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Suhalan (Suxaranu [suxarɛ] or Limba Suxare [limba suxarɛ] is a Solarian language spoken in southern Euclea and northern Coius. It is the official language of Suhala and is its primarily spoken language, as well as Suhalans in northern Tsabara. Many speakers of Suhalan are bilingual, typically with Etrurian, Rahelian, or Atudean. Diglossia is especially common in Suhala itself. Including the population of Suhalan-speakers outside of Suhala, Suhalan is spoken by approximately 10.2 Million people. The language has significant influence from Gaullican, Vespasian, and Rahelian, having many loanwords from these languages.

History

Suhalan is a Solarian language, descending from Solarian. Solarian was adopted relatively late into the Solarian period, and modern Suhalan possesses significant substrate influence from !Punic, with Suxaro-Suhalan having influence from !Nuragic. All varieties of Suhalan have adstratum influence from Gaullican, Rahelian, and Pardari with Tsabaro-Suhalan having more Gaullican influence in addition to influence. Suxaro-Suhalan holds significant Vespasian influence, especially on the western side of the island.

Phonology

Suhalan has 20 consonant and 5 vowel phonemes, with a phonological inventory relatively similar to that of other Solarian languages. Its most crosslinguistically rare phonemes are the dental affricate /θ/ and the labiovelar plosives.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alveolar/Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar
Nasal		m		n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t̪			k	k͡p
	voiced	b	d̪			g	ɡ͡b
Fricative		f	θ	s	ʃ	x
Affricate	voiceless				t͡ʃ
	voiced				d͡ʒ
Sonorants				l / r	j		w

Notes:

• Geminate fricatives and fricatives before the liquids /l, r/ are allophonically voiced
• /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ɱ, ŋ, ŋ͡m] before consonants with their places of articulation, i.e /nf/ and /ng/ are realized as [ɱf] and [ŋg]
• /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ŋ] after /u/ and /ɔ/
• /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ /, and /d͡ʒ/ are typically realized as [ʃʲ] and [t͡ʃʲ]  [d͡ʒʲ]
• Central Suhalan dialects replace the phonemes /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ with /ʍ/ and /w/ respectively
• Many younger speakers of Central Suhalan dialects, due to hypercorrection, often replace instances of [w] with [ɡ͡b] in situations where [w] would be correct in Standard Suhalan, i.e Standard Suhalan `Vicljom [wid͡ʒʲɔŋ] becomes Qbicljom [ɡ͡bid͡ʒʲɔŋ]
• In the Northwest Suhalan dialect, /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʎ], likely due to influence from Vespasian.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

		Front	Central	Back
Close		i		u
Open-mid		ɛ		ɔ
Open			a

Notes:

Grammar

Suhalan is grammatically and typologically similar to other Solarian languages, and is a fusional language. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for case, gender, and number. Verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood, as well agreement with the person and number of their subject.

Pronouns

Suhalan has 6 pronouns that decline for 3 cases, those being the nominative, accusative, and dative. Pronouns can be cliticised, with dative pronouns being procliticised before verbs with initial vowels (written with an apostrophe '), and encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun) after nouns to indicate possession. Accusative pronouns can be encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun).

case	Number and person
	Singular					Plural
	1st	2nd	3rd M.	3rd F.	1st	2nd	3rd M.	3rd F.
Nominative	Jo	Tu	Isse	Issa	Nor	Bor	Issi	Isser
Accusative	Me	Te	Issu	Issa	Ne	Be	Issor	Issar
Dative	Mi	Ti	Si	Si	Nope	Bope	Sir	Sir

Nouns

All nouns in Suhalan are either masculine or feminine, and the gender of a noun can usually be told from its ending. However, there are nouns which have a feminine ending and follow a feminine declension pattern but are masculine, and vice verse, leading to some ambiguous situations. Suhalan posesses two grammatical numbers, the singular and plural. It also has two grammatical cases, the Nominative and the Oblique. The nominative is used for the subjects and direct objects of verbs, while the oblique is used for nouns with prepositions or the indirect objects of verbs. Nouns can be grouped into declension patterns.

Femidina I

Nouns in the Feminine I declension tend to come from the Latin 1st declension.

"House"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	kas-a	kas-ar
OBL	kas-e	kas-ir

Femidine II

Nouns in the Feminine II declension tend to come from the Latin 3rd declension.

"Tree"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	arbor-e	arbor-er
OBL	arbor-i	arbor-ipor

Masculinu I

Nouns in the Masculine I declension typically come from the Latin second declension

"Dog"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	kan-u	kan-or
OBL	kan-o	kan-ir

Masculinu II

Nouns in the Masculine II declension typically come from the Latin fourth declension. Many nouns that use the Masculine II declension are feminine, and use feminine articles and feminine adjectival agreement.

"Hand"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	man-u	man-or
OBL	man-ui	man-ipor

Verbs

Verbs are highly inflected, and belong to one of three conjugation patterns classified by their infinitive endings, are, ere, and ire. Suhalan is traditionally regarded to have 4 tenses, the present (presente), preterite (preśeriśu), imperfect past (imperfetu), and future (fuśuru), as well as 3 moods, the indicative (indixaśibu) , subjunctive (supjunktibu), and imperative (imperaśibu).

-are verbs

Kantare, "to Sing"
Mood	Tense & Aspect	Number and person						Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st)
		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative	Present	Kant-o	Kant-ar	Kant-at	Kant-amor	Kant-aśir	Kant-ant	I sing
	Preterite	Kant-abi	Kant-abissi	Kant-abit	Kant-abimor	Kant-abissir	Kant-aberunt	I sang (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Kant-apa	Kant-apar	Kant-apat	Kant-apamor	Kant-apaśir	Kant-apant	I was singing
	Future	Kant-apo	Kant-apir	Kant-apit	Kant-apimor	Kant-apiśir	Kant-apunt	I will sing
Subjunctive	Present	Kant-e	Kant-er	Kant-et	Kant-emor	Kant-eśir	Kant-ent	If I sing, May I sing
	Preterite	Kant-aberi	Kant-aberir	Kant-aberit	Kant-aberimor	Kant-aberiśir	Kant-aberint	If I sang (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Kant-are	Kant-arer	Kant-aret	Kant-aremor	Kant-areśir	Kant-arent	If I was singing
	Future	Kant-aperi	Kant-aperir	Kant-aperit	Kant-aperimor	Kant-aperiśer	Kant-aperint	If I will sing
Imperative	Present		Kant-a		Kant-emor	Kant-aśe		(You) sing!

-ere verbs

Sapere, "to know"
Mood	Tense & Aspect	Number and person						Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st)
		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative	Present	Sap-jo*	Sap-er	Sap-et	Sap-emor	Sap-eśir	Sap-ent	I know
	Preterite*	Sap-vi	Sap-viśśi	Sap-vit	Sap-vimor	Sap-viśśir	Sap-verunt	I knew (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Sap-epa	Sap-epar	Sap-epat	Sap-epamor	Sap-epaśir	Sap-epant	I was knowing
	Future	Sap-epo	Sap-epir	Sap-epit	Sap-epimor	Sap-epiśir	Sap-epunt	I will know
Subjunctive	Present*	Sap-ja	Sap-jar	Sap-jat	Sap-jamor	Sap-jaśir	Sap-jant	If I know, May I know
	Preterite*	Sap-veri	Sap-verir	Sap-verit	Sap-verimor	Sap-veriśir	Sap-verint	If I knew (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Sap-ere	Sap-erer	Sap-eret	Sap-eremor	Sap-ereśir	Sap-erent	If I was knowing
	Future	Sap-eperi	Sap-eperir	Sap-eperit	Sap-eperimor	Sap-eperiśir	Sap-aperint	If I will know
Imperative	Present		Sap-e		Sap-imor	Sap-eśe		(You) know!

Notes: Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively. Verbs with roots that end in k or g or a vowel will become qp qb or change the v into a b respectively when conjugated for the indicative and subjunctive preterite.

-ire verbs

Benire, "to arrive"
Mood	Tense & Aspect	Number and person						Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st)
		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative	Present	Ben-jo*	Ben-ir	Ben-it	Ben-imor	Ben-iśir	Ben-junt*	I arrive
	Preterite	Ben-ibi	Ben-ibiśśi	Ben-ibit	Ben-ibimor	Ben-ibiśśir	Ben-iberunt	I arrived (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect*	Ben-jepa	Ben-jepar	Ben-jepat	Ben-jepamor	Ben-jepaśir	Ben-jepant	I was arriving
	Future*	Ben-ja	Ben-jer	Ben-jet	Ben-jemor	Ben-jeśir	Ben-jent	I will arrive
Subjunctive	Present *	Sap-ja	Sap-jar	Sap-jat	Sap-jamor	Sap-jaśir	Sap-jant	If I arrive, May I arrive
	Preterite	Sap-iberi	Sap-iberir	Sap-iberit	Sap-iberimor	Sap-iberiśir	Sap-iberint	If I arrived (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Sap-ire	Sap-irer	Sap-iret	Sap-iremor	Sap-ireśir	Sap-irent	If I was arriving
	Future	Sap-iperi	Sap-iperir	Sap-iperit	Sap-iperimor	Sap-iperiśir	Sap-iperint	if I will arrive
Imperative	Present		Sap-i		Sap-imor	Sap-iśe		(You) arrive!

Notes: Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively.