Borelian grammar

The Borelian grammar (Borelian: ) is a set of rules that guide the written Borelian language.

Predicate-subject complex

While the Borelian language does not have a seperate predicate and subject in sentence, it has one word, which is both a noun phrase and a verb phrase (so called Predicate-subject complex). It is created out of a subjectual prefix, verbal (predicate) root and a optional adjustment suffix.

Subject prefix

Borelian has three grammatical cases for the complex:

The predicate-subject complex can be distinguished from other forms of other complexes, as it uses the predicate term in subjective case.

Common term			Borelian term (Alphabet)			Borelian term (Boto)			Person
Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Person
Singular
I	Me	My	Za-	Zati-	Zama-				First
You	You	Your	Da-	Dati-	Dama-				Second
He	Him	His	Ca-	Cati-	Cana-				Third
She	Her	Hers	Cε-	Cεdi-	Cεni-
It They	It Them	Its Their	Catε-	Catoci-	Catεcε-
Dual
We (inclusive)	Us	Our	Zata-	Zati-	Zoma-				First
You	You	Your	Dali-	Daloti-	Daloma-				Second
They	Them	Their	Coma-	Comasi-	Comosi-				Third
We (exclusive)	Us	Our	Pala-	Pali-	Ponla-	File:BotoPS.png	File:BotoPS.png	File:BotoPS.png	Fourth
Plural
We (inclusive)	Us	Our	Fata-	Fati-	Foma-				First
You	You	Your	Dapi-	Dapεti-	Dapεma-	File:BotoPM.png	File:BotoPM.png	File:BotoPM.png	Second
They	Them	Their	Soma-	Somaci-	Somoci-				Third
We (exclusive)	Us	Our	Vala-	Vali-	Vonla-				Fourth
Other
Who Somebody	Whom Somebody	Whose Somebody's	Ju-	Juta-	Juma-				Question
Whoever Anybody	Whomever Anybody	Whosever Anybody's	Juko-	Jukota-	Jukoma-				Question
—	-self	—	Se-	Seta-	Sema-				Reflexive
—	—	—	&di-^[a]	&da-^[b]	&dε-^[c]				Filler

↑ Filler literally meaning "search for a closest word in subjective"
↑ Filler literally meaning "search for a closest word in objective or in adjective"
↑ Filler literally meaning "search for a closest word in possessive

Predicate root

TBA

Suffixes

Predicate-subject complex has three suffixes, that are added to denote tense, mood and situation respectively. The first suffix (the one closest to the root) denotes tense, the middle suffix denotes mood and the last suffix denotes situation.

Tense suffix

Borelian language has 15 tenses, subdivided into 3 groups:

Past tenses
- Preterite (Simple past) - Suffix -ba
- Past progressive - Suffix -base
- Pluperfect simple - Suffix -bari
- Pluperfect progressive - Suffix -barε
- Past repetetive - Suffix -bapo
Present tenses
- Simple present - No suffix
- Present progressive - Suffix -se
- Present perfect - Suffix -ri
- Present perfect progressive - Suffix -rε
- Present repetetive - Suffix -po
Future tenses
- Simple future - Suffix -fu
- Future progressive - Suffix -fuse
- Future perfect - Suffix -furi
- Future perfect progressive - Suffix -furε
- Future repetetive - Suffix -fupo

Only tenses no present in Common are the repetetives, which denote a action, that happened multiple times in the said time horizon. Such as "Zataribapo" means literally "I used to win (a lot)".

Mood suffix

Borelian language has 5 grammatical moods:

Indicative - No suffix
Imperative - Suffix -ti
Conditional - Suffix -bo
Questional Indicative - Suffix -ȝa
Questional Conditional - Suffix -boȝa

Situation suffix

Situational suffix can show multiple adjusting information:

Negation - Suffix -be
Doubt - Suffix -pε
Possibility - Suffix -sa
Passivity - Suffix -mε

(multiple of those can be used at the same time, there is no rule on the sequence in which those must be used)

Examples

Following table shows example of the complex with verbal root "-tari-" (root for "to win") and a subject "rutu" (term for "friend").

Borelian term (Alphabet)	Borelian term (Boto)	Borelian parts	Common term
Zatari.		Za-tari.	I win.
Zatariȝa?		Za-tari-ȝa?	Do I win?
Zatariȝabe?	File:BotoBE.png	Za-tari-ȝa-be?	Do I not win?
Zataribaȝabe?	File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBE.png	Za-tari-ba-ȝa-be?	Didn't I win?
Zataribaboȝabe?	File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBE.png	Za-tari-ba-boȝa-be?	Wouldn't I have won?
Jutaribabobe.	File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBE.png	Ju-tari-ba-bo-be.	Somebody wouldn't have won.
Jutaribaboȝabe?	File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBE.png	Ju-tari-ba-boȝa-be?	Who wouldn't have won?
Rutu &ditaribaboȝabe?	File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBE.png	Rutuㅤ&di-tari-ba-boȝa-be?	Friend wouldn't have won?
Rutu &ditaribaboȝabepε?	File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoPE.png	Rutuㅤ&di-tari-ba-boȝa-be-pε?	Friend wouldn't have won, would he?
Zamarutu &ditaribaboȝabepε?	File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoPE.png	Zama-rutuㅤ&di-tari-ba-boȝa-be-pε?	My friend wouldn't have won, would he?

The complex is always written with a first capital letter.

Nouns

Nouns in Borelian have 2 genders:

Masculine - End with a vowel
Feminine - End with a consonant
Indifferent - Impossible to distinguish a gender (End with I/Î)

It also has five grammatical cases for nouns:

And seven grades for nouns:

Grade	Prefix	Meaning	Example	Example translation
Negative	Be-	Object lacks the said property	Berutu	No friend of mine
Positive	—	Object has the said property	Rutu	A friend of mine
Comparative	Meî-	Object A has the said property more than Object B	Meîrutu rutuî	Better friend than that friend
Diminutive	Mol-	Object has very little of the said property	Molrutu	Bad/unreliable friend
Augmentative	Sti-	Object has a lot of the said property	Stirutu	Good friend
Excessive	Rεk-	Object has too much of the said property	Rεkrutu	Person acting excessively friendly
Superlative	Sul-	Object has the most of the said property	Sulrutu	The best friend

Each of the nouns can be created by adding suffix to the Noun root, which can also serve in creating a adjective out of the word:

Gender	Number	Common term						Borelian term
Gender	Number	Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Adjective	Adverb form	Verbal form	Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Adjective		Adverbative		Verbal form
Masculines (Root ending with a vowel)
Masculine	Singular	*Friend*	Friend	Friend's	Friendly	Friendly	To befriend To be a friend	Rutu^[a]	Rutuî	Rutudi	Rutudime-		Rutumile		Rutu
	Singular	*Friend*	Friend	Friend's				∅	-î	-di	-dime-		-mile
	Dual	*Friends*	Friends	Friends'				*Rutul*	Rutuli	Rutuledi	Rutulime-		Rutulipe
	Dual							-l	-li	-ledi	-lime-		-lipe	File:BotoPE.png
	Plural							*Rutus*	Rutusi	Rutusedi	Rutusime-		Rutumile
	Plural							-s	-si	-sedi	-sime-		-mile
Feminines (Root ending with a consonant)
Feminine	Singular	*Cooperation*	Cooperation	Cooperation's	Cooperative	Cooperatively	To cooperate	*Unolot*	Unoloti	Unolotili	Unolotino-		Unolotnilo		Unolo^[b]
	Singular	*Cooperation*	Cooperation	Cooperation's				∅	-i	-ili	-ino-		-nilo
	Dual	*Cooperations*	Cooperations	Cooperations'				*Unolotil*	Unolotlil	Unolotlimi	Unolotlino-		Unolotlipo
	Dual							-il	-lil	-limi	-lino-		-lipo	File:BotoPE.png
	Plural							*Unolotic*	Unolotcij	Unolotjili	Unolotjino-		Unolotnilo
	Plural							-ic	-cij	-jili	-jino-		-nilo
Indifferents (Root ending with I/Î)
Indifferent	Singular	*Love*	Love	Love's	Loving	Lovely	To love	*Tulraî*	Tulraîn	Tulraîni	Tulraîno-		Tulraînino		Tulraîi^[c]
	Singular	*Love*	Love	Love's				∅	-n	-ni	-no-		-nilo
	Dual	*Loves*	Loves	Loves'				*Tulraînil*	Tulraînin	Tulraînimi	Tulraîrino-		Tulraîribo
	Dual							-il	-nin	-nimi	-rino-		-ribo	File:BotoBE.png
	Plural							*Tulraîj*	Tulraîciî	Tulraîmili	Tulraîporo-		Tulraînilo
	Plural							-j	-ciî	-mili	-poro-	File:BotoPM.png	-nilo

↑ Note: If the last letter is "I" read as /ʝ/, it is considered to be a feminine word and should follow the feminine declension rules
↑ Rules on the formation of the verbal form:
1) It is created by removing all the consonants behind the last vowel in the root, unless:
2) The last letter is a L, R, M or N, but:
3) The letter "Î" read as /ʝ/ counts as a consonant and should be removed as well, unless:
4) The root is monosyllabic. In that case the letter should be read as /ɪ/ in the verbal form and be symbolized by "I"
Or if the root is monosyllabic but with no "Î" on the end, "&" is added
↑ If the root ends with a "Î", "I" is added. If the root ends with "I", nothing changes

Words in adjective are always tied with a "-" to a nounal form or to a suffix linking it to a couse:
Note: Words are "zlit" (goodness), "rutu" (friend), "cukleî" (help)/"cukle" (to help)

Borelian term (Alphabet)	Borelian parts	Common term
Zlit	Zlit	Goodness
Zlitino	Zlit-ino	The Good
Zlitino-rutu	Zlit-ino–rutu	Good friend
Zlitino-rutu &dicukle zati	Zlit-ino–rutuㅤ&di-cukleㅤzati	Good friend helps me
Zamacukle Zliti	Zama-cukleㅤZlit-i	I help the good (concept)
Zamacukle Zlitino-î	Zama-cukleㅤZlit-ino–î	I help the good (person)
Zamacukle Juzlitino-î	Zama-cukleㅤJu-zlit-ino–î	I help somebody good
Zamacukle zlitnilo	Zama-cukleㅤZlit-nilo	I help well
Zamacukle Juzlitino-î zlitnilo	Zama-cukleㅤJu-zlit-ino–îㅤZlit-nilo	I help well somebody good

Possessive representation

A word can be "owned" by another word in possessive case, if the filler prefix "&dε-" is included. Nouns are not written with a capital character, unlike the complex, so in most cases, you would see a miniscule version "εdε-".

Examples of nouns

Here are some examples of sentences using multiple noun's:
Note: term Unolot can represent both Clan and a Cooperation as a action, as well as it was taken as a term for "Federation", term "unolo" is a verb for cooperate.

Borelian term	Borelian parts	Common term
Zamarutu &ditariba ubi unolotili.	Zama-rutuㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤunolotili.	My friend won thanks to the cooperation.
Unolot &ditariba ubi zamarutuî.	Unolotㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤzama-rutuî.	The clan won thanks to my friend.
Rutudime-unolot &ditariba ubi zamarutuî.	Rutudime–unolotㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤzama-rutuî.	The friendly clan won thanks to my friend.
Rutudime-unolot &ditariba ubi zamarutudi εdεrutuî.	Rutudime–unolotㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤzama-rutudiㅤεdε-rutuî.	The friendly clan won thanks to my friend's friend.
Rutudime-unolot &ditaribabopε ubi zamarutudi εdεrutuî, jda Caunolobaribobe.	Rutudime–unolotㅤ&di-tari-ba-bo-pεㅤubiㅤzama-rutudiㅤεdε-rutuî, jdaㅤCa-unolo-bari-bo-be.	I doubt the friendly clan would have won thanks to my friend's friend, had he not cooperated.

[1] Filler literally meaning "search for a closest word in subjective"

[2] Filler literally meaning "search for a closest word in objective or in adjective"

[3] Filler literally meaning "search for a closest word in possessive

[4] Note: If the last letter is "I" read as /ʝ/, it is considered to be a feminine word and should follow the feminine declension rules

[5] Rules on the formation of the verbal form:
1) It is created by removing all the consonants behind the last vowel in the root, unless:
2) The last letter is a L, R, M or N, but:
3) The letter "Î" read as /ʝ/ counts as a consonant and should be removed as well, unless:
4) The root is monosyllabic. In that case the letter should be read as /ɪ/ in the verbal form and be symbolized by "I"
Or if the root is monosyllabic but with no "Î" on the end, "&" is added

[6] If the root ends with a "Î", "I" is added. If the root ends with "I", nothing changes

[a]

[b]

[c]

[a]

[b]

[c]

Borelian grammar

Contents

Predicate-subject complex

Subject prefix

Predicate root

Suffixes

Tense suffix

Mood suffix

Situation suffix

Examples

Nouns

Possessive representation

Examples of nouns

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Borelian grammar

Predicate-subject complex

Subject prefix

Predicate root

Suffixes

Tense suffix

Mood suffix

Situation suffix

Examples

Nouns

Possessive representation

Examples of nouns

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