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Suhalan
Limba Suxaranu
Pronunciation	IPA: [suxaɹanu]
Region	Suhala, North Coius
Ethnicity	Suhalan people
Native speakers	~10,200,000 (2020)
Language family	Euclo-Satrian Solaric South Solaric Suhalan
Early forms	Solarian
Standard forms	Standard Suhalan Standard Sojajianixe
Dialects	West Suhalan Northwest Suhalan Central Suhalan East Suhalan Sojajianixe
Writing system	Solarian script
Official status
Official language in	Suhala
Recognised minority language in	Tsabara
Regulated by	Axatemie Nașonaje Suxaranu
Language codes
ISO 639-3	shl

Suhalan (Suxaranu [suxarɛ] or Limba Suxare [limba suxarɛ]) is a Solarian language spoken in southern Euclea and northern Coius. It is the official language of Suhala and is its primarily spoken language, as well as Suhalans in northern Tsabara. Many speakers of Suhalan are bilingual, typically with Etrurian, Rahelian, or Atudean. Diglossia is especially common in Suhala itself. Including the population of Suhalan-speakers outside of Suhala, Suhalan is spoken by approximately 10.2 Million people. The language has significant influence from Gaullican, Vespasian, and Rahelian, having many loanwords from these languages.

History

Suhalan is a Solarian language, descending from Solarian. Solarian was adopted relatively late into the Solarian period, and modern Suhalan possesses significant substrate influence from !Punic, with Suxaro-Suhalan having influence from !Nuragic. All varieties of Suhalan have adstratum influence from Gaullican, Rahelian, and Pardari with Tsabaro-Suhalan having more Gaullican influence in addition to influence. Suxaro-Suhalan holds significant Vespasian influence, especially on the western side of the island.

Solarian Period

Solarian was introduced to the Island around 113 BCE, when the island was first invaded by Solarian forces. Nimenese and Paleo-Suhalan were the most spoken languages prior to this, with Nimenese being prevalent on the south and eastern coasts. Some Piraean influence also existed on the west coast. The Island was slow to adopt Solarian, and its pre-existing languages stayed strong for centuries after its conquest, leading to the mockery of its inhabitants by Solarian writers who deemed them 'uncivilized'. Nevertheless, Solarian grew and by the 4th century BCE it was the majority language of the Island, with other languages relegated to secondary status in the centre and southern coast.

The Solarian of Suhala stayed much closer to Classical Solarian for much longer than other dialects, undergoing less sound changes and keeping more grammatical features, partially due to its distance from the rest of Euclea and periods of de facto self-governance. Eventually by the mid 1000s, Old Suhalan had become distinct enough from Vulgar Solarian to be considered its own language by modern linguists, although there is little consensus on when this split happened, with timescales of between the 10th to the mid-12th century having been proposed. Old Suhalan was marked by a simplification of the case system into a nominative-accusative, a genitive, and a dative which took over the functions of the Solarian locative and ablative. Old Suhalan also posessed a freer word order and less loanwords than its contemporary Solarian languages, with the main superstrate influences from Rahelian, Pardari, and Gaullican being unevenly distributed across the island.

Old Suhalan was the primary language for internal administration, commerce, and literature, meaning that there is a wealth of information on Old Suhalan. Solarian was largely used only for external communication with states in Euclea, and the Old Suhalan language held a markedly more prestigious position in Medieval Suhala than its contemporaries did in their respective areas. The earliest works in Suhalan are the Nepitagara Documents and the Sermons of St. Simjone, with Suhalan literature tracing its origins to the mid-12th century focusing on accounts of the lives of saints, rulers, or folk heroes, such as the Kanșode de Nepitu.

After the Povelian invasion of the western side of the island, the use of Suhalan as an administrative gradually declined as more and more local documents were written in Povelian. The Suhalan on the west side of the island also underwent significant influence from Povelian, adopting many of its spelling conventions and loaning many words. Suhalan on the east side, by contrast, took in far fewer loanwords. Futher dialectical differences would emerge, with Coian Suhalan, Central Suhalan, West Suhalan, and East Suhalan becoming more distinct in their phonologies and lexicons. The earliest examination of Suhalan from a linguistic perspective would be done by !Dante, defining it as an eia language, and noting that it Displays 3 vulgar languages, and remarking that Suhala's geographic qualities were the likely cause. Later Suhalan-focused analysis would mostly come in the 16 and 1700s, from both Povelian and Suhalan intellectuals.

Phonology

Suhalan has 20 consonant and 5 vowel phonemes, with a phonological inventory relatively similar to that of other Solarian languages. Its most crosslinguistically rare phonemes are the dental affricate /θ/ and the labiovelar plosives.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alveolar/Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar
Nasal		m		n
Plosive	voiceless	p	t̪			k	k͡p
	voiced	b	d̪			g	ɡ͡b
Fricative		f	θ	s	ʃ	x
Affricate	voiceless				t͡ʃ
	voiced				d͡ʒ
Approximants				l / ɹ	j		w

Notes:

• Geminate fricatives and fricatives before the liquids /l, r/ are allophonically voiced
• /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ɱ, ŋ, ŋ͡m] before consonants with their places of articulation, i.e /nf/ and /ng/ are realized as [ɱf] and [ŋg]
• /n/ and /m/ allophonically assimilate into [ŋ] after /u/ and /ɔ/
• /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ /, and /d͡ʒ/ are typically realized as [ʃʲ] and [t͡ʃʲ]  [d͡ʒʲ]
• Central Suhalan dialects replace the phonemes /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ with /ʍ/ and /w/ respectively
• Many younger speakers of Central Suhalan dialects, due to hypercorrection, often replace instances of [w] with [ɡ͡b] in situations where [w] would be correct in Standard Suhalan, i.e Standard Suhalan Vicljom becomes Qbicljom
• Many speakers of Central Suhalan dialects hypercorrect /l/ into /j/ in situations where the former would be correct in Standard Suhalan, i.e Standard Suhalan Flamba (Flame) and Falsu (Deceptive, Sneaky) becoming Fiamba and Fajsu
• In the Northwest Suhalan dialect, /d͡ʒ/ is realized as [ʎ], likely due to influence from Vespasian.

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

		Front	Central	Back
Close		i		u
Open-mid		ɛ		ɔ
Open			a

Notes:

Grammar

Suhalan is grammatically and typologically similar to other Solarian languages, and is a fusional language. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for case, gender, and number. Verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood, as well agreement with the person and number of their subject.

Pronouns

Suhalan has 6 personal pronouns that decline for 3 cases, those being the nominative, accusative, and dative. Pronouns can be cliticised, with dative pronouns being procliticised before verbs with initial vowels (written with an apostrophe '), and encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun) after nouns to indicate possession. Accusative pronouns can be encliticised (written with a hyphen "-" between the verb and pronoun). It also possesses a three-way distinction between demonstratives, proximal, medial, and distal.

Personal Pronouns

case	Number and person
	Singular					Plural
	1st	2nd	3rd M.	3rd F.	1st	2nd	3rd M.	3rd F.
Nominative	Jo	Tu	Iffe	Iffa	Nor	Bor	Iffi	Iffer
Accusative	Me	Te	Iffu	Iffa	Ne	Be	Iffor	Iffar
Dative	Mi	Ti	Si	Si	Nośre	Besdre	Sir	Sir

Demonstrative Pronouns

Case	Type and Number
	Singular			Plural
	Proximal	Medial	Distal	Proximal	Medial	Distal
Nominative	Unc/Anc	Iśśu/a	Icle/a	Or / Ar	Iśśor/ar	Iclor/ar
Oblique	Uic	Iśśi	Icli	Ir	Iśśir	Iclir

Nouns

All nouns in Suhalan are either masculine or feminine, and the gender of a noun can usually be told from its ending. However, there are nouns which have a feminine ending and follow a feminine declension pattern but are masculine, and vice verse, leading to some ambiguous situations. Suhalan posesses two grammatical numbers, the singular and plural. It also has two grammatical cases, the Nominative and the Oblique. The nominative is used for the subjects and direct objects of verbs, while the oblique is used for nouns with prepositions or the indirect objects of verbs. Nouns can be grouped into declension patterns.

Femidina I

Nouns in the Feminine I declension tend to come from the Latin 1st declension.

"House"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	kas-a	kas-ar
OBL	kas-e	kas-ir

Femidine II

Nouns in the Feminine II declension tend to come from the Latin 3rd declension.

"Tree"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	arbor-e	arbor-er
OBL	arbor-i	arbor-ipor

Masculinu I

Nouns in the Masculine I declension typically come from the Latin second declension

"Dog"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	kan-u	kan-or
OBL	kan-o	kan-ir

Masculinu II

Nouns in the Masculine II declension typically come from the Latin fourth declension. Many nouns that use the Masculine II declension are feminine, and use feminine articles and feminine adjectival agreement.

"Hand"

Case	Singular	Plural
NOM	man-u	man-or
OBL	man-ui	man-ipor

Verbs

Verbs are highly inflected, and belong to one of three conjugation patterns classified by their infinitive endings, are, ere, and ire. Suhalan is traditionally regarded to have 4 tenses, the present (presente), preterite (preśeriśu), imperfect past (imperfetu), and future (fuśuru), as well as 3 moods, the indicative (indixaśibu) , subjunctive (supjunktibu), and imperative (imperaśibu).

-are verbs

Kantare, "to Sing"
Mood	Tense & Aspect	Number and person						Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st)
		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative	Present	Kant-o	Kant-ar	Kant-at	Kant-amor	Kant-aśir	Kant-ant	I sing
	Preterite	Kant-abi	Kant-abissi	Kant-abit	Kant-abimor	Kant-abissir	Kant-aberunt	I sang (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Kant-apa	Kant-apar	Kant-apat	Kant-apamor	Kant-apaśir	Kant-apant	I was singing
	Future	Kant-apo	Kant-apir	Kant-apit	Kant-apimor	Kant-apiśir	Kant-apunt	I will sing
Subjunctive	Present	Kant-e	Kant-er	Kant-et	Kant-emor	Kant-eśir	Kant-ent	If I sing, May I sing
	Preterite	Kant-aberi	Kant-aberir	Kant-aberit	Kant-aberimor	Kant-aberiśir	Kant-aberint	If I sang (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Kant-are	Kant-arer	Kant-aret	Kant-aremor	Kant-areśir	Kant-arent	If I was singing
	Future	Kant-aperi	Kant-aperir	Kant-aperit	Kant-aperimor	Kant-aperiśer	Kant-aperint	If I will sing
Imperative	Present		Kant-a		Kant-emor	Kant-aśe		(You) sing!

-ere verbs

Sapere, "to know"
Mood	Tense & Aspect	Number and person						Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st)
		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative	Present	Sap-jo*	Sap-er	Sap-et	Sap-emor	Sap-eśir	Sap-ent	I know
	Preterite*	Sap-vi	Sap-viśśi	Sap-vit	Sap-vimor	Sap-viśśir	Sap-verunt	I knew (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Sap-epa	Sap-epar	Sap-epat	Sap-epamor	Sap-epaśir	Sap-epant	I was knowing
	Future	Sap-epo	Sap-epir	Sap-epit	Sap-epimor	Sap-epiśir	Sap-epunt	I will know
Subjunctive	Present*	Sap-ja	Sap-jar	Sap-jat	Sap-jamor	Sap-jaśir	Sap-jant	If I know, May I know
	Preterite*	Sap-veri	Sap-verir	Sap-verit	Sap-verimor	Sap-veriśir	Sap-verint	If I knew (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Sap-ere	Sap-erer	Sap-eret	Sap-eremor	Sap-ereśir	Sap-erent	If I was knowing
	Future	Sap-eperi	Sap-eperir	Sap-eperit	Sap-eperimor	Sap-eperiśir	Sap-aperint	If I will know
Imperative	Present		Sap-e		Sap-imor	Sap-eśe		(You) know!

Notes: Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively. Verbs with roots that end in k or g or a vowel will become qp qb or change the v into a b respectively when conjugated for the indicative and subjunctive preterite.

-ire verbs

Benire, "to arrive"
Mood	Tense & Aspect	Number and person						Estmerish equivalent (only sg. 1st)
		Singular			Plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative	Present	Ben-jo*	Ben-ir	Ben-it	Ben-imor	Ben-iśir	Ben-junt*	I arrive
	Preterite	Ben-ibi	Ben-ibiśśi	Ben-ibit	Ben-ibimor	Ben-ibiśśir	Ben-iberunt	I arrived (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect*	Ben-jepa	Ben-jepar	Ben-jepat	Ben-jepamor	Ben-jepaśir	Ben-jepant	I was arriving
	Future*	Ben-ja	Ben-jer	Ben-jet	Ben-jemor	Ben-jeśir	Ben-jent	I will arrive
Subjunctive	Present *	Ben-ja	Ben-jar	Ben-jat	Ben-jamor	Ben-jaśir	Ben-jant	If I arrive, May I arrive
	Preterite	Ben-iberi	Ben-iberir	Ben-iberit	Ben-iberimor	Ben-iberiśir	Ben-iberint	If I arrived (at a specific point of time)
	Imperfect	Ben-ire	Ben-irer	Ben-iret	Ben-iremor	Ben-ireśir	Ben-irent	If I was arriving
	Future	Ben-iperi	Ben-iperir	Ben-iperit	Ben-iperimor	Ben-iperiśir	Ben-iperint	if I will arrive
Imperative	Present		Ben-i		Ben-imor	Ben-iśe		(You) arrive!

Notes: Verbs with roots that end in t, d, k, or g will undergo palatalization when conjugated for the 1st person present indicative and the subjunctive preterite, becoming ș, ç, or dç respectively.

Syntax

Suhalan is a head-initial language, being typically SVO, placing adjectives after nouns, using prepositions. Its most prominent head-final syntax is the placing of indirect objects before the verb. Suhalan interrogative phrases are SOV, so while the phrase "My friend writes books" would be said (SVO) as:

• Amixu-mi ixxipet kiśapir

while the phrase "My friend writes books?" is said (with rising intonation & SOV) as:

• Amixu-mi kiśapir ixxipet?

Suhalan is also a pro-drop language, meaning that there are sentences with objects and verbs and no stated subject, like

• Bro s'ixxipjo kiśapir-mi

meaning "I write my books for him" (also note that the oblique pronoun si becomes a proclitic before the verb with an initial vowel and that the oblique pronoun mi, used as a genitive, becomes an enclitic after kiśapir, or "books" in the oblique case.

Sample Text and Vocabulary Comparison

English	Solarian	Suhalan	Etrurian	Esmeiran	Montecaran	Gaullican	Luzelese	Champanian
key	clāvem	glabe	chiave	llave	TBA	clé	chave	TBA
night	noctem	note	notte	noche	nòte	nuit	noite	TBA
sing	cantāre	kantare/-je	cantare	cantar	TBA	chanter	cantar	TBA
goat	capram	kabra	capra	cabra	TBA	chèvre	cabra	TBA
language	linguam	limba	lingua	lengua	lèngua	langue	língua	TBA
plaza	plateam	piașa	piazza	plaza	plàça, plaçà	place	praça	TBA
bridge	pontem	ponte	ponte	puente	pont/i	pont	ponte	TBA
church	ecclēsiam	eglesia	chiesa	iglesia	TBA	église	igreja	TBA
hospital	hospitālem	offiśaje	ospedale	hospital	TBA	hôpital	hospital	TBA
cheese	cāseum (fōrmāticum)	casiu, formaśixu, formadço,	cacio, formaggio	queso	TBA	fromage	queijo	TBA