Camia

Republic of Camia Camia, 昭昌
Flag
Motto: vis et voluntas /wiːs ɛt woluntaːs/ strength and will
Anthem: Blood of our forefathers
Map of Camia
Capital	Cooking / Tiung-kyaeng (中京)
Official languages	Tyrannian, Shinasthana
Demonym(s)	Camian
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	A.B.
• Vice President	C.D.
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Commons
Independence from Themiclesia  (Sept. 29, 1703)
• Din dynasty	1701
• First Republic	1745
• Second Republic	1823
• Military dictatorship	1899
• Second Republic restored	1915
Population
• 2017 estimate	19,254,200 (31)
• Density	69/km2 (178.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2018 estimate
• Total	$758,394,000,000 (36)
• Per capita	$39,894 (17)
GDP (nominal)	2018 estimate
• Total	$690,188,000,000 (31)
• Per capita	$36,315 (21)
Currency	hyan (緍) (HYA)
Time zone	UTC+2
Date format	yyyy-mm-dd
Driving side	right
Calling code	+3
Internet TLD	.cm

The Republic of Camia is a country on the western coast of the Halu'an Sea, in the western part of the continent Hemithea. It borders Suularko to the north and Novnoebiya to the west. The county has 19.25 million inhabitants, and its capital city, Tiung-kyaeng, is situated to the northeast.

Name

The capital city's name, Cooking, is an imprecise transliteration of the Themiclesian name Tiung-kyaeng (中京, lit. "middle capital"). Tiung-kyaeng was originally named Yen-k'ang (延康, lit. "prolong prosperity") under the Din Dynasty and the First Republic. It is a popular myth that the original name references the name of the Themiclesian capital Kien-k'ang (建康, lit. "establish properity"), signifying a cultural tie with Themiclesia, the metrepole of Camia during the colonial period. But Yen-k'ang, long before being capital city of Camia, already bore that name, so it is unlikely this name was chosen to depict Camia as a successor to Themiclesia. Nevertheless, this myth was taken as fact during the Revolution of 1799 and changed to Tiung-kyaeng, to sever the semantic connection to Themiclesia.

History

Themiclesian rule

Under the direction of Emperor Tjaw-mjen (孟昭文帝, mrangh-tjaw-mjen-têgh, reigned 620 – 632) of the restored Meng Dynasty (孟, 543–752), Themiclesia began to fortify the trade routes its merchants treaded, establishing fortresses along them. During this period, these fortifications did not, generally, imply control over territory beyond the routes. In the following Dzêi Dynasty (齊, 752 – 1020), these fortifications were used to establish military dominance over aboriginal societies in their vicinities. In 815, a marshalling of fortress troops overwhelmed the aboriginal coalition decisively at modern-day Keuruu, which affirmed Themiclesia's political control of the continent. In reference to contrasting architecture, many natives named Themiclesians the "People of the Wide House". Later in the Dzêi Dynasty, the continent was split into two "routes", centred on the paths of trade: the area east of the Camian Mountains was called the Left Route, and west of it, the Right Route. In contrast with the Meng policy of appeasement and gift-exchanging, the Dzêi regarded hostile aboriginal as non-human and permitted its forces, locally, to do whatever they wanted with them. This was highly unconventional for the Themiclesian court, which generally prohibited regional military commanders from opening war autonomously.

Colonial administration

In the 14th century, the Yi dynasty of Menghe expelled Themiclesians from their colonial possessions in Meridia, through the naval battles at Portucllia (1325) and Dubh (1352), and forced Themiclesia formally to give up military ventures in the Meridian Ocean after the Siege of Kien-k'ang (1385). Limited to Columbia for development, the court decided that a regular army was needed to address Casaterran incursions on the continent they still controlled, settlement insufficient to sustain a militia. In 1430, Themiclesian conscripted into the army felons, with the promise of pardon and large tracts of land in the continent, for 20 years of military service. While the effectiveness of such an army was questionable, gradually the lure of unopened land attracted ordinary Themiclesians to enlist, mostly the tenants and dispossessed. This army was merged into the system of fortifications that dotted the trade routes, which had begun to expand into communities founded by unsanctioned settlement. The Bureau of Ports and Passes and the Secretary of State for Commerce retained jurisdiction over the integrated Colonial Army. The recent cession of ′an-gar (安和) to Hallia may also have been the military impetus for firmer administration to impede Hallian expansion. As the Bureau of Ports and Passes originally administered modern Camia, the Colonial Army was entrusted with both its protection and administration. Though conceptually a military (or at least militarized) colony, many Themiclesians illicitly left their homes for free land in Camia, amounting to as many as 700,000 there, by 1500. The colony was formally divided into 21 counties in 1506, conceding to the existence of large agricultural and commercial communities.

While Camia was geographically disparate from Themiclesia, the government never established a prefecture in Camia, leaving the counties answering directly to the central government. The militia in Themiclesia was organized by prefecture and, during peace, subordinate to the prefectural magistrate, but Colonial Army operated without civil oversight from Camian county magistrates. This has been connected to the Colonial Army's later hubris towards Camian government, disregarding the civil administration as something it had made possible, rather than was to serve. As settlement by Sylvans, Hallians, and later Anglians intensified, the 17th century was one of increasing autonomy for Camia. Military decisions and supplies required immediately, resources from local bodies were increasingly diverted to the Colonial Army rather than the Themiclesian exchequer; the latter were made up for in other taxes. Dissatisfied with demands from the central government, many colonists believed that they were over-taxed compared to subjects in the metropole. Families originating from the initial settlement of soldiers also protested that the government promised the ten kw'rjiang of land would be tax-free, since the soldiers were deemed exiles after service.

Indepenence

In the 1600s, Anglians began to arrive in significant numbers on the west coast of the Halu'an Sea. While the majority of them settled south of modern-day Camia, a portion found their way into the more settled regions. They may have preferred access to a relatively stable and mature governance that was not, in most places, hostile to settlers from a different culture; Anglians could register their lands, on condition that they pay the same taxes as the Themiclesians did, and receive the same protection. Furthermore, the presence of the Colonial Army meant that Anglians did not need to participate in a militia like their southern cousins did, and they were also not required to take an oath of allegiance to the Themiclesian crown; their allegiance, under Themiclesian law, was deemed good as they remitted taxes. They did not, however, fully integrate into Themiclesian society; instead, they formed homogeneous communities and practiced their peculiar religions. Interaction with Themiclesian authorities was by interpretation, but such instances were understood to be infrequent. While Themiclesia sent magistrates centrally, most disputes were not tabled before the magistrate's justiciar; accredited communal aldermen resolved most civil disputes and misdemeanours. Themiclesian control over Anglian communities was weak beyond the annual tax assessment.

Politics

Camia is a unitary, presidential republic. The structure of government was laid out in the Act of Parliament, 1934 in consequence of the Great Revolution that dissolved the military dictatorship and restored the Second Republic, which then dissolved itself by that Act and constituted the Third Republic. Under the Second Republic, Parliament was sovereign, and that the act was passed unanimously in both the House of Commons and the Senate, it was thought to be the only body having the necessary power to alter the structure of government and lay down a new constitution. However, questions then arose regarding future amendments to the constitution, if the original body passing it and setting the precedent no longer existed. Subsequently, in 1935, a plebescite was called to affirm the Act of Parliament, 1934 and a number of other legislations before it that were deemed to be constitutionally significant; amongst them were the Bill of Rights of 1757, the Local Government Act, 1824, the Constitutional Act, 1838, the Bribery Act, 1844, the Judicature Act, 1850, the Members of Parliament Act, 1856, and the Representation of the People Act, 1859. Then the constitution was codified into its modern form in 1951.

The president and vice president are together directly elected by electors under universal suffrage and serves fixed-length terms of six years; there are no statutory limits on how many terms a president may serve consecutively or in total. The candidature with most votes becomes president and vice president, regardless of the actual share of votes he receives. Candidates for the presidency and vice presidency must be at least 40 years of age and an elector. The president is head of state and government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, issues ordinances (secondary legislation), appoints civil and military officers, and oversees the executive branch.

The legislature of Camia is bicameral, with a higher house called the Senate and a lower house called the House of Assembly. The terms "higher house" and "lower house" are statutory. Each of Camia's 17 prefectures elects two senators for a fixed term of six years. The Assembly is composed of members elected under the first-past-the-post system in single-seat constituencies, each with around 100,000 people. Members serve terms of three years. There is no limit on re-election for members of either house. Both houses are co-equal in their powers, except the Senate may not propose or reject bills of supply. Both houses elects their own officers, sets its own agenda and rules, and punishes offenders of its rules. Both are quorate with half of all members present. Bills must obtain the support of both houses to become statute. Once passed, the President may decide to return the bill for further discussion; if the legislature pass the bill again with a 2/3 majority, the president must promulgate the bill and enforce it.

The judicature of Camia consists of the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court, and other courts. Judges and masters (a class of officials who maintain court records) are appointed for life and protected against arbitrary dismissal and reductions in remuneration by the executive; however, they can be imprisoned by higher courts for misbehaviour, without losing their status or income as judges or masters. Statutes maintain that certain qualifications are necessary for the bench, including standards of personal character. The Supreme Court has original and appellate jurisdiction in all civil and criminal suits, while the Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction over the Supreme Court. In certain cases where the Court of Appeal may reserved a question of law for the Senate, which may resolve it by a 2/3 majority. The Supreme Court has three benches of six justices each; each case heard by the Supreme Court is decided by one bench. If an appeal is sought, the two benches uninovlved compose of the Court of Appeal and make a decision by simple majority. The head of the Supreme Court is the Chief Justice, and other members, Puisne Justices; when hearing cases as the Court of Appeal, the titles are Chief or Puisne Justice of Appeal.