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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Bastarneian
| name = Bastarneian
| nativename = ''Bastjaniska''
| nativename = ''Bășciâinesc''
| pronunciation = [bastjanʲɪskɐ]
| pronunciation = [bəʃˈtʃɨjnesk]
| states = [[Bastarneia]], {{wpl|Ukraine}}
| states = [[Bastarneia]], {{wpl|Ukraine}}
| region =  
| region =  
| ethnicity = [[Bastarneians]]
| ethnicity = [[Bastarneians]]
| speakers = {{circa}} {{sigfig|3.2|2}} million<br>{{wpl|Second language|L2}}: {{nowrap|{{circa}} 200 thousand}}
| speakers = {{circa}} 9.7 million
| date = 2018
| date = 2018
| ref =  
| ref =  
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| ancestor2 =  
| ancestor2 =  
| ancestor3 =  
| ancestor3 =  
| dialects        = [[Ulich dialect|Ulich]]
| dialects        = [[Pannonian dialect|Pannonian]]
| script = {{wpl|Latin script|Latin}} ([[Bastarneian alphabet]])
| script = {{wpl|Latin script|Latin}} ([[Bastarneian alphabet]])
| nation = [[File:War flag of the Hellenic Army.svg|22px]] [[Bastarneia]]
| nation = [[File:War flag of the Hellenic Army.svg|22px]] [[Bastarneia]]
Line 33: Line 33:
}}
}}


'''Bastarneian''' (/bæstɑː(ɹ)nɪən/; Bastarneian: ''Bastjaniska'' <small>pronounced</small> [bastjanʲɪskɐ]) is an {{wpl|East Germanic languages|East Germanic}} language spoken in [[Bastarneia]]. Along with the recently-extinct {{wpl|Crimean Gothic}}, it constitutes the only group of East Germanic languages to have survived into the modern era.
'''Bastarneian''' (/bæstɑː(ɹ)nɪən/; Bastarneian: ''Bășciâinesc'' <small>pronounced</small> [bəʃˈtʃɨjnesk]) is an {{wpl|East Germanic languages|East Germanic}} language spoken in [[Bastarneia]]. Along with the recently-extinct {{wpl|Crimean Gothic}}, it constitutes the only group of East Germanic languages to have survived into the modern era.


Most modern Germanic languages have greatly reduced levels of inflection, particularly in the realm of noun declension. In contrast, Bastarneian retains a four-case synthetic grammar comparable to but significantly more conservative and synthetic than German. The conservatism of the Bastarneian language and its resultant near-isomorphism to {{wpl|Gothic language|Gothic}} means that modern Bastarneians can easily read Gothic texts such as the {{wpl|Gothic Bible|Wulfila Bible}} and the {{wpl|Skeireins}}.
Most modern Germanic languages have greatly reduced levels of inflection, particularly in the realm of noun declension. In contrast, Bastarneian retains a three-case synthetic grammar comparable to but slightly divergent from German.


The majority of Bastarneian speakers live in [[Bastarneia]], though nearly 419 thousand live in {{wpl|Ukraine}}, 162 thousand live in {{wpl|Romania}}, and a further 156 thousand reside in {{wpl|Russia}}. Smaller diaspora communities can be found throughout the {{wpl|Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS}} as well as in the {{wpl|United Kingdom}} and {{wpl|United States}}.
The majority of Bastarneian speakers live in [[Bastarneia]], though nearly 419 thousand live in {{wpl|Ukraine}}, 162 thousand live in {{wpl|Romania}} and {{wpl|Moldova}}, and a further 156 thousand reside in {{wpl|Russia}}. Smaller diaspora communities can be found throughout the {{wpl|Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS}} as well as in the {{wpl|United Kingdom}} and {{wpl|United States}}.


The state funded [[Bastarneian Academy]] serves as a centre for preserving medieval Bastarneian manuscripts and studying the language and its literature.
The state funded [[Bastarneian Academy]] serves as a centre for preserving medieval Bastarneian manuscripts and studying the language and its literature.
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==Dialects==
==Dialects==
Standard Bastarneian (''Reikjabastjaniska'') is the language based on the dialects spoken in and around the capital of {{wpl|Chișinău|Kisjanaus}}. Unlike many other languages, Bastarneian does not have more than one regional speech norm within Bastarneia itself. Nearly 25% of the population resides in the capital city, and most government agencies, institutions, and major businesses keep their main offices in Kisjanaus, which has resulted in a very homogeneous speech norm.
Bastarneian dialects can be divided into the traditional dialects, which differ from modern Standard Bastarneian in both phonology and grammar, and the Bastarneian accents or regional languages, which are local varieties of the standard language distinguished mostly by pronunciation or local vocabulary coloured by traditional dialects.
Bastarneian traditional dialects are divided into three main dialect areas:
* Bessarabian (''Basarabiska''), which includes much of the area of modern Bastarneia as well as the varieties along both banks of the Dniester. The Standard Variety is based on Bessarabian with little input from the other traditional dialects.
* [[Ulich dialect|Ulich]] (''Uliska'' or ''Podolska''), also known as ''Ukraino-Bastarneian'' or ''Podolian'', covering those traditional dialects spoken in the region of {{wpl|Podolia}} in modern {{wpl|Ukraine}}.
* Budjak (''Aspironska'' or ''Budjaska''), spoken in the southern part of Bastarneia and the Ukrainian oblast of {{wpl|Odessa Oblast|Odessa}}.
The Bessarabian and Budjak dialects largely overlap and form a relatively smooth continuum; the [[Ulich dialect]], however, is heavily divergent and is quite difficult for speakers of the Standard variety or the other two traditional dialects to understand.
===Verbal aspect===
===Syntax===
===Nominal cases===
===Phonetic divergences===
====Rhotacism====
====Elision of final /n/====


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
{{main|Bastarneian grammar}}


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Line 92: Line 70:
==Writing system==
==Writing system==


The Bastarneian alphabet is notable for its addition of {{wpl|Thorn (letter)|Þ, þ}} (''þaurnus'', "thorn"). In historical spelling, the letter {{wpl|Hwair|Ƕ, ƕ}} (''hwair'' or ''ƕair'') can also be found, although both standard Bastarneian orthography and general usage prescribe the digraph ''hw'' for the corresponding sound [hʷ] or [ʍ]. The complete Bastarneian alphabet is:
===Bastarneian Cyrillic===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="table-layout: fixed; width: 50em; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" colspan="24" | '''Majuscule forms''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
|-
| A || B || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || W || X || Z || Þ
|-
! style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" colspan="24" | '''Minuscule forms''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
|-
| a || b || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || w || x || z || þ
|}


Along with {{wpl|Icelandic language|Icelandic}}, Bastarneian is one of only two living languages to utilise the letter {{wpl|Thorn (letter)|Þ, þ}}.
From the 869 to 1362, then again from 1940 to 1989, Bastarneian was primarily written in the Bastarneian Cyrillic alphabet.

Latest revision as of 03:49, 10 August 2019

Bastarneian
Bășciâinesc
Pronunciation[bəʃˈtʃɨjnesk]
Native toBastarneia, Ukraine
EthnicityBastarneians
Native speakers
c. 9.7 million (2018)
Early form
DialectsPannonian
Latin (Bastarneian alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
War flag of the Hellenic Army.svg Bastarneia
Regulated byBastarneian Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Bastarneian (/bæstɑː(ɹ)nɪən/; Bastarneian: Bășciâinesc pronounced [bəʃˈtʃɨjnesk]) is an East Germanic language spoken in Bastarneia. Along with the recently-extinct Crimean Gothic, it constitutes the only group of East Germanic languages to have survived into the modern era.

Most modern Germanic languages have greatly reduced levels of inflection, particularly in the realm of noun declension. In contrast, Bastarneian retains a three-case synthetic grammar comparable to but slightly divergent from German.

The majority of Bastarneian speakers live in Bastarneia, though nearly 419 thousand live in Ukraine, 162 thousand live in Romania and Moldova, and a further 156 thousand reside in Russia. Smaller diaspora communities can be found throughout the CIS as well as in the United Kingdom and United States.

The state funded Bastarneian Academy serves as a centre for preserving medieval Bastarneian manuscripts and studying the language and its literature.

History

Language of the Bastarnae

Podolian period (4th century—1257)

Middle Bastarneian (1257—1650)

Modern Bastarneian

Legal status and recognition

The 1989 state language law of the former Bastarneian Soviet Socialist Republic declared that Bastarneian, written in the Latin script, was the sole state language, intending it to serve as a primary means of communication among all citizens of the republic. Until 1989 Bastarneian was written in the Cyrillic alphabet in official and public contexts.

In 1991, the Declaration of Independence of Bastarneia named the official language as Bastarneian; the 1994 Constitution of Bastarneia establishes Bastarneian as "the official language in Bastarneia".

Dialects

Phonology

Grammar

Main article: Bastarneian grammar

Vocabulary

Linguistic purism

Writing system

Bastarneian Cyrillic

From the 869 to 1362, then again from 1940 to 1989, Bastarneian was primarily written in the Bastarneian Cyrillic alphabet.

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