Lozhai language
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| Qazhshavan | |
|---|---|
| Aldonian Adaju gezë Адаьу гезэ /aˈdaju ˈɣɛ.z/  Nyš'ky Ныш'ки /ˈniʃᵊ.ki/ | |
| Native to | Qazhshava |
| Region | Slavic Belt in Thuadia |
| Ethnicity | Aldonian Qazhshavans |
Native speakers | Total:80 million L1:- L2:- (2018) |
Thuado-Thrismaran
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Modified Latin script Modified Govoric alphabet | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Qazhshava Sekidean Union |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Commission of the Qazhshavan Language |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | qs |
| ISO 639-2 | qsz |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 Map of the area of native Qazhshavan speakers in the 21st century | |
The Aldonian language, commonly reffered to as "Qazhshavan", is a language in southern Thuadia, it has similar grammatical features with the slavic languages neer the area spoken, but is its own branch of the Thuado-Thrismaran languages, and is the main official language of Qazhshava along side Srednogorian.
Introduction
This article focuses on the Hill dialect of the language, as it is recognized to be the standerdized form of the language.
Writing system
The language uses a Modified Latin script, and a Modified Govoric.
In general writing the Latin Version dominates, the Govoric version is used in and neer regions that use it, but every government official document has to be written in both. In the pre-1921 govoric alphabet threre were the letters ⟨й⟩, ⟨ю⟩, ⟨я⟩ and ⟨ъ⟩, but the alphabet was modernized in 1921 replacing ⟨й⟩ with ⟨ь⟩ which effectivly made ⟨ю⟩ and ⟨я⟩ obselite, and ⟨ъ⟩ with ⟨э⟩. There exists an old historic writing system that is currently used only in historic reconstructions and is tought at schools as part of history.
.
Latin Alphabet:
| Aa /а~ɑ/ |
Bb /b/ |
Vv /v~ʋ/ |
Gg /g~ɣ/ |
Dd /d~ð/ |
Đđ /d͡ʒ/ |
Ee /ɛ~e/ |
Ëë /ɤ̞~ɜ/ |
Žž /ʒ/ |
Zz /z/ |
Ii /i~ɪ/ |
| Kk /k/ |
Ll /ɫ~ɮ/ |
Mm /m/ |
Nn /n/ |
Oo /ɔ/ |
Pp /p/ |
Rr /ɹ~ɻ/ |
Rr rr /ɾ~r/ |
Ss /s/ |
Tt /t~θ/ |
Uu /u/ |
| Ff /f/ |
Hh /x/ |
Cc /t͡s/ |
Čč /t͡ʃ/ |
Šš /ʃ/ |
Xx /ɕ/ |
Tx tx /t͡ɕ/ |
Yy /ɨ~y~i/ |
Jj /j/ |
Govoric Alphabet:
| Аа /а~ɑ/ |
Бб /b/ |
Вв /v~ʋ/ |
Гг /g~ɣ/ |
Дд /d~ð/ |
Ђђ /d͡ʒ/ |
Ее /ɛ~e/ |
Ээ /ɤ̞~ɜ/ |
Жж /ʒ/ |
Зз /z/ |
Ии /i~ɪ/ |
| Кк /k/ |
Лл /ɫ~ɮ/ |
Мм /m/ |
Нн /n/ |
Оо /ɔ/ |
Пп /p/ |
Рр /ɹ~ɻ/ |
Рр рр /ɾ~r/ |
Сс /s/ |
Тт /t~θ/ |
Уу /u/ |
| Фф /f/ |
Хх /x/ |
Цц /t͡s/ |
Чч /t͡ʃ/ |
Шш /ʃ/ |
Щщ /ɕ/ |
Ћћ /t͡ɕ/ |
Ыы /ɨ~y~i/ |
Ьь /j/ |
Orthography
The letter ⟨ë⟩ is silent at the end of words unless its after ⟨j⟩ or in some exeptions, however it can be pronounced without changing th emeaning.
the combination of ⟨r⟩ and ⟨ë⟩ resoults in ⟨ë⟩ becoming silent, hence rreporëterë is pronounced as /ˈɾɛ.pɔɻ.tɛɻ/ (alternatifly:/ˈre.pɔɹ.tɛɹ/).
Since the syllable structure of Qazhshavan is (C)V(Nr) (Nr- ⟨n⟩,⟨rë⟩), consonant clusters that exclude ⟨n⟩ or ⟨rë⟩ are very rare and occur in words of foreign origin, example would be the suffix -š'ki, the absence of a vowel is marked with ⟨'⟩, this suffix was borrowed from the neighboring slavic languages, which have more complex syllable structures.
The ⟨y⟩ vowel is pronounced as /i/ (/y/ by some speakers) when its at the end of words
Phonology
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t~θ | k | |||
| voiced | b | d~ð | ɡ~ɣ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ɕ | |||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ɕ | ||
| voiced | v~ʋ | z (ɮ) |
ʒ | ||||
| Approximant | ɫ ɹ~ɻ |
j | |||||
| Tap & Trill | ɾ~r~ʁ | ||||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i (y) | ɨ | u |
| Close-Mid | (e~ɪ) | ||
| Mid | (ə)* | ɤ̞ | |
| Open-Mid | ɛ | (ɜ) | ɔ |
| Neer Open | (ɐ)* | ||
| Open | a~ɑ | ||
Nouns
Grammatical Gender
Qazhshavan has 2 grammatical genders, they are identified by the ending sound of the base word of a word.
- Masculine - all masculine nouns end in a ⟨n⟩ or ⟨j⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩.
- Feminine - all feminine nouns end in ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨y⟩
Grammatical Cases
Qazhshavan has 5 grammatical cases.
- Nominative: Subject or a Predicate noun or adjective
- Accusative: Interract with Subject (hear, hit, harm...)
- Genetive: Possesed by Subject
- Locative: In Subject, on Subject
- Vocative: calling Subject
The Table Below also shows how the adjective suffix works with the examples
| Common Translation | Nom. | Acc. | Gen. | Loc. | Voc. | Adj. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine - n & j | ||||||||
| Man | Sin. | Nerën | Nerënun | Nerëno | Nerënky | Nerëne! | Nerëny | |
| Plr. | Nerënaj | Nerënej | Nerënoj | Nerënkyj | Nerënaj! | Nerënjy | ||
| Sin.Def. | te'Nerën | te'Nerënun | te' Nerëno | te'Nerënky | Ø | te'Nerëny | ||
| Plr.Def. | ti'Nerënaj | ti'Nerënej | ti'Nerënoj | ti'Nerënkyj | Ø | ti'Nerënjy | ||
| Masculine - ë & o & u | ||||||||
| Dog | Sin. | Txeno | Txenon | Txenono | Txenky | Txeno! | Txeny | |
| Plr. | Txenaj | Txenej | Txenoj | Txenkyj | Txenaj! | Txenjy | ||
| Sin.Def. | te'Txen | te'Txenon | te'Txenono | te'Txenky | Ø | te'Txeny | ||
| Plr.Def. | ti'Txenaj | ti'Txenej | ti'Txenoj | ti'Txenkyj | Ø | ti'Txenjy | ||
| Feminine - a & e | ||||||||
| Woman | Sin. | Gona | Gonan | Gonano | Gonaky | Gono! | Gonaja | |
| Plr. | Gony | Goni | Gonono | Gonky | Gony! | Gonajy | ||
| Sin.Def. | te'Gona | te'Gonan | te'Gonano | te'Gonaky | Ø | te'Gonaja | ||
| Plr.Def. | ti'Gony | ti'Goni | ti'Gonono | ti'Gonky | Ø | ti'Gonajy | ||
| Feminine - i & y | ||||||||
| Mountain | Sin. | Xany | Xanyn | Xanyno | Xanyky | Xano! | Xanyja | |
| Plr. | Xanove | Xanovi | Xanono | Xanky | Xanove! | Xanojy | ||
| Sin.Def. | te'Xany | te'Xanyn | te'Xanyno | te'Xanyky | Ø | te'Xanyja | ||
| Plr.Def. | ti'Xanove | ti'Xanovi | ti'Xanono | ti'Xanky | Ø | ti'Xanojy | ||
Adjectives
Tenses
The Lnaguage is 'Pro drop', meaning that using pronouns is optional, usually when used, they add emphasis, for example: " jemë denmë " - " i am eating ", " Dy denexë " - " you are eating ".
| Mood | Person | Number | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | |||
| Indicative | 1 | Singular | <>(ë)hë | <>herë | <>(ë)më | <>(ë)hë | je <>(ë)më | je an <>merë | jehë jo <>(ë)më | jehë jo an <>merë |
| Plural | <>(ë)hëme | <>hëmerë | <>(ë)mëme | <>(ë)hëme | je <>(ë)mëme | je an <>mëmerë | jehë jo <>(ë)mëme | jehë jo an <>mëmerë | ||
| 2 | Singular | <>elë jedë | <>elerë jedë | <>exë | <>elë jedë | je <>exë | je <>exerë | jehë jo an <>exë | jehë jo an <>exerë | |
| Plural | <>elaj dej | <>lajrë dej | <>eje | <>elaj dej | je <>eje | je <>ejerë | jehë jo an <>eje | jehë jo an <>ejerë | ||
| 3 | Singular | <>se | <>serë an | <>jë | <>se | je <>jë | je an <>jerë | jehë jo <>jë | jehë jo an <>jerë | |
| Plural | <>sa | <>sarë | <>jëdë | <>sa | je <>jëdë | je an <>jëderë | jehë jo <>jëdë | jehë jo an <>jëderë | ||
| Imperative | All | Singular | Ø | <>(š)y | <>(ž)y | Ø | ||||
| Plural | <>(š)i | <>(ž)i | ||||||||
Note: Word Order Can Switch around depending on context.
Pronouns
| Translation to Common | Person and number | Nom. | Acc. | Gen. | Loc. | Voc. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | Me | First | Singular | Jemë | Memë | Me | Mene | Ø |
| You (Singular) |
Second | Du | Dun | Dy | Dyn | Du! | ||
| He | Him | Third | Vaj | Go | Egy | Egyn | Ø | |
| She | Her | Vaja | Ga | Ega | Egan | Ø | ||
| It | Vajë | Goë | Ëgy | Ëgyn | Ø | |||
| We |
Us | First | Plural | Nen | Men | Ny | Nasë | Ø |
| You (Plural/formal) |
Second | Dau | Daun | Daj | Dajn | Dau! | ||
| They | Them | Third | Singular & Plural |
Ata | Atan | Atej | Atejn | Ø |