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| National Program of Reform Through Labor | |
|---|---|
 Rồng Xanh Labor Camp | |
| Location | Nainan |
| Date | 1959-1990 |
| Target | Political opponents, ethnic minorities, religious minorities, foreigners, women |
Attack type | Ethnic cleansing, politicide, genocide, forced labor, forced education, forced relocation, religious persecution, forced prostitution |
| Deaths | 200,000-1,200,000 |
| Perpetrators | People's Army of Solidary and Longevity, Van Dieu, Ministry of Public Security |
| Motive | Modernisation, internal stability, and re-education |
The National Program of Reform Through Labor (章程改革國家樁戈勞動; Chương trình Cải cách Quốc gia Thông qua Lao động), shortened as the Cailao (革勞), was a three-decade program of modernization, penal punishment, and re-education in Nainan started during the Nainese Civil War and ending in 1990 as a part of political reform. It was made for the purpose of modernizing the country and reforming political dissidents through labor camps and re-education. It would use means of forced labor, genocide, politicide, religious persecution, forced relocation, and forced prostitution. It targeted groups like political groups such as socialists, liberals, monarchists, and reformists. It also targeted minority groups such as the Nyaram, Danok, Ryo, and Makhao Kasi. It targeted religious minorities such as Sotirians, Irfan, and new religious movements. It would create camps such as labor camps, re-education camps, and pleasure camps. By the end of the program in 1990 the country had economically rose in status in Coius, however estimates of up to one million died due to the program. It is considered a genocide in many states around the world, while in Nainan it is considered to be a successful campaign.
Background
Civil War
Nainan was ruled for nearly a century by Werania, it was apart of the High Commissariat of the Coral Sea, it would be industrialized somewhat, and much of it's resources were sent out of the country during colonial rule. The Kingdom of Nainan would gain independence peacefull in 1953, Werania would still have much political and economic influence on the country, with companies and advisors remaining. The Nainan People's Solidarity and Longevity was founded in 1955 by Hoàng Viện Trai, with the goal of further separating themselves from Weranian influence. Socialist movements apart of the Nainese Section of the Workers' International were gaining popularity as well as the NPSL, in 1956 the Nainese Civil War broke out, the monarchy was overthrown and the country left between the nationalists of the NPSL and socialists of the NSWI. Both factions had already begun plans to modernize Nainan after their victory, and during the war in both the Harmonious Republic and People's Republic were public housing built.
The war was mostly a stalemate until around 1961, but during the stalemate the NPSL began their program to modernize the country and re-education political prisoners. General Nguyễn Minh Trí was the chief proponant of this plan which would begin to used in POW camps for socialist forces captured by the nationalists.
POW camps
The nationalist forces would begin to use POW as sites for testing future plans for modernization and penal systems. During the war many socialists were captured, especially towards the end of the war. Many were executed during the war.
POW camps would become used for forced labor, as part of a promise for prisoners to be used in exchanges, they had to built entire camps themselves to get that opportunity. The camps would also be used for the begin of re-education programs, with the goal of enforcement the ideology of Tự Ý Chí. Nguyễn Minh Trí would say that "prisoners are war are toughened, they are able to withstand much. To test what we plan for the future of Nainan this war has given us an opportunity."
Early campaign
Labor camps
Many POW camps would be expanded after the end of the civil war and became penal labor camps for political opponents and those deemed as enemies of the regime. These camps would use the idea of "Reform through labor" (改革樁戈勞動; Cải cách Thông qua Lao động), where the abbrevation "Cailao" is derived from. The official name of these camps are "Place of Custody" (尼𪾋𪧚; Nơi giam giữ).The tasks given to people sent to these camps included farming, sewing, manufacturing, building, and landscaping. These camps became known as for the use of violence towards their prisoners, they were nicknamed "hell prisons" by a defector guard from one of the prisons. During the 60s and 70s it is said that the death rate for those imprisoned in these camps was around 30% to 45%, as conditions were considered poor.
The actual number of labor camps in Nainan is unknown, there were estimated possibly around 300 labor camps at the program's height in the 1970s. The largest and most infamous of these prisons was Rồng Xanh Labor Camp, where it is said that over 10,000 were imprisoned.
Re-education camps
Alongside the labor camps in Nainan, there were re-education facilities built by the regime meant to indoctrinate, get forced confessions, and teach Nainese culture to minority groups. These were known as Re-Education Camps (; Trại Cải Tạo)
