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(Created page with "'''Suhalan''' (''Suxaranu'' {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[suxarɛ]}} or ''Limba Suxare'' {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[limba suxarɛ]}} is a {{wp|Romance langu...")
 
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* /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ /, and /d͡ʒ/ are typically realized as [ʃʲ] and [t͡ʃʲ]  [d͡ʒʲ]
* /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ /, and /d͡ʒ/ are typically realized as [ʃʲ] and [t͡ʃʲ]  [d͡ʒʲ]
* Central Suhalan dialects replace the phonemes /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ with /ʍ/ and /w/ respectively
* Central Suhalan dialects replace the phonemes /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ with /ʍ/ and /w/ respectively
* Many younger speakers of Central Suhalan dialects, due to {{wp|hypercorrection}}, often unconditionally replace all instances of [w] with [ɡ͡b], even in situations where [w] would be correct in Standard Suhalan
* Many younger speakers of Central Suhalan dialects, due to {{wp|hypercorrection}}, often replace instances of [w] with [ɡ͡b] in situations where [w] would be correct in Standard Suhalan, i.e Standard Suhalan ''`Vicljom'' [wid͡ʒʲɔŋ] becomes ''Qbicljom'' [ɡ͡bid͡ʒʲɔŋ]
* In the Northwest Suhalan dialect, /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʎ], likely due to influence from Vespasian.
* In the Northwest Suhalan dialect, /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʎ], likely due to influence from Vespasian.


Line 125: Line 125:


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Suhalan is {{wp|grammar|grammatically}} and {{wp|linguistic typology|typologically}} similar to other {{wp|romance languages|Solarian languages}}, and is a {{wp|fusional language}}. Nouns and adjectives are {{wp|inflection|inflected}} for {{wp|grammatical case|case}}, {{wp|grammatical gender|gender}}, and {{wp|grammatical number|number}}.
Suhalan is {{wp|grammar|grammatically}} and {{wp|linguistic typology|typologically}} similar to other {{wp|romance languages|Solarian languages}}, and is a {{wp|fusional language}}. Nouns and adjectives are {{wp|inflection|inflected}} for {{wp|grammatical case|case}}, {{wp|grammatical gender|gender}}, and {{wp|grammatical number|number}}. Verbs are {{wp|Grammatical conjugation|conjugated}} for {{wp|Grammatical tense|tense}}, {{wp|Grammatical aspect|aspect}}, {{wp|Grammatical mood|mood}}, as well {{wp|Agreement(linguistics)|agreement}} with the {{wp|grammatical person|person}} and number of their {{wp|Subject (grammar)|subject}}.
 
===Nouns===
All nouns in Suhalan are either masculine or feminine, and the gender of a noun can usually be told from its ending. However, there are nouns which have a feminine ending and follow a feminine declension pattern but are masculine, and vice verse, leading to some ambiguous situations. Suhalan posesses two grammatical numbers, the singular and plural. It also has two grammatical cases, the Nominative and the Oblique. The nominative is used for the subjects and direct objects of verbs, while the oblique is used for nouns with prepositions or the indirect objects of verbs. Nouns can be grouped into declension patterns.
 
====Femidina I====
Nouns in the Feminine I declension tend to come from the Latin 1st declension.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ "House"
|-
| {{wp|grammatical case|Case}}
| Singular
| Plural
|-
| {{wp|Nominative|NOM}}
| kas-'''a'''
| kas-'''ar'''
|-
| {{wp|Oblique|OBL}}
| kas-'''e'''
| kas-'''ir'''
|-
|}
 
====Femidine II====
Nouns in the Feminine II declension tend to come from the Latin 3rd declension.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ "Tree"
|-
| {{wp|grammatical case|Case}}
| Singular
| Plural
|-
| {{wp|Nominative|NOM}}
| arbor-'''e'''
| arbor-'''er'''
|-
| {{wp|Oblique|OBL}}
| arbor-'''i'''
| arbor-'''ipor'''
|-
|}
 
====Masculinu I====
Nouns in the Masculine I declension typically come from the Latin second declension
{| class="wikitable"
|+ "Dog"
|-
| {{wp|grammatical case|Case}}
| Singular
| Plural
|-
| {{wp|Nominative|NOM}}
| kan-'''u'''
| kan-'''or'''
|-
| {{wp|Oblique|OBL}}
| kan-'''o'''
| kan-'''ir'''
|-
|}
 
====Masculinu II====
Nouns in the Masculine II declension typically come from the Latin fourth declension. Many nouns that use the Masculine II declension are feminine, and use feminine articles and feminine adjectival agreement.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ "Hand"
|-
| {{wp|grammatical case|Case}}
| Singular
| Plural
|-
| {{wp|Nominative|NOM}}
| kan-'''u'''
| kan-'''or'''
|-
| {{wp|Oblique|OBL}}
| kan-'''ui'''
| kan-'''ipor'''
|-
|}

Revision as of 04:59, 7 November 2023

Suhalan (Suxaranu [suxarɛ] or Limba Suxare [limba suxarɛ] is a Solarian language spoken in southern Euclea and northern Coius. It is the official language of Suhala and is its primarily spoken language, as well as Suhalans in northern Tsabara. Many speakers of Suhalan are bilingual, typically with Etrurian, Rahelian, or Atudean. Diglossia is especially common in Suhala itself. Including the population of Suhalan-speakers outside of Suhala, Suhalan is spoken by approximately 10.2 Million people. The language has significant influence from Gaullican, Vespasian, and Rahelian, having many loanwords from these languages.

History

Suhalan is a Solarian language, descending from Solarian. Solarian was adopted relatively late into the Solarian period, and modern Suhalan possesses significant substrate influence from !Punic, with Suxaro-Suhalan having influence from !Nuragic. All varieties of Suhalan have adstratum influence from Gaullican, Rahelian, and Pardari with Tsabaro-Suhalan having more Gaullican influence in addition to influence. Suxaro-Suhalan holds significant Vespasian influence, especially on the western side of the island.

Old Suhalan

Middle Suhalan

Modern Suhalan

Phonology

Suhalan has 20 consonant and 5 vowel phonemes, with a phonological inventory relatively similar to that of other Solarian languages. Its most crosslinguistically rare phonemes are the dental affricate /θ/ and the labiovelar plosives.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar/Palatal Velar Labiovelar
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p t̪ k k͡p
voiced b d̪ g ɡ͡b
Fricative f θ s ʃ x
Affricate voiceless t͡ʃ
voiced d͡ʒ
Sonorants l / r j w

Notes:

  • Geminate fricatives and fricatives before the liquids /l, r/ are allophonically voiced
  • /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ɱ, ŋ, ŋ͡m] before consonants with their places of articulation, i.e /nf/ and /ng/ are realized as [ɱf] and [ŋg]
  • /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ŋ] after /u/ and /ɔ/
  • /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ /, and /d͡ʒ/ are typically realized as [ʃʲ] and [t͡ʃʲ]  [d͡ʒʲ]
  • Central Suhalan dialects replace the phonemes /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ with /ʍ/ and /w/ respectively
  • Many younger speakers of Central Suhalan dialects, due to hypercorrection, often replace instances of [w] with [ɡ͡b] in situations where [w] would be correct in Standard Suhalan, i.e Standard Suhalan `Vicljom [wid͡ʒʲɔŋ] becomes Qbicljom [ɡ͡bid͡ʒʲɔŋ]
  • In the Northwest Suhalan dialect, /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʎ], likely due to influence from Vespasian.


Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i u
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

Notes:

Grammar

Suhalan is grammatically and typologically similar to other Solarian languages, and is a fusional language. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for case, gender, and number. Verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood, as well agreement with the person and number of their subject.

Nouns

All nouns in Suhalan are either masculine or feminine, and the gender of a noun can usually be told from its ending. However, there are nouns which have a feminine ending and follow a feminine declension pattern but are masculine, and vice verse, leading to some ambiguous situations. Suhalan posesses two grammatical numbers, the singular and plural. It also has two grammatical cases, the Nominative and the Oblique. The nominative is used for the subjects and direct objects of verbs, while the oblique is used for nouns with prepositions or the indirect objects of verbs. Nouns can be grouped into declension patterns.

Femidina I

Nouns in the Feminine I declension tend to come from the Latin 1st declension.

"House"
Case Singular Plural
NOM kas-a kas-ar
OBL kas-e kas-ir

Femidine II

Nouns in the Feminine II declension tend to come from the Latin 3rd declension.

"Tree"
Case Singular Plural
NOM arbor-e arbor-er
OBL arbor-i arbor-ipor

Masculinu I

Nouns in the Masculine I declension typically come from the Latin second declension

"Dog"
Case Singular Plural
NOM kan-u kan-or
OBL kan-o kan-ir

Masculinu II

Nouns in the Masculine II declension typically come from the Latin fourth declension. Many nouns that use the Masculine II declension are feminine, and use feminine articles and feminine adjectival agreement.

"Hand"
Case Singular Plural
NOM kan-u kan-or
OBL kan-ui kan-ipor
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