User:Imperial Warlord/Sandbox2

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Suhalan (Suxaranu [suxarɛ] or Limba Suxare [limba suxarɛ] is a Solarian language spoken in southern Euclea and northern Coius. It is the official language of Suhala and is its primarily spoken language, as well as Suhalans in northern Tsabara. Many speakers of Suhalan are bilingual, typically with Etrurian, Rahelian, or Atudean. Diglossia is especially common in Suhala itself. Including the population of Suhalan-speakers outside of Suhala, Suhalan is spoken by approximately 10.2 Million people. The language has significant influence from Gaullican, Vespasian, and Rahelian, having many loanwords from these languages.

History

Suhalan is a Solarian language, descending from Solarian. Solarian was adopted relatively late into the Solarian period, and modern Suhalan possesses significant substrate influence from !Punic, with Suxaro-Suhalan having influence from !Nuragic. All varieties of Suhalan have adstratum influence from Gaullican, Rahelian, and Pardari with Tsabaro-Suhalan having more Gaullican influence in addition to influence. Suxaro-Suhalan holds significant Vespasian influence, especially on the western side of the island.

Old Suhalan

Middle Suhalan

Modern Suhalan

Phonology

Suhalan has 20 consonant and 5 vowel phonemes, with a phonological inventory relatively similar to that of other Solarian languages. Its most crosslinguistically rare phonemes are the dental affricate /θ/ and the labiovelar plosives.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Post-Alveolar/Palatal Velar Labiovelar
Nasal m n
Plosive voiceless p k k͡p
voiced b g ɡ͡b
Fricative f θ s ʃ x
Affricate voiceless t͡ʃ
voiced d͡ʒ
Sonorants l / r j w

Notes:

  • Geminate fricatives and fricatives before the liquids /l, r/ are allophonically voiced
  • /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ɱ, ŋ, ŋ͡m] before consonants with their places of articulation, i.e /nf/ and /ng/ are realized as [ɱf] and [ŋg]
  • /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ŋ] after /u/ and /ɔ/
  • /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ /, and /d͡ʒ/ are typically realized as [ʃʲ] and [t͡ʃʲ]  [d͡ʒʲ]
  • Central Suhalan dialects replace the phonemes /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ with /ʍ/ and /w/ respectively
  • Many younger speakers of Central Suhalan dialects, due to hypercorrection, often replace instances of [w] with [ɡ͡b] in situations where [w] would be correct in Standard Suhalan, i.e Standard Suhalan `Vicljom [wid͡ʒʲɔŋ] becomes Qbicljom [ɡ͡bid͡ʒʲɔŋ]
  • In the Northwest Suhalan dialect, /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʎ], likely due to influence from Vespasian.


Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i u
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

Notes:

Grammar

Suhalan is grammatically and typologically similar to other Solarian languages, and is a fusional language. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for case, gender, and number. Verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood, as well agreement with the person and number of their subject.

Pronouns

Suhalan has 6 pronouns that decline for 3 cases, those being the nominative, accusative, and dative. Pronouns can be cliticised, with dative pronouns being procliticised before verbs with initial vowels (written with an apostrophe '), and encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun) after nouns to indicate possession. Accusative pronouns can be encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun).


case Number and person
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd M. 3rd F. 1st 2nd 3rd M. 3rd F.
Nominative Jo Tu Isse Issa Nor Bor Issi Isser
Accusative Me Te Issu Issa Ne Be Issor Issar
Dative Mi Ti Si Si Nope Bope Sir Sir

Nouns

All nouns in Suhalan are either masculine or feminine, and the gender of a noun can usually be told from its ending. However, there are nouns which have a feminine ending and follow a feminine declension pattern but are masculine, and vice verse, leading to some ambiguous situations. Suhalan posesses two grammatical numbers, the singular and plural. It also has two grammatical cases, the Nominative and the Oblique. The nominative is used for the subjects and direct objects of verbs, while the oblique is used for nouns with prepositions or the indirect objects of verbs. Nouns can be grouped into declension patterns.

Femidina I

Nouns in the Feminine I declension tend to come from the Latin 1st declension.

"House"
Case Singular Plural
NOM kas-a kas-ar
OBL kas-e kas-ir

Femidine II

Nouns in the Feminine II declension tend to come from the Latin 3rd declension.

"Tree"
Case Singular Plural
NOM arbor-e arbor-er
OBL arbor-i arbor-ipor

Masculinu I

Nouns in the Masculine I declension typically come from the Latin second declension

"Dog"
Case Singular Plural
NOM kan-u kan-or
OBL kan-o kan-ir

Masculinu II

Nouns in the Masculine II declension typically come from the Latin fourth declension. Many nouns that use the Masculine II declension are feminine, and use feminine articles and feminine adjectival agreement.

"Hand"
Case Singular Plural
NOM man-u man-or
OBL man-ui man-ipor

Verbs

Verbs are highly inflected, and belong to one of three conjugation patterns classified by their infinitive endings, are, ere, and ire. Suhalan is traditionally regarded to have 4 tenses, the present (presente), preterite (preśeriśu), imperfect past (imperfetu), and future (fuśuru), as well as 3 moods, the indicative (indixaśibu) , subjunctive (supjunktibu), and imperative (imperaśibu).

-are verbs

Kantare, "to Sing"
Mood Tense & Aspect Number and person Estmerish
equivalent
(only sg. 1st)
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Present Kant-o Kant-ar Kant-at Kant-amor Kant-aśir Kant-ant I sing
Preterite Kant-abi Kant-abissi Kant-abit Kant-abimor Kant-abissir Kant-aberunt I sang (at a specific point of time)
Imperfect Kant-apa Kant-apar Kant-apat Kant-apamor Kant-apaśir Kant-apant I was singing
Future Kant-apo Kant-apir Kant-apit Kant-apimor Kant-apiśir Kant-apunt I will sing
Subjunctive Present Kant-e Kant-er Kant-et Kant-emor Kant-eśir Kant-ent If I sing, May I sing
Preterite Kant-aberi Kant-aberir Kant-aberit Kant-aberimor Kant-aberiśir Kant-aberint If I sang (at a specific point of time)
Imperfect Kant-are Kant-arer Kant-aret Kant-aremor Kant-areśir Kant-arent If I was singing
Future Kant-aperi Kant-aperir Kant-aperit Kant-aperimor Kant-aperiśer Kant-aperint If I will sing
Imperative Present Kant-a Kant-emor Kant-aśe (You) sing!

-ere verbs

Sapere, "to know"
Mood Tense & Aspect Number and person Estmerish
equivalent
(only sg. 1st)
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Present Sap-jo* Sap-er Sap-et Sap-emor Sap-eśir Sap-ent I know
Preterite* Sap-vi Sap-viśśi Sap-vit Sap-vimor Sap-viśśir Sap-verunt I knew (at a specific point of time)
Imperfect Sap-epa Sap-epar Sap-epat Sap-epamor Sap-epaśir Sap-epant I was knowing
Future Sap-epo Sap-epir Sap-epit Sap-epimor Sap-epiśir Sap-epunt I will know
Subjunctive Present* Sap-ja Sap-jar Sap-jat Sap-jamor Sap-jaśir Sap-jant If I know, May I know
Preterite* Sap-veri Sap-verir Sap-verit Sap-verimor Sap-veriśir Sap-verint If I knew (at a specific point of time)
Imperfect Sap-ere Sap-erer Sap-eret Sap-eremor Sap-ereśir Sap-erent If I was knowing
Future Sap-eperi Sap-eperir Sap-eperit Sap-eperimor Sap-eperiśir Sap-aperint If I will know
Imperative Present Sap-e Sap-imor Sap-eśe (You) know!

Notes: Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, and dç. Verbs with roots that end in k or g or a vowel will become qp qb or change the v into a b respectively when conjugated for the indicative and subjunctive preterite.

-ire verbs

Benire, "to arrive"
Mood Tense & Aspect Number and person Estmerish
equivalent
(only sg. 1st)
Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Indicative Present Ben-jo* Ben-ir Ben-it Ben-imor Ben-iśir Ben-junt* I arrive
Preterite Ben-ibi Ben-ibiśśi Ben-ibit Ben-ibimor Ben-ibiśśir Ben-iberunt I arrived (at a specific point of time)
Imperfect* Ben-jepa Ben-jepar Ben-jepat Ben-jepamor Ben-jepaśir Ben-jepant I was arriving
Future* Ben-ja Ben-jer Ben-jet Ben-jemor Ben-jeśir Ben-jent I will arrive
Subjunctive Present * Sap-ja Sap-jar Sap-jat Sap-jamor Sap-jaśir Sap-jant If I arrive, May I arrive
Preterite Sap-iberi Sap-iberir Sap-iberit Sap-iberimor Sap-iberiśir Sap-iberint If I arrived (at a specific point of time)
Imperfect Sap-ire Sap-irer Sap-iret Sap-iremor Sap-ireśir Sap-irent If I was arriving
Future Sap-iperi Sap-iperir Sap-iprit Sap-ierimor Sap-ieriśir Sap-iperint if I will arrive
Imperative Present Sap-'i Sap-imor Sap-iśe (You) arrive!