User:Imperial Warlord/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions
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===Personal Pronouns=== | ====Personal Pronouns==== | ||
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! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Grammatical case|case}} || colspan="8" | Number and person | ! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Grammatical case|case}} || colspan="8" | Number and person | ||
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===Demonstrative Pronouns=== | ====Demonstrative Pronouns==== | ||
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! rowspan="3" | {{wp|grammatical case|Case}} || rowspan="1" | || colspan="12" | Type, Number, and Gender | ! rowspan="3" | {{wp|grammatical case|Case}} || rowspan="1" | || colspan="12" | Type, Number, and Gender | ||
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Verbs are highly inflected, and belong to one of three conjugation patterns classified by their infinitive endings, are, ere, and ire. Suhalan is traditionally regarded to have 4 tenses, the present (''presente''), preterite (''preśeriśu''), imperfect past (''imperfetu''), and future (''fuśuru''), as well as 3 moods, the indicative (''indixaśibu'') , subjunctive (''supjunktibu''), and imperative (''imperaśibu''). | Verbs are highly inflected, and belong to one of three conjugation patterns classified by their infinitive endings, are, ere, and ire. Suhalan is traditionally regarded to have 4 tenses, the present (''presente''), preterite (''preśeriśu''), imperfect past (''imperfetu''), and future (''fuśuru''), as well as 3 moods, the indicative (''indixaśibu'') , subjunctive (''supjunktibu''), and imperative (''imperaśibu''). | ||
===-are verbs=== | ====-are verbs==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan="10"| '''''Kantare''''', "to Sing" | | colspan="10"| '''''Kantare''''', "to Sing" | ||
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===-ere verbs=== | ====-ere verbs==== | ||
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'''Notes:''' Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively. Verbs with roots that end in k or g or a vowel will become qp qb or change the v into a b respectively when conjugated for the indicative and subjunctive preterite. | '''Notes:''' Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively. Verbs with roots that end in k or g or a vowel will become qp qb or change the v into a b respectively when conjugated for the indicative and subjunctive preterite. | ||
===-ire verbs=== | ====-ire verbs==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Revision as of 16:48, 8 November 2023
Suhalan (Suxaranu [suxarɛ] or Limba Suxare [limba suxarɛ]) is a Solarian language spoken in southern Euclea and northern Coius. It is the official language of Suhala and is its primarily spoken language, as well as Suhalans in northern Tsabara. Many speakers of Suhalan are bilingual, typically with Etrurian, Rahelian, or Atudean. Diglossia is especially common in Suhala itself. Including the population of Suhalan-speakers outside of Suhala, Suhalan is spoken by approximately 10.2 Million people. The language has significant influence from Gaullican, Vespasian, and Rahelian, having many loanwords from these languages.
History
Suhalan is a Solarian language, descending from Solarian. Solarian was adopted relatively late into the Solarian period, and modern Suhalan possesses significant substrate influence from !Punic, with Suxaro-Suhalan having influence from !Nuragic. All varieties of Suhalan have adstratum influence from Gaullican, Rahelian, and Pardari with Tsabaro-Suhalan having more Gaullican influence in addition to influence. Suxaro-Suhalan holds significant Vespasian influence, especially on the western side of the island.
Old Suhalan
Middle Suhalan
Modern Suhalan
Phonology
Suhalan has 20 consonant and 5 vowel phonemes, with a phonological inventory relatively similar to that of other Solarian languages. Its most crosslinguistically rare phonemes are the dental affricate /θ/ and the labiovelar plosives.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar/Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | k | k͡p | ||
| voiced | b | d̪ | g | ɡ͡b | |||
| Fricative | f | θ | s | ʃ | x | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡ʃ | |||||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Sonorants | l / r | j | w | ||||
Notes:
- Geminate fricatives and fricatives before the liquids /l, r/ are allophonically voiced
- /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ɱ, ŋ, ŋ͡m] before consonants with their places of articulation, i.e /nf/ and /ng/ are realized as [ɱf] and [ŋg]
- /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ŋ] after /u/ and /ɔ/
- /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ /, and /d͡ʒ/ are typically realized as [ʃʲ] and [t͡ʃʲ] [d͡ʒʲ]
- Central Suhalan dialects replace the phonemes /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ with /ʍ/ and /w/ respectively
- Many younger speakers of Central Suhalan dialects, due to hypercorrection, often replace instances of [w] with [ɡ͡b] in situations where [w] would be correct in Standard Suhalan, i.e Standard Suhalan `Vicljom [wid͡ʒʲɔŋ] becomes Qbicljom [ɡ͡bid͡ʒʲɔŋ]
- In the Northwest Suhalan dialect, /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʎ], likely due to influence from Vespasian.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Open | a | |||
Notes:
Grammar
Suhalan is grammatically and typologically similar to other Solarian languages, and is a fusional language. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for case, gender, and number. Verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood, as well agreement with the person and number of their subject.
Pronouns
Suhalan has 6 personal pronouns that decline for 3 cases, those being the nominative, accusative, and dative. Pronouns can be cliticised, with dative pronouns being procliticised before verbs with initial vowels (written with an apostrophe '), and encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun) after nouns to indicate possession. Accusative pronouns can be encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun). It also possesses a three-way distinction between demonstratives, proximal, medial, and distal.
Personal Pronouns
| case | Number and person | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd M. | 3rd F. | 1st | 2nd | 3rd M. | 3rd F. | |
| Nominative | Jo | Tu | Isse | Issa | Nor | Bor | Issi | Isser |
| Accusative | Me | Te | Issu | Issa | Ne | Be | Issor | Issar |
| Dative | Mi | Ti | Si | Si | Nośśre | Besdre | Sir | Sir |
Demonstrative Pronouns
| Case | Type, Number, and Gender | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||
| Proximal | Medial | Distal | Proximal | Medial | Distal | ||||||||
| Nominative | Unc/Anc | Iśśu/a | Icle/a | Or / Ar | Iśśor/ar | Iclor/ar | |||||||
| Oblique | Uic | Iśśi | Icli | Ir | Iśśir | Iclir | |||||||
Nouns
All nouns in Suhalan are either masculine or feminine, and the gender of a noun can usually be told from its ending. However, there are nouns which have a feminine ending and follow a feminine declension pattern but are masculine, and vice verse, leading to some ambiguous situations. Suhalan posesses two grammatical numbers, the singular and plural. It also has two grammatical cases, the Nominative and the Oblique. The nominative is used for the subjects and direct objects of verbs, while the oblique is used for nouns with prepositions or the indirect objects of verbs. Nouns can be grouped into declension patterns.
Femidina I
Nouns in the Feminine I declension tend to come from the Latin 1st declension.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| NOM | kas-a | kas-ar |
| OBL | kas-e | kas-ir |
Femidine II
Nouns in the Feminine II declension tend to come from the Latin 3rd declension.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| NOM | arbor-e | arbor-er |
| OBL | arbor-i | arbor-ipor |
Masculinu I
Nouns in the Masculine I declension typically come from the Latin second declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| NOM | kan-u | kan-or |
| OBL | kan-o | kan-ir |
Masculinu II
Nouns in the Masculine II declension typically come from the Latin fourth declension. Many nouns that use the Masculine II declension are feminine, and use feminine articles and feminine adjectival agreement.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| NOM | man-u | man-or |
| OBL | man-ui | man-ipor |
Verbs
Verbs are highly inflected, and belong to one of three conjugation patterns classified by their infinitive endings, are, ere, and ire. Suhalan is traditionally regarded to have 4 tenses, the present (presente), preterite (preśeriśu), imperfect past (imperfetu), and future (fuśuru), as well as 3 moods, the indicative (indixaśibu) , subjunctive (supjunktibu), and imperative (imperaśibu).
-are verbs
| Kantare, "to Sing" | |||||||||
| Mood | Tense & Aspect | Number and person | Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
| Indicative | Present | Kant-o | Kant-ar | Kant-at | Kant-amor | Kant-aśir | Kant-ant | I sing | |
| Preterite | Kant-abi | Kant-abissi | Kant-abit | Kant-abimor | Kant-abissir | Kant-aberunt | I sang (at a specific point of time) | ||
| Imperfect | Kant-apa | Kant-apar | Kant-apat | Kant-apamor | Kant-apaśir | Kant-apant | I was singing | ||
| Future | Kant-apo | Kant-apir | Kant-apit | Kant-apimor | Kant-apiśir | Kant-apunt | I will sing | ||
| Subjunctive | Present | Kant-e | Kant-er | Kant-et | Kant-emor | Kant-eśir | Kant-ent | If I sing, May I sing | |
| Preterite | Kant-aberi | Kant-aberir | Kant-aberit | Kant-aberimor | Kant-aberiśir | Kant-aberint | If I sang (at a specific point of time) | ||
| Imperfect | Kant-are | Kant-arer | Kant-aret | Kant-aremor | Kant-areśir | Kant-arent | If I was singing | ||
| Future | Kant-aperi | Kant-aperir | Kant-aperit | Kant-aperimor | Kant-aperiśer | Kant-aperint | If I will sing | ||
| Imperative | Present | Kant-a | Kant-emor | Kant-aśe | (You) sing! | ||||
-ere verbs
| Sapere, "to know" | |||||||||
| Mood | Tense & Aspect | Number and person | Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
| Indicative | Present | Sap-jo* | Sap-er | Sap-et | Sap-emor | Sap-eśir | Sap-ent | I know | |
| Preterite* | Sap-vi | Sap-viśśi | Sap-vit | Sap-vimor | Sap-viśśir | Sap-verunt | I knew (at a specific point of time) | ||
| Imperfect | Sap-epa | Sap-epar | Sap-epat | Sap-epamor | Sap-epaśir | Sap-epant | I was knowing | ||
| Future | Sap-epo | Sap-epir | Sap-epit | Sap-epimor | Sap-epiśir | Sap-epunt | I will know | ||
| Subjunctive | Present* | Sap-ja | Sap-jar | Sap-jat | Sap-jamor | Sap-jaśir | Sap-jant | If I know, May I know | |
| Preterite* | Sap-veri | Sap-verir | Sap-verit | Sap-verimor | Sap-veriśir | Sap-verint | If I knew (at a specific point of time) | ||
| Imperfect | Sap-ere | Sap-erer | Sap-eret | Sap-eremor | Sap-ereśir | Sap-erent | If I was knowing | ||
| Future | Sap-eperi | Sap-eperir | Sap-eperit | Sap-eperimor | Sap-eperiśir | Sap-aperint | If I will know | ||
| Imperative | Present | Sap-e | Sap-imor | Sap-eśe | (You) know! | ||||
Notes: Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively. Verbs with roots that end in k or g or a vowel will become qp qb or change the v into a b respectively when conjugated for the indicative and subjunctive preterite.
-ire verbs
| Benire, "to arrive" | |||||||||
| Mood | Tense & Aspect | Number and person | Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
| Indicative | Present | Ben-jo* | Ben-ir | Ben-it | Ben-imor | Ben-iśir | Ben-junt* | I arrive | |
| Preterite | Ben-ibi | Ben-ibiśśi | Ben-ibit | Ben-ibimor | Ben-ibiśśir | Ben-iberunt | I arrived (at a specific point of time) | ||
| Imperfect* | Ben-jepa | Ben-jepar | Ben-jepat | Ben-jepamor | Ben-jepaśir | Ben-jepant | I was arriving | ||
| Future* | Ben-ja | Ben-jer | Ben-jet | Ben-jemor | Ben-jeśir | Ben-jent | I will arrive | ||
| Subjunctive | Present * | Sap-ja | Sap-jar | Sap-jat | Sap-jamor | Sap-jaśir | Sap-jant | If I arrive, May I arrive | |
| Preterite | Sap-iberi | Sap-iberir | Sap-iberit | Sap-iberimor | Sap-iberiśir | Sap-iberint | If I arrived (at a specific point of time) | ||
| Imperfect | Sap-ire | Sap-irer | Sap-iret | Sap-iremor | Sap-ireśir | Sap-irent | If I was arriving | ||
| Future | Sap-iperi | Sap-iperir | Sap-iperit | Sap-iperimor | Sap-iperiśir | Sap-iperint | if I will arrive | ||
| Imperative | Present | Sap-i | Sap-imor | Sap-iśe | (You) arrive! | ||||
Notes: Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively.