Transportation in Zacapican
Transportation in Zacapican is made up of a complex web of rail lines, highways, air lines and littoral transit routes navigating the country's urban landscapes, its waterways and the terrain of the interior. Zacapican is a highly mountainous country with approximately 70% of the country's land area covered by mountain ranges including some of the tallest peaks in the world, as well as hills, canyons and other significant geological formations posing a unique challenge to the prospect of overland travel. In part because of this geographical reality, Zacapican has developed throughout its history a highly maritime pattern of development due to the relative ease in traveling by ship compared to overland travel through the mountains. As a result, 17 of the 26 most significant cities in Zacapican today are port cities with major maritime connections to one another and to the wider world, while only 9 are found further inland. There are only two major regions of Zacapican with a significant expanse of flat terrain. The first of these is the Zacaco valley in the Republic of the same name, a highly fertile valley with significant rainfall and a major system of rivers that has made the basin the most populated zone of the entire country. The second is the far larger but far more arid Meco valley, which makes up parts of the Xochicuahuico, Ayomazaco and Xallipan Republics. Due to its aridity, the Meco basin supports a far lesser density of population than its western cousin the Zacaco, with its urban centers being widely dispersed across the flatlands of the valley floor. These two regions account for all nine of the major cities of the interior, with the more mountainous regions of the country being generally less developed and sparsely populated. All of these factors combined have contributed to the form and function of the nation's transportation network.
Administratively, transportation systems in Zacapican are governed by two different Secretariats of the central government. The first is the Secretariat of Public Works, which is responsible for mobilizing manpower and engineering teams to construct new infrastructure projects and undertake any major maintenance or repair operations that may likewise require such a mobilization of resources. Asa result, the expansion of transit networks is largely reliant on such agencies of the Public Works Secretariat as the Roads, Bridges and Dams Administration, largely responsible for building critical parts of the nation's road and rail networks. However, it falls to the Secretariat of Transportation to control and maintain the transport infrastructure once it is in place through its system of subordinate agencies dedicated to the railway and highway networks, maritime travel and safety, and civilian aviation. Due to the unusual demands of labor in service to long distance transportation systems, many of the transport services of Zacapican are staffed directly by state employees outside of the normal functions of the calpolli system of labor, while the local transportation services within a city or urban zone are generally staffed by transport worker calpolli contracted by the local governments.
Waterways
The network of littoral connections between domestic destinations in Zacapican is extensive and highly developed due to the inconvenience and high cost of building major overland connections through the difficult terrain of the country's interior. It was always been cheaper and easier for the logistical network transporting goods and passengers across Zacapican to rely on ships as much as possible, driving investment in larger fleets of civilian vessels and port facilities which in turn has given even greater economic advantages to sea travel. Zacapican controls more than 60,000 islands, ranging from large and well populated insular landmasses such as Mixincayoco to a myriad of sparsely populated or totally uninhabited islands and islets. The coasts of Zacapican can be notorious difficult and dangerous to navigate due to heavy seas, powerful polar storms which hit the country on a seasonal basis, and the many thousands of rocks, sand banks and shoals posing navigational hazards to vessels traveling in the coastal waters. Charting and tracking these natural hazards of the maritime environment is the responsibility of the United Republics Oceanographic Survey, while the safe operation and proper maintenance of ships as well as the training of the crew is regulated by the Office of Maritime Safety.
The organization of marine transit services is the same as that of the fishing industry, revolving around the mariner calpolli. Within the calpollist social and economic organization of Zacapican, the vessels crewed by mariners are considered to be the central workplace of a seafarer's calpolli and are controlled collectively by the member-workers of the calpolli in a similar fashion to the collective governance of factories and other workplaces on land. Housing and shore facilities are built and governed according to the same principles as the conventional calpolli. Marine workers are unique within the calpolli system because their calpolli fully own their vessels, in contrast to the use licenses for land and facilities which are issued by the state to conventional land-based calpolli.
Ferries
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Long distance ferries are unusually common in Zacapican due to the high level of investment in marine transit infrastructure. It is commonplace for Zacapine travelers to take the ferry to another city or town on the coast even when a highway or rail connection exists between the two, particularly when the destination is relatively nearby and the voyage is shorter than one day in duration. Passenger service along the ferry lines whose routes entail multiple days at sea, such as the east-west coast connections linking the major population centers of Aztaco and the Zacaco, is much less common. Unlike metropolitan ferries such as those serving in the Angatahuaca bay urban zone, most long distance ferries are typically larger roll-on/roll-off vessels designed to load vehicles and cargo on lower decks while passengers are accommodated in the upper decks. Such dual purpose vessels serve to simplify the logistical network by integrating some freight services into the major passenger lines. Oceanic cruise lines are the only means of marine transportation to the Tochixtetl and Tapachtli islands in the eastern ocean due to their distance from the mainland, with most transportation to and from those locations now taking place mainly by air.
Freight Shipping
A majority of the goods transported in Zacapican are moved by sea aboard cargo ships traveling between the major industrial ports due to the lack of major rail connections through the interior. Ro-ro cargo vessels are by far the most common for domestic freight, typically loading cargo trailers lashed to the lower decks which can be loaded and offloaded via truck, with standard containers stacked on the main deck requiring a shore-based crane for loading and unloading. Ro-ro train ferries are also in widespread service with the commercial shipping fleet of Zacapican, transporting the cargo containers and rolling stock together in their holds as well as other types of freight carriages that could not otherwise be loaded onto a vessel. These also provide a critical link between the mainland rail network and the limited railways of the major islands such as Mixincayoco, Huitzcitlalti, Tletlaco and the Chichipan archipelago. The logistical support for island communities and minor coastal settlements lacking access to established commercial ports depends on lo-lo cargo ships with their own loading cranes mounted onto the vessel, allowing vital goods to be loaded and offloaded with only minimal shore facilities. The superheavy container carriers of the type common in high seas shipping are almost unheard of in domestic freight transportation in Zacapican and are mainly used in the international maritime trade network into which only a few Zacapine ports are integrated. Besides commercial cargo and conventional goods, raw materials vital to the economy are also mainly transported by sea in bulk carriers and tanker ships with only a small portion of such resources moving by rail, typically from the mining communities of the Zacapine hinterland to the nearest port to connect with the wider industrial supply chain.