formulate defensive plans in the event of an invasion of the Daoan home islands by either the Jin and other potential aggressors. Since the First Cross-Strait War in 1899 these defensive plans has been formulated and continuously updated, adjusting to the latest intelligence reports the armed forces received from ONI. The geography of Bau Troi & Dam May islands meant there were only a few areas where amphibious invasions could take place and Daoan military planners were able to accurately predict where potential hostile landings would take place and adjust their defensive plans accordingly which was code named Operation Resolute. Fortifications were constructed at potential landing zones with bunkers manned by machine guns and supported by artillery and anti-air gun emplacements throughout the zone. Anti-tank emplacements were planted on the beaches to prevent or at the very least slow down the use of armored vehicles during the initial phase of the landings. Aside from physical preparations, procedures and systems were also prepared by both the civilian government and military institutions to ensure that both civilian and military leadership would not be decapitated in one single strike. The decentralization of the Daoan armed forces organization was also done in the hopes that individual elements of the armed forces would be able to continue operating autonomously even if communication to military leadership was cut off. The Continuity Protocol, a continuity of government plan, was formally signed into law in 1902. The protocol outlines what steps needs to be taken to ensure that key functions of the government are able to continue their services under a range of circumstances. Among them included the order of succession of the President of Daobac.

Timeline

Outbreak of war

Main article: Invasion of Daobac (1929)

On 10 January 1928, naval and air forces of the Republic of Jin launched a surprise military strike against the Daoan islands without any warning or formal declaration of war. Heavy bombers of the Jin air force were utilized to drop chemical bombs onto major Daoan cities and towns along the northern coast of the islands of Bautroi and Dammay in an attempt to sow panic amongst the civilian population. The Daoan 1st and 2nd flotillas which were out at sea to intercept a Pulaui fleet reported by the Jin were ambushed by Jin submarines that had waited for the fleet to arrive. While no major capital ships were sunk, the Jin were successful in drawing away the bulk of the Daoan naval fleet away from their homeports, allowing Jin naval and amphibious operations to commence almost unimpeded. Meanwhile, Jin fighters, dive and torpedo bombers attacked Ben Ky and Quy Long naval bases, the primary naval base and shipyard on the islands of Bau Troi and Dam May respectively. What is arguably one of the largest amphibious operations in history was then initiated by the Jin to invade & occupy the islands of Bau Troi and Dam May, whereupon the Jin committed eight divisions of its army of at least 80,000 troops to land at six selected beaches. Already on full alert, the Daoan Air Corps scrambled what fighters and bombers it could to intercept the oncoming invasion force. Jin amphibious forces on Dam May island were engaged by fierce Daoan resistance though the Jin were able to successfully establish a beachead on by the end of the day albeit at great cost to manpower. The amphibious landings on Bau Troi island however fared much less better, with Jin forces ordered to retreat at the 2nd day of the invasion to focus reasources to capture Dam May island instead.

Jin military planners had hoped that the rapid dominance of the Jin's military over the Daoans by destroying the Daoan fleet anchored in its naval bases and those that were lured out to sea, gas bombings of its cities and large scale amphibious invasion would force the Daoan government to capitulate within a short period of time. The sequence of events that occurred after the initial attacks however diverted greatly from Jin military planner anticipations. Jin bombers and fighter aircraft that attacked the naval bases, while able to inflict large numbers of casualties were unable to deal significant damage to the fleet moored in harbor were largely non capital warships and some of those that were sunk were eventually salvaged. Furthermore due to the lack of a proper reconnaissance conducted prior to the attack, vital infrastructure such as oil depots and shipyards were miraculously spared from attacks. The 1st and 2nd Flotillas of the Daoan fleet that was ambushed by Jin submarines sustained only light to moderate damage, with the Jin sinking one cruiser, three destroyers and damaging an aircraft carrier. Additionally a combination of the Jin's prior friendly posture towards Daobac and the lack of a formal declaration of war by the Jin prior to the attack sparked outrage amongst both the Daoan government and (when this information was revealed to the public) the general population, had dire political consequences for the Jin. Within an hour after the first bombs fell, president XXX of Daobac broadcasted a speech on the radio where he asked for Congress to declare war against the Jin and framed the Jin government as untrustworthy and dishonorable and rallied the Daoan population to fight. Daobac declared war against the Jin at 1PM XXX time, two hours after the first bombs fell on Daoan soil, followed by Tsurushima who also declared war against the Jin shortly after, honoring their pledge to defend Daobac. President XXX declared martial law in Daobac and ordered the general mobilization of all Daoan males between 17 and 60 years old.

Jin offensives

Daoan infantry utilizing gas masks in anticipation of chemical attacks by the Jin.

The Jin’s offensive plan was divided into three major phases. The first phase included the establishment of beachheads at Dam May island’s northern coasts. This involved the capturing of major cities and towns in the coastal northern areas. The second phase required the gradual advancements of Jin invasion forces to occupy the entirety of Dam May island which would end with the third and final occupation phase where the Daoan government would be replaced with puppet officials. The XXth, XXth, XXth and XXth divisions of the Jim army would gradually capture the northern coastal cities of Su Phon Vinh, Cao Dinh and Hai Xuyen on Dam May island within the course of the next five days, successfully completing the first phase of the Jin’s invasion plan. At its greatest extent, Jin forces were able to make inroads up to XX km away from Congvat, the Daoan capital city. The war pushed Jin military capabilities to its limits as they were met with fierce Daoan resistance. Logistics would become a primary point of concern for the Jin who had to ferry supplies across the open ocean to keep their massive invasion force supplied. At this stage of the war the Jin navy and air force still enjoyed aerial superiority in the seas that separated the Ochran and Daoan islands although Daoan submarines routinely prey upon Jin ships to strain the Jin’s war efforts. The DSDF general headquarters (GHQ), ordered the 1st, 3rd and 20th Defense Brigades to launch a series of counter attacks to halt the Jin incursions. Led by Lieutenant General XXX of the Daoan National Guard, the counter attacks successfully blunted the Jin’s momentum forcing the Jin to regroup their forces and bringing the Jin’s plans for phase 2 of the invasion to a halt. From this point the fighting devolved into trench warfare where both sides established defensive perimeters to hold the front lines, with sporadic attacks taking place by both sides to probe the lines for weaknesses. With Jin forces only a few hours away from Congvat, President XXX initiated continuity of government plans and ordered vice president XXX alongside members of congress to evacuate to Hoa Binh island and establish a secondary center of government in the event that Congvat is occupied while he himself remained on Congvat. Key government institutions, primarily the armed forces, also initiated similar plans with the National Guard preparing a second line of defense from the city of Dien Bang.

In an attempt to break the stalemate, on the 5th of February, Jin forces launched a second massive strike against Daoan positions by relentless shelling and bombing followed by a mechanized infantry assault which finally broke the stalemate and left the road to Congvat open. The Jin fired chemical shells into the city in the hopes of softening resistance, which resulted in the death of numerous civilians and President XXX himself when a chemical shell landed on the Presidential Palace, though the latter was not confirmed until after Congvat was liberated later in the same year. Daoan National Guard forces were ordered to retreat to the city of Dien Bang where a final secondary defensive position had been established. News of the fall of Congvat and the disappearance of President XXX prompted supreme court justice XXX to appoint Vice President XXX as the new President in a small ceremony in Dien Bang city hall. Surviving elements of the National Guard’s 1st, 3rd and 4th Corps rallied on the Dien Bang defensive line with elements of the Daoan navy and air corps halting further Jin incursions. A second stalemate eventually settled with the frontlines stabilized XXX km away from Dien Bang.

Occupation of Daobac

With roughly a two-thirds of Dam May island occupied, the Jin set about to establishing an occupation government to administer the occupied Daoan territories. To legitimize their occupation the Jin government designated all occupied territories as the Daoan Territories, designated Congvat as the capital and assigned <INSERTNAME> as the military commander of the occupation zone. Life under Jin rule was harsh as the Jin required large amounts of supplies to keep their occupation force fed and fit. First hand written accounts by civilian survivors of Jin occupation told of Jin officials requiring all civilians to provide a certain amount of food and water to designated supply depots established by the Jin.