(Created page with "{{WIP}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sacred Ecclesiastical State | native_name = ''Sacris Status Ecclesiasticus''<br>''Sacro Stato Ecclesiastico'' |common_name...")
| conventional_long_name = Sacred Ecclesiastical State
| conventional_long_name = Most Serene and Auspicious Republic of Cavarzere
| native_name = ''Sacris Status Ecclesiasticus''<br>''Sacro Stato Ecclesiastico''
|native_name = Serenìsima è Auspixio Repùblica Cavarsère
|common_name = Fabria
|common_name = Cavarzere
|image_flag = FabriaPoveglia.png
|image_flag = Flag of Cavarzere.png
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|image_coat = PJuliusCoA.png
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Cavarzere.png
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|symbol_type = Coat of Arms
|symbol_type = Coat of Arms
|national_motto = {{unbulleted list|Pacem Christi in Regno Christi|{{small|''Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ''}}}}
|national_motto = {{unbulleted list|Patria cedit Mare|{{small|The Sea yields to the Fatherland}}}}
|national_anthem =''Noi vogliam Dio, Vergine Maria''<br><small>We want God, Virgin Mary</small><br>[[File:MediaPlayer.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1qwA6ULgqs|210px]]
|national_anthem = {{unbulleted list| Na Bandiera, na Léngoa, na Storia|{{small|''One Flag, one Language, one History''}}}}
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|image_map = Map of the ES on Belisaria.png
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|map_caption = Location of the '''Ecclesiastical State''' (dark green)<br>– in Belisaria (dark grey)<br>– in the [[Belisarian Community]] (light green)
The '''Sacred Ecclesiastical State''' ({{wp|Sorrentine Latin|Latin}}: Sacris Status Ecclesiasticus; {{wp|Italian|Common Fabrian}} Sacro Stato Ecclesiastico), commonly known as '''Fabria''' is a sovereign {{wp|Absolute Monarchy|Absolute Theocracy}} in southern [[Belisaria]]. It borders [[Latium]] to the west and [[Lihnidos]] to the north. The Ecclesiastical State shares a maritime border with [[Sydalon]] through the [[Sancti Aventini|Extraterritorial Diocese of Saint Aventine]], a small island 14km off Sydalon. With 9.8 million inhabitants it is the smallest nation in Belisaria and the [[Belisarian Community]] in terms of population and total area. Its capital and largest city is [[Fabria]].
'''Cavarzere''' ({{wp|Venetian language|Cavarzerian}}: Cavarsère), officially the '''Most Serene and Auspicious Republic of Cavarzere''' ({{wp|Venetian language|Cavarzerian}}: Serenìsima è Auspixio Repùblica Cavarsère) is a {{wp|unitary}} {{wp|elective monarchy|elective constitutional monarchy}}, located in southern [[Belisaria]]. The country covers an area of 56,928 km2 (21,980 sq mi) and shares open land borders with [[Latium]] to the west and [[Lihnidos]] to the north, and is bound by the Gulf of Cavarzere to the south. Cavarzere has a maritime territory on the islands of [[Dorsoduro]] off the coast of [[Scipia]] and east of [[Sydalon]]. With around 9.8 million inhabitants, it is the smallest member state of the [[Belisarian Community]].
It is an ecclesiastical state (a type of theocracy) ruled by the Bishop of Fabria– the [[Pope of the Fabrian Catholic Church|Pope]]. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins. Since the creation of the Catholic Church, they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now the Pomerium Sacrae, although at times residing instead in the Aventine Palace just east of the Vatican or elsewhere.
History...
The Ecclesiastical State is distinct from the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes), which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. The independent nation-state, on the other hand, came into existence in 1860 through the Latin Donation between the Holy See and [[Latium]]. According to the terms of the treaty, the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction over the territory gifted".
Today, Cavarzere has the Xth largest economy in the world. As an advanced economy the country is home to high human development and life expectancy. Despite its size, the country plays a major role in regional and global cultural, political, religious and diplomatic affairs. It is a member of the [[Belisarian Community]], the [[Perilcean Forum]] and the [[Organization of Latin States]].
Since its creation, the Ecclesiastical State has become a major religious and cultural centre for Belisaria and the global, housing sites such as St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Museums, as well as various medieval and renaissance era cities and towns, as such Fabria is home to some of the world's most famous paintings and sculptures. Throughout much of its history, the Ecclesiastical State has dealt with numerous crises, including the rise of liberalism, socialism and efforts for a secular democracy; culminating in the [[Magna Certamen]] (1911-1918), [[Arduus Redemptio]] (1929-1931) and the [[1990-1992 Fabrian Protests]]. Despite its struggles, the Ecclesiastical State throughout the 20th century saw rapid development politically, socially and economically, despite its size it stands as one of the most developed and wealthy states in Belisaria, owing to pragmatic and technocratic economic policy.
Today, the Ecclesiastical State has the Xth largest economy in the world. As an advanced economy the country is home to high human development and life expectancy. Despite its size, the country plays a major role in regional and global cultural, political, religious and diplomatic affairs. It is a member of the [[Belisarian Community]], the [[Perilcean Forum]] and the [[Organization of Latin States]].
== History ==
== History ==
===Pre-history===
== Geography ==
===Classical===
===Middle ages ===
===Early modern ===
=== Latin Donation===
=== Establishment===
====Political tensions====
{{Main|General League for an Independent Fabria}}
Immediately after the Donation was officiated and the Ecclesiastical State was established, resistance to temporal rule by the [[Fabrian Magisterium]] escalated. [[Emmanuele D'Alessandro]], a prominent Fabrian nationalist, who for decades prior had argued for an independent Fabrian Republic, established the [[General League for an Independent Fabria]] in Santa Cecilia. [[Pope Leo X]], immediately proscribed the League in a letter to the Magisterium. However, the League continue to meet regularly across northern Fabria, drawing much support from liberal-minded aristocrats who remained in the new state following the Donation. The Church found that the Donation was not supported by Latin nobles residing in the Ecclesiastical State, especially in that the Donation ended all Imperial jurisdiction and protection. Tensions between the Magisterium and the aristocracy was more profound in the north, where estates were larger and more agricultural than those in the south. Tensions were not aided in many Cardinals demanding that estates be appropriated by the Magisterium to be re-distributed to loyal Catholic nobles.
[[File:Giuseppe Garibaldi (1866).jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Emmanuele D'Alessandro]] was the most prominent Fabrian Nationalist and the leader of the League for an Independent Fabria. He would later lead the revolt against the Papacy, and be executed following the defeat of his forces.]]
Pope Leo X, eager not to provoke a crisis, refused land redistribution, much to the chagrin of Cardinal Leonardo Vosci and Cardinal Maximus Copernius. The Pope however, sought to divide the nobles from D’Alessandro by meeting with the Northern Families (Famiglie del Nord) at a conference in the city of Blessed Pomeria. He promised them that their lands would not be confiscated, and they would be left to run their estates as they saw fit, though if they continued to support D’Alessandro this would be put into doubt. The Pope’s threat ostensibly backfired as they responded by granting the League monetary donations and safehouses on their estates.
[[File:SantaCeciliaRevolt.png|250px|thumbnail|left|Painting of the Santa Cecilia Revolt.]]
On December 14 1860, Cardinal Mauro Terraciano visited a workhouse in Santa Cecilia where he was assassinated by a League member. Simone Gentiloni was promptly detained and executed by hanging. The assassination of Cardinal Terraciano was the first such attack on a Cardinal in over a century, the response was profound. Hundreds of thousands protested against the League in southern Fabria, demanding the execution of D’Alessandro, Pope Leo X struggled to calm the situation, with a speech from the Balcony of Saint Peter’s Basilica failing to persuade the crowd to forgive Gentiloni.
On December 24, six members of the [[Poor-Men of the Faith]], an informal vigilante group in the north attacked a small meeting of the League in the town of Caporella, they beat members and dragged a landed aristocrat out onto the street, stripped him and placed him on a donkey. The incident enflamed the Latin aristocracy who immediately halted their monthly payments to Magisterium through the “Good Works Fund.” Under pressure from the Curia, Pope Leo X announced that a failure by aristocrats to uphold their commitments to the Magisterium would result in detention. On January 3 1861, the Magisterium directed the Inquisition to arrested the aristocrats involved in the protest. Count Lucius Ventilius was arrested at his home, while Count Hadrian Fabrius with the assistance of armed League members resisted arrest – three Inquisition officers were killed in the gunfight.
Cavarzere is the Xth largest region in [[Belisaria]], with a total area of 56,928 km2 (21,980 sq mi). It is located in the southern Belisaria, bordered by [[Latium]] to the west and north-west, [[Lihnidos]] to the north and north-east and the Gulf of Cavarzere to the south.
On January 5, First Cardinal-Secretary Romulus Augustinius announced that the League would be banned, and its leadership detained for the “criminals acts against the Holy Mother Church.” On January 6, in a widely attended speech at the Basilica, Pope Leo X officially excommunicated Emmanuele D’Alessandro. The same day, he gave a speech in central Santa Cecilia proclaiming the excommunication to be his “freeing from slavery.” That night League led riots destroyed all the churches in Santa Cecilia and the Basilica of the Holy Spirit was set ablaze. The Papacy responded by mobilising the Ecclesiastical Army.
Much of Cavarzere exists within the Łivensa Basin, as such it is dominated by hills and flatlands. However, by area, 29% of its surface is mountainous, comprised mostly of the Rovolon mountains, in the north along the border with Latium. The highest massif in the Rovolons is the Rivodolmo-massif at 3,342 m (10,965 ft). Other rovolonic peaks are the Tri Žima di Dobbiaco and the Sass Màor. A distinctive characteristic of the Rovolon peaks are the cave formations, including chasms and sink holes; the Bocca de Terra, situated in the Žima Cajari chain in the comun of Froxinon, has an explored depth of 997 m (3,271 ft), being the deepest cave in Cavarzere. Fossil deposits are also abundant there.
====Il Battesimo====
The Łivensa Basin, covering 57% of Cavarzere, extends from the mountains to the Gulf of Cavarzere, broken only by some low hills: San Lorenzso Hills, Canpanièl Hills Colli Arxento and Silensiose, which constitute the remaining 14% of the territory. The plain itself is subdivided into the higher plain (gravel-strewn and not very fertile) and the lower plain (rich in water sources and arable terrain). The lower plain is both a mainstay of agricultural production and the most populated part of the region.
{{Main|Il Battesimo}}
Following the mobilisation of the Pope’s forces, the League under D’Alessandro sought out financial assistance, owing to the Latin Aristocrats limited number, he turned to the former merchant-rulers of Schiavenna. Eager to avenge the loss of their territory following the Latin-Schiavennian War, the merchants ploughed vast sums of money and imported weapons into the League.
Several rivers flow through the region: the Bresanvido, Àdexe, Trichiana, Limana, and Pialdier. Western Cavarzere is dominated by Lake Solarolo, which has a 200km long shore, 134km of which is sand or gravel beach.
[[File:Battaglia di Montebello (1859).jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Battle of Castra Vetera.]]
In response to the mobilisation, D’Alessandro called upon “proud Fabrians” to rise up and defend the opportunity for freedom. Across the north, chapters of the League distributed arms to workers, peasants and nobles alike who yearned for an independent and secular republic, while in the south Cardinals raised up militias from their dioceses to aid the Papal Army. On January 24, Pope Leo X declared D’Alessandro and the League “enemies of the Faith and butchers of Christs’ servants”, he also demanded that they cease arming themselves. The Pope’s demand was ignored and by February, the League boasted 5,000 armed fighters.
The first clash between the League and the Papacy took place in the village of San Francesco della Viari, where the League attempted to seize the village, due to its position overlooking the main road linking Santa Cecilia to the town of Assoluzione. The League was opposed by 20 armed members of the Poor-Men of the Faith, in the ensuing battle, all 20 Poor-Men were killed or captured, to 11 Nationalists. The town was captured and allowed the League to dispatch a sizeable force to secure Assoluzione.
The coast of Cavarzere is characterised by the Cavarzerian Lagoon, a flat terrain with ponds, marshes and islands. The Àdexe Delta to the south features sandbars and dunes along the coastline. The inland portion contains cultivable land recently reclaimed by a system of canals and dykes. Fish ponds have been created there as well. The delta and the lagoon are a stopping-point for migratory birds.
Following the fall of Assoluzione, the city was renamed to Nouvo Fabria and proclaimed the capital of the [[Fabrian Republic]]. The Papacy appointed Guilio Cesare Venturi Captain-General of its forces and ordered him to restore Papal authority. He marched his forces north along the western and eastern borders, with the bulk advancing north toward Castra Vetera. The first clash was the [[Battle of Castra Honoris]], which was a Papal victory. This was followed by a Nationalist victory at the [[Battle of Ventino]], which halted the Papist advance in the west. March saw the instigation of the Blockade of Schiavenna, denying the nationalists supplies from abroad and much of its much-needed revenues from the city’s merchants.
File:Lago_di_Alleghe,_Belluno,_Italy.jpg|Lake Solarolo within the Rivodolmo
File:RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg|Landscape of the central Łivensa Basin
File:Adige_Verona_2010.JPG|The Àdexe river running through [[Chievo]]
File:Tre_Cime_Misurina.JPG|The Tri Žima di Dobbiaco
File:CaxadeLaguna.png|The [[Caxa de Łaguna]] on the Cavarzerian Lagoon
File:Hidden_Beach_(15093910956).jpg|A hidden beach along the non-Lagoon coast
</gallery>
In May, the two sides clashed at the [[Battle of Castra Vetera]], a major victory for the Papists who halted the rebel advance south toward the “granary of the nation”, in the form of vast swathes of fertile farmland. Following the battle the Papists altered their strategy to a defensive one, in order to “bleed the heretics white.” No major battle took place for the rest of 1860. However, in the autumn of 1860, the rebels under Count Alessandro della Rovini crossed the Volverra River, in one of the most audacious river crossings of the 19th century. The surprise move allowed the rebels to capture Fiuminata and open the Via Fratellanza, which gave them access to supplies and funds from sympathetic nobles in Latium.
=== Climate ===
[[File:Battaglia di Curtatone e Montanara.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Sanfedisti militia during the Battle of Sellano]]
In the Spring of 1861, the rebels launched a campaign to seize Castra Vetera and scored a resounding victory over the Papists at the [[Battle of Miranaglia Forest]]. D’Alessandro was able to besiege the city until he was forced to retreat in wake of a sudden Papist offensive in the east from Aboria. In Autumn, the rebel position in the west collapsed following the total destruction of Count Rovini’s forces at the [[Battle of Strada Sussurante]], while in the east, forces under Cardinal Aurelio Giorgio Farinacci and his Sanfedisti scored numerous victories in their advance toward San Constanzo.
[[File:Bataille de Bezzeca.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Battle of Gualdo Todino]]
On October 16 1861, Schiavenna surrendered to the Papaist forces. Over 50 prominent merchants who wished to avenge the loss of Schaivenna’s independence in wake of the Latin-Schiavennian War and the Latin Donation, were executed in Saint George’s Square. In December, the rebels collapsed in the west following the [[Battle of Sellano]], this was followed by massacres and reprisals by the Sanfedisti bands who ravaged the countryside.
In early January 1862, the rebels lost Santa Cecilia following the [[Battle of Gualdo Todino]]. The final defeat came at the [[Battle of San Vincenzo sopra Bacco]], which preceded a two-week siege of Nouvo Fabria and its surrender. D’Alessandro and senior rebel leaders fled south bound for a ship that would transport them to Arthurista. They were captured outside Schivenaglia and executed in Saint Peter’s Square on May 2 1862. Their deaths marked the end of the conflict, which was historically documented by the victorious Papacy as “Il Battesimo” (The Baptism).
The climate changes significantly from one area to another: while it is continental on the plains, it is milder along the Cavarzeric coast; around the Lake Solarolo and in the hilly areas. The lowlands are often covered by thick fog; precipitations that are scarce - 750 mm per year - next to the river Àdexe, are more abundant - from 750 to 1100 mm per year - at higher altitudes; the highest values - up to 3200 mm per year - are recorded in the Rivodolmo, near Žima de San Marco and on the Arxento plateau.
===Modern===
== Government and politics ==
==== Consolidation====
Following the end of The Baptism, the Church enforced its authority through far-reaching and often overly bloody purges. The incident was profound cause in the formation of Papal Infallibility in both spiritual and temporal matters, while many of the popular militias established by Cardinals were formally absorbed into the Ecclesiastical Army. The [[Sanfedisti]], which spent most of 1862 terrorising the countryside of the North was formally recognised by the Papacy and transformed into a gendarmerie.
Numerous individuals were put before Inquisitional Tribunals, while the estates and assets of rebel aristocrats were seized by the Magisterium. What followed was a mass program of reconstruction and populist efforts, vast new modern homes were constructed across Fabria, while roads were improved and telegraph poles were erected between the major cities. Vast poor-houses were constructed for the homeless, which were transferred to various Monastic and Sisterly orders. The lands seized from League leaders were distributed to local peasants in equal area sizes.
Cavarzere is a {{wp|unitary state}} under a {{wp|elective monarchy|elective}} {{wp|constitutional monarchy}}. Cavarzere's constitution, adopted in 1867 and amended a number of times since, is the legal framework that governs the monarch, government, bicameral legislature and judiciary. The [[Doge of Cavarzere|Doge]] retains wide executive and legislative powers from the government and [[Signoria of Cavarzere|parliament]]. The doge exercises his powers personally and through the government that he appoints for a four-year term, which is responsible before the parliament that is made up of two chambers: the [[Council of Thirteen of Cavarzere|Council of Thirteen]] and the [[Signoria of Cavarzere|Signoria]]. The judiciary is independent according to the constitution.
[[File:DogeLeonardoDondorana.JPG|250px|thumb|left|[[Leonardo Dondorana]] has been [[Doge of Cavarzere|Doge]] since 1985.]]
The doge is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He can declare war and peace, ratify laws and treaties, convene and close legislative sessions, call and postpone elections, dismiss the government and dissolve the parliament. The appointed government can also be dismissed through a majority vote of no confidence by the elected Signoria. After a bill is proposed by the government, it must be approved by the Signoria then the Council of Thirteen, and becomes law after being ratified by the Doge. A ducal veto cannot be overridden. The parliament also has the right of {{wp|interpellation}}.
[[File:Giancarlo Giorgetti Quirinale 2018.png|220px|thumb|left|[[Teodato Mastropiero]] has been [[Prime Minister of Cavarzere|Prime Minister]] since 2017.]]
With the destruction of the Latin nobility, [[Pope Leo X]] immediately set about reforming the administrative system of his temporal nation. The various provinces were redrawn into parallel lines of the states’ Archdioceses, with the respective Archbishop granted ceremonial temporal powers, while laypeople were appointed to the civil service to govern them officially. By 1863, the Papacy had established a system of total centralised control over its territory, while slowly it re-appointed nobles from the north to positions previously held by Latins.
The Prime Minister serves as the head of government due to its role as the leader of the cabinet; however, cabinet is chaired by the Doge, when he is present. The Prime Minister serves as the Doge's chief government minister, and presiding officer of the Signoria. Historically, the Prime minister was not responsible to the Signoria, but solely to the Doge or Council of Thirteen. Since the 20th century, the Prime Minister is typically the leader of the largest party or group of parties in the Signoria, causing the sitting prime minister to hold both the confidence of the Doge and a majority of the Signoria.
The Magisterium used the reconstruction effort to industrialise the north and south and the amount of confiscated wealth greatly aided the effort. The Papacy used thinkers and academics extensively in rebuilding the national economy, which enabled it to use often radical policies for the time. By 1864, over 1,500km of railroad had been constructed with the assistance of [[Latium]] and [[Vannois]], while various resources previously untapped were now being exploited through the Fabrian Industrial Revolution.
The 13 members of the upper [[Council of Thirteen of Cavarzere|Council of Thirteen]] are the chosen representatives of the country's wealthiest patrician families, and the seats are held for life. The 70 members of the lower [[Signoria of Cavarzere|Signoria]] are elected through {{wp|first-past-the-post}} in 22 constituencies for a 4-year term.
== Geography ==
According to the [[Forum of Nations]], Cavarzere's political system is highly {{wp|oligarchy|oligarchical}} and exclusive, with power centralised around the thirteen wealthiest families, at the expense of popularly elected assemblies.
== Government and politics ==
===Pope===
{{Main|Pope of the Fabrian Catholic Church}}
The [[Pope of the Fabrian Catholic Church]] (Politically also referred to as "Supreme Leader" or "Sacred Sovereign") is the supreme political authority and sovreign of the Ecclesiastical State. The Pope is responsible for delineation and supervision of the policies of the Ecclesiastical Government. Since the division between the Ecclesiastical Government and the Holy See has generally eroded, the [[Fabrian Magisterium]] is widely considered to be the de-facto civil service and state-apparatus of the Ecclesiastical State, of which the Pope is the head.
=== Doge ===
[[File:PopeJuliusIVWiki.jpg|250px|thumbnail|left|[[Pope Julius IV]] has been Supreme Sovereign since 2015.]]
{{Main|Doge of Cavarzere}}
Due to the Pope's dominant position, they have been issuing decrees and making the final decisions on the economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national plannings, and everything else in the country. The Pope appoints all members of the Supreme Consistory, which is the effective executive body of the Ecclesiastical Government, but also half of the members of the Consilium Civilis, the relatively powerless advisory body that represents the Ecclesiastical State's citizens. The Pope is also charged with appointing the heads of the armed forces, intelligence services, law enforcement, the judiciary and the directors of state television, printing and radio outlets. In 1990, [[Pope Pius XV]] centralised all foundations and charitable organisations under the Magisterium's control, charging the incumbent to appoint the heads of the charitable sector.
The Pope is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The Pope appoints all diplomatic agents, including representatives to the [[Belisarian Community]] and XX.
The position of the Doge of Cavarzere (Doxe de Cavarsère) traces its origins to [[Dioclexiano Cavarseran]], a Latin noble who led the city-state in securing independence from the Latin Empire in 1062. Prior, he served as Duke of Cavarserium, where upon independence, he opted to maintain his rank, adopting the title Doxe, a translation of Duce in the local dialect.
The Pope is elected via {{wp|Papal Conclave}} for life, although he may resign, there is no mechanism for the removal of a sitting Pope on temporal or spiritual grounds.
From 1062 until 1135, the Doge ruled as an absolute monarch, only taking the advice and interjections of the wealthiest and most prominent patrician families through the Great Council of the Lagoon. In 1135, the Council of Seven devised a quasi-constitution, establishing numerous assemblies to check the Doge's power. By the 16th century, the Doge had come to depend upon the various assemblies for his power, duties and responsibilities, leading to Cavarzere operating a system close to the classical republics of Latium.
====Supreme Consistory====
In 1867, following the [[Sorellan Crisis]] and the [[Devotion of Cavarzere to the Dondarana]], the office of the Doge was significantly empowered with the elimination of numerous assemblies, to the extent that Cavarzere effectively reformed into a semi-constitutional monarchy. While the Doge is officially the head of state only, he retains significant powers over the legislature, judiciary and executive. The Doge is tasked with appointing the Prime Minister upon an election, from a member of the Signoria (lower house), as well as approve all cabinet appointments. He alone, can declare war and peace, ratify laws and treaties, convene and close legislative sessions, call and postpone elections, dismiss the government and dissolve the parliament. The Doge also retains a royal veto that cannot be overturned by parliament. The Doge is also permitted to promote legislation by proxy, sit on cabinet meetings or chair them when covering matters of state (trade, defence and foreign policy). The Doge also has power of decree in the form of "Ducal Proclamation" (''Proclamassion Ducale''), ducal proclamations can be superseded by council legislation, provided the doge assents. In most cases such edicts are enforced through legislation by the government of the time.
{{Main|Blessed Supreme Consistory for the Governance and Continuation of the Ecclesiastical State}}
The [[Blessed Supreme Consistory for the Governance and Continuation of the Ecclesiastical State]], is an advisory body consisting of the heads of the [[Fabrian Magisterium]], the administrative body of the Fabrian Catholic Church. The Supreme Consistory is tasked with advising the Pope on legislation brought before him, to determine its compatibility with the Catechism and the Constitution, the Supreme Consistory also assists the Pope in approving all appointments, treaties and vital decisions. It has no powers in itself, depending upon the Pope's constitutional powers to effect changes. The Pope appoints all members upon his election as Pontiff, he may remove or appoint any member.
The position is held for life and the 1867 constitution offers vague provisions for the forced removal of an incumbent. Since 1867, the office has been held by the [[House of Dondorana|Dondorana family]] uninterrupted and has resulted in the office becoming hereditary.
The Supreme Consistory due to its role and responsibilities, is generally considered to be inclusive of the Pope in being the de-facto executive of the Ecclesiastical State, rather than the Pope himself.
=== Great Council ===
{{Main|Great Council of Cavarzere}}
=== Consilium Civilis ===
The Great Council of the Republic is the bicameral legislature of Cavarzere, consisting of the [[Council of Thirteen of Cavarzere|Council of Thirteen]], as the upper-house and the 70-member [[Signoria of Cavarzere|Signoria]] as the lower house.
{{Main|Consilium Civilis}}
The [[Consilium Civilis]] (Civil Council) is a secondary advisory body comprised of 150 members, drawn from each Diocese of the Ecclesiastical State. 75 of its number are directly appointed by the Pope upon his election, though in most cases they are re-appointed to serve until his passing. The remaining 75 members are elected directly by the people via first-past-the-post on non-partisan ballots, in most cases the candidates are vetted by the Supreme Consistory, though vetting is drawn on criteria regarding "private life, integrity, righteousness and public dedication." Critics of the theocratic government claim the vetting of candidates on these basis deter candidates who advocate greater public involvement and democratisation, the system's defenders claim that vetting is done to "ensure elected officials do not bring the Consilium into disrepute."
The Council of Thirteen is the oldest house of the Great Council, existing as a legal successor to numerous influential councils comprised of the most prominent patrician families, the original being the Council of Seven, which established lower assemblies in 1135.
[[File:CouncilofThirteen.JPG|250px|thumb|right|The Council of Thirteen in session (the families are often represented by Assessors; Assessori).]]
Today, the Council of Thirteen holds immense influence and power, often as the proxy for the Doge in parliamentary affairs. Its member families have remained unchanged since the body's establishment in 1798. The Council of Thirteen, as the upper-house, is mandated to review all legislation from the Signoria and upon its passing, hand it onto the Doge for ducal assent. However, the Council of Thirteen maintains a veto over all legislation that violates the constitution, or "endangers the social fabric of the Republic", a term many critics have cited as the families' tool in maintaining their power over the country. The Council also maintains the {{wp|Power of the purse}}, in that a government budget must receive approval from the Council of Thirteen in order to be implemented. Seats on the council are hereditary, passing nominally to the eldest child of the family's head.
[[File:SignoriaChamber.png|250px|thumb|left|The chamber of the lower-house Signoria.]]
The Council of Thirteen is also source of criticism in that the [[House of Dondorana|Dondorana family]] also hold a seat, while simultaneously holding the office of Doge, which has often allowed them to hold the tie-breaking vote. There also remains a debate as to what qualifies membership of the Council. In 2009, the Frigo family was reportedly the 22nd wealthiest family in Cavarzere, with the 13th being reported as [[House of Dalla Corona]], leading to a debate on viability of incumbent members.
The 75-appointed members are drawn mostly from "expert fields", including science, business, education, construction, industry and healthcare. The Pope is also handed the power of appointing Councilors for Life (Consentis Vitae), while this power is rarely exercised, there are currently four Consentis Vitae in the Consilium. Three were appointed by Pope John XII in 2006 as reward for their "life-time dedication to assisting the poor, vulnerable and dispossessed." However, these appointments were controversial as the three remain heads of three families of the [[I Tredici]]. The other two were appointed by [[Pope Julius IV]] in 2016, one is [[Hadrian Ascelinus]], the director of the [[Genesis Foundation]] and [[Eugenius Lucretius]], the CEO of [[Lucretius Industries]], a major conglomerate renown for its social enterprise investments.
The lower-house is the [[Signoria of Cavarzere|Signoria]] (''Serenìssima Signoria''), the second-oldest institution in the government, having first emerged in 1137. However, from 1137 until 1867, the Signoria was comprised of the country's leading constitutional lawyers and tasked with overseeing the actions of the Doge, to ensure the incumbent did not violate the separation of powers. Following the Devotion to the Dondorana family, the Signoria was reformed into the lower-house of parliament, still technically charged with overseeing and holding to account, the Doge.
The Consilium itself is tasked with advising and informing the Supreme Consistory of the "needs, wants and aspirations of the Ecclesiastical body-politic." This limited role, essentially robs the Consilium of any legislative initiative, power and oversight of the Supreme Consistory. However, in 2003 the Consilium was granted the power to request popular referendums, present issues to the Supreme Consistory to be acted upon and may call the First Cardinal-Secretary to answer questions on behalf of the Magisterium.
Today the Signoria consists of 70 members which are elected from single-member constituencies of roughly of 141,000 residents per constituency. The Signoria is charged with the passage of legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Council of Thirteen, are sent to the Doge for consideration. In addition to this basic power, the Signoria has certain exclusive powers, among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue; the impeachment of national and local officers, who are sent to trial before the Council of Thirteen.
=== Administrative divisions ===
=== Administrative divisions ===
{| class="wikitable"
Cavarzere is subdivided into 13 communes (Comuni), the commune of [[Dusoduro]], has a special autonomous status that enables it to enact legislation on some of their local matters. The country is further divided into 5 metropolitan cities (''Çità Pensolon''), and each Comun is divided into six Sestieri (equivalent to a province), which are in turn divided into six districts (Contrada).
|-
! <center>'''[[Administrative divisions of the Ecclesiastical State|Name]]'''</center> !! <center>'''Capital'''</center> !! <center>'''[[Flag]]'''</center> !! <center>'''Population'''</center>!! <center>'''Location'''</center>
The [[Ecclesiastical Army Ground Force|Ground Force]], [[Ecclesiastical Army Navy|Navy]], [[Ecclesiastical Army Air Force|Air Force]], [[Guardians of Saint Peter's Throne]]—a quasi branch of the military dedicated to the personal protection of the Pope and Cardinals—collectively form the [[Ecclesiastical Army of Christ]], under the command of the Pope who holds the title of Commander-in-chief. Military service is a mix of voluntary and conscripted service. In 2016, the Ecclesiastical Army of Christ military had 100,590 personnel on active duty, supported by 150,000 reservists.
[[File:GuardiansofSaintPetersThrone.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|Soldiers of the [[Guardians of Saint Peter's Throne]] in their ceremonial dress.]]
The Ecclesiastical Army Ground Force is the largest branch of the EAC, with 55,000 active personnel and 110,000 reservists. It is unique in that all brigades receive their personnel from individual Militant Orders, the 1° and 2° Infantry Brigades are drawn entirely from the [[Poor Companion-Soldiers of the Christ Saviour and the Apostolic Temple]], while the [[Order Militant of Saint Eugenius of the Mountain]] provides the EAGF, its 5,500 elite Esploratori mountain and recon soldiers, the [[Blessed Order of the Knights Cathedra]] provides the personnel for the 1°, 2° and 3° Armoured and Mechanised brigades. While the Ecclesiastical Army of Christ is the smallest military in the [[Belisarian Community]], it is widely considered to be one of the most well-trained and disciplined - it has one of the most difficult training regimes in Belisaria.
[[File:EACGF.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Soldiers of the Ecclesiastical Army of Christ Ground Force during exercises in 2016.]]
The Ecclesiastical Army Navy in 2016 had 25,200 active personnel with 65 commissioned ships and 123 aircraft. It is now equipped with a new patrol vessels, submarines and multipurpose frigates. The EAN also operates one brigade of marines, known as the [[San Andrea Force]].
[[File:Hr. Ms. Tromp (F803).jpg|250px|thumbnail|left|The HHS Papa Pio X, one of three [[Sanctus Paulus-class]] frigates. These are the first domestically designed and built ships for over 50 years.]]
The Ecclesiastical Army Air Force in 2016 had a strength of 33,882 and operated 585 aircraft, including 219 combat jets and 114 helicopters. The EAAF is currently undergoing a modernisation programme, with the introduction of 200 new combat aircraft to replace aged and obsolete models, as well as a further 20 combat jets being introduced to raise its total complement and expand its capabilities. The Ecclesiastical State is a partner in the [[United Fighters Consortium]], giving it access to high-quality combat aircraft.
The EAC has a budget of $XX.XX billion, at 3.5% of the GDP.
=== Foreign relations ===
=== Armed Forces ===
== Economy ==
== Economy ==
The Ecclesiastical State consistently ranks high in terms of GDP per capita, due to its highly industrialized economy, and well-developed social market economy. Until the 1980s, many of Fabria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other Belisarian economies. Labour movements are particularly influential, exercising large influence on labour politics and decisions related to the expansion of the economy. Next to a highly developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the national economy.
[[Latium]] has historically been the main trading partner of Fabria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the Latin economy. Since Fabria became a member state of the [[Belisarian Community]], it has gained closer ties to other BC economies, reducing its economic dependence on Latium. In addition, membership of the BC has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Fabria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the Periclean Sea. Growth in GDP reached 3.3% in 2006. At least 67% of Farbia's imports come from other Belisarian Community member states.
Fabria is home to several large multinational corporations. The largest Fabrian companies by revenue are [[Sagittaria]], [[Novitaria]], [[Serra Group]], [[Luminare]] and [[VitaCivilitas]]. Also, notable are [[CVF S.p.A]], [[Universum Financial Services]], [[Fidem Fabria]] and the [[Terra Group]].
Fabria's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and industrial equipment. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Fabria. The [[Fabrian Catholic Church]] is one of the biggest wealth-creators in Fabria, with a dominant position in tourism, banking and the charitable sector. The country's largest bank, the [[Banca di Poveri Commilitoni-Soldati]], is one of the largest commercial and investment banks in [[Belisaria]] and owned by the [[Fabrian Catholic Church]] through the [[Poor Companion-Soldiers of the Christ Saviour and the Apostolic Temple]].
== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
=== Language ===
At the end of 2017, Fabria had an estimated 9,887,404 inhabitants. The resulting population density, at 245.86 inhabitants per square kilometre 636.78/sq mi). However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven. The most densely populated areas are the Patet ex Tinian (that accounts for almost a half of the national population), the Labor Omnia Agrorum and the metropolitan areas of [[Fabria]], [[Schivenoglia]], [[Castel D'Ario]] and [[San Constanzo]], while vast regions such as the Tarentine and Forentine highlands and the plateaus of Mons Archangelus are very sparsely populated.
=== Religion ===
=== Ethnicity ===
The population of Fabria doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven because of large-scale internal migration from the rural interior to the industrial cities of the coast, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the economic miracle of the 1970–1990s. High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they start to decline, before increasing again during the 1990s as a result of improved healthcare. At the end of the 2000s (decade), the total fertility rate climbed from an all-time low of 2.01 children per woman in 1975 to 3.48 in 2010. The TFR however, is expected to decline to 2.20 by 2030. The population of Fabria is expected to reach 14 million by 2030, prompting serious questions over quality of life, living space and the maintenance of green belts.
=== Ethnic Groups ===
=== Languages ===
The Fabria's official languages are {{wp|Italian|Fabrian}} and {{wp|Sorrentian Latin language|Latin}}.
=== Urbanisation ===
=== Urbanisation ===
=== Healthcare ===
{{Largest cities
| name = Largest cities of the Ecclesiastical State
| country = Ecclesiastical State
| stat_ref = estimates for 31 December 2016
| list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population -->
| class = info
| div_name = Archdiocese
| div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field -->
| city_1 = Fabria| div_1 = Fabria| pop_1 = 2,376,125 | img_1 = Vue des toits depuis la Sainte-Trinité-des-Monts, Rome, Italy.jpg
Fabrian Catholicism is, by far, the largest religion in the country, and officially the state religion. In 2010, the proportion of Fabrians that identify themselves as Fabrian Catholic was 96.2%.
The Holy See, the episcopal jurisdiction of Fabria, contains the central government of the entire Fabrian Catholic Church, including various agencies essential to administration. Since the Catholic Church also represents the theocratic government of Fabria, it operates political bodies also. This reality has ensured a near total homogeneous religious society, albeit with recognised minority faiths.
Minority Christian faiths in Fabria include {{wp|Eastern Orthodox}}, several Protestant communities and Judaism. In 2015, there were an estimated 148,311 Orthodox Christians in Fabria, or 1.5% of the population; 59,324 (0.6% of the population) are recorded as Pentecostals and Evangelicals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baptists, Lutherans, Methodists, these groups however, reportedly suffer extensive discrimination in employment and access to social welfare.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 =Florence Duomo from Michelangelo hill.jpg
| width1 = 226
| caption1 = [[Schivenoglia Cathedral]], has the largest brick dome in the [[Ajax|world]]
| image2 = Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg
| width2 = 247
| caption2 = {{wp|Saint Peter's Basilicia}} in [[Fabria]] is the largest church in Christendom
| image3 = Basilica Venecia.jpg
| width3 = 230
| caption3 = Saint Aurelius Basilica, is one the best last remaining examples of Fabrio-Hellenic architecture
| image4 = BO-San-Petronio.jpg
| width4 = 210
| caption4 = San Constanzo Cathedral is the tenth largest church in Christendom
}}
One of the longest-established minority religious faiths in the Fabria is Judaism, Jews having been present in Ancient Fabria since before the birth of Christ. Fabria has for centuries welcomed Jews expelled from other countries. An estimated 118,648 Jews (1.2%) live in Fabria, forming the second largest minority religion after Eastern Orthodox.
39,549 (0.4% of the population) are recorded officially as "Guest-resident faiths", these are primarily migrants from Scipia and eastern Belisaria, who are adherents to Islam and Catharism among others. However, the classification also applies to [[Albanism|Alban Christians]], although the minority faith has been present in Fabria since the 1100s. Albans have suffered extensive oppression in Fabria prior to 1946, including the [[La Purga]] in 1515, when over 3,000 Albans were executed as a "heretics" under [[Pope Urban XII]]. Today, the Alban minority faces extensive systemic and legal discrimination, including the lack of formal citizenship of the Ecclesiastical State. The Church's position on the minority within its sovereign territory has been a long-running issue between it and [[Latium]] and by extensive the [[Belisarian Community]].
Non-Catholic and non-Jewish institutions are heavily taxed by the theocratic government to "earn their residence in the lands of the Church." Orthodox and Protestant Christian groups have reported systemic discrimination, mostly in the form of limited employment opportunities, poorer education services and restrict access to social welfare; which many consider to be welfare chauvinism. Orthodox and Protestant places of worship have to be state sanctioned and are reportedly under surveillance. Orthodox churches are banned from being built in the recognised architectural style of using domes, there's also extensive restriction on aesthetic styles used in non-Catholic religious buildings, which is described rights campaigners as a "ban on having non-Catholic religious places be more attractive than Catholic Churches, Seminaries, Convents or Monasteries." This has led many non-Catholic christian minorities to use homes, places of business or large buildings such as warehouses as makeshift places of worship.
=== Education ===
=== Education ===
== Culture ==
Education in Fabria is free and mandatory from ages six to eighteen, and consists of five stages: kindergarten (scuola dell'infanzia), primary school (scuola primaria), lower secondary school (scuola secondaria di primo grado), upper secondary school (scuola secondaria di secondo grado) and university (università).
=== Arts ===
[[File:Pontificia_Università_Gregoriana_facciata_notte.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|The Pontifical Georgian University in [[Fabria]] is the top ranking university in the country and one of the oldest mixed Church run institutions in the city.]]
=== Music ===
Primary education lasts eight years. The students are given a basic education in Fabrian, mathematics, natural sciences, history, geography, social studies, religious studies, physical education and visual and musical arts. Secondary education lasts for five years and includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the liceo prepares students for university studies with a classical or scientific curriculum, while the istituto tecnico and the Istituto professionale prepare pupils for vocational education. A wide gap exists between church schools, which performed significantly better than the national average (among the best in the world in some subjects) and state schools which are witnessing dramatic declines in standards.
Tertiary education in Fabria is divided between public universities, private universities and the prestigious and selective superior graduate schools, such as the [[Scuola Normale Superiore di Urbisalia]] and prestigious Church run academies such as the [[Scuola del Corpo di Cristo]] and [[Accademia degli Apostoli]]. The university system in Fabria is regarded as highly elitist and divided by quality and funding, however the new government in 2016 has announced major reforms of the university system and greater federal funding for struggling universities various states.
=== Health ===
The Ministry of Health, together with its counterparts in the state health departments, oversees the health needs of the Fabrian population. An emphasis on public health and preventive medicine has characterized Fabrian health policy since the mid 1950s. At that time, the Church-Government started the Samaritan Health Campaign, which was aimed at improving sanitation and hygiene, as well as treating and preventing several diseases. Diseases such as cholera, typhoid and scarlet fever, which were previously rife in rural Fabria, were nearly eradicated by the campaign. After Pope Paul XII began instituting economic reforms in the 1970s, the health of the Fabrian public improved rapidly due to better nutrition, as well as an expansion in healthcare facilities. Healthcare in Fabria became mostly privatized, and experienced a significant rise in quality. In 2008, the government began a 3-year large-scale healthcare provision initiative worth $20.4 billion. By 2011, the campaign resulted in 96% of Fabria's population having basic health insurance coverage. In 2011, Fabria was estimated to be Belisaria's third-largest supplier of pharmaceuticals, but its population has suffered from the development and distribution of counterfeit medications. In 2012, a government report indicated that the parallel healthcare facilities offered by both the private sector and the Church was causing confusion among the rural population, Church assertion that the most needy deserve free healthcare, caused a major debate between the government and private health companies, in December 2012, the Church used its political power and put forward through a Special Papal Motion, the [[National Health Provision for the Poor Act]], which transferred 18 million poverty stricken citizens under the Church healthcare plan, the move saw 99.1% of Fabrians be covered for healthcare.
[[File:RodHospital.jpg|thumb|200px|left|All hospitals have strong church presences]]
Life expectancy in Fabria is 80 for males and 85 for females (however it averages at 76 for males and 78 for females in some cities), placing the country nth in the world for life expectancy. Fabria has a relatively low rate of adult obesity (below 10%), probably thanks to the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet and an extensive government led and organised public exercise regime. The proportion of daily smokers was 28% in 2012, up from 24.4% in 2000. Smoking in public places including bars, restaurants, night clubs and offices has been restricted to specially ventilated rooms since 2005.
Despite significant improvements in health and the construction of advanced medical facilities, Fabria has several emerging public health problems, such as respiratory illnesses caused by widespread air pollution, hundreds of millions of cigarette smokers, and an increase in alcoholism among urban citizens.
== Culture and Media ==
For centuries Fabria has developed a unique culture, shaped by a multitude of regional customs and local centres of power and patronage. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a number of magnificent courts competed for attracting the best architects, artists and scholars, thus producing an immense legacy of monuments, paintings, music and literature. The [[Fabrian Catholic Church]] mostly through the Vatican worked hard to have artists decorate vast cathedrals across the country, famous architects like Romulo Alessandro would be given large sums of money to build relatively small buildings compared to what he was paid.
Fabria has rich collections of art, culture and literature from many different periods. The country has had a broad cultural influence worldwide, also because numerous Fabrians emigrated to other places during the Fabrian diaspora. Furthermore, the nation has, overall, an estimated 100,000 monuments of any sort (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains).
=== Traditions ===
TB redone
=== Architecture ===
=== Architecture ===
=== Visual Arts ===
=== Music ===
From folk music to classical, music has always played an important role in Fabrian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Fabria, and many of the prevailing classical music forms, such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata, can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th- and 17th-century Fabrian music.
Italy's most famous composers include the Renaissance composers Monti and Pattrini, the Baroque composers Sciarra, Campani and Varani, the Classical composers Paganini and Rossini, and the Romantic composers Baccia and Polerni. While the classical music tradition still holds strong in the Ecclesiastical State, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as La Perla of [[Urbisalia]] and the San Cecilia, Fabrians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene.
The Ecclesiastical State is widely known for being the birthplace of opera. Fabrian opera was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in Fabrian cities such as [[Virgilio]] and [[Vetralla]]. Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, are among the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Perla operahouse in Urbisalia is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Fabrian opera singers include Caio Lauri and Cassio Savaroni.
Since the 1920s, music in the Ecclesiastical State has been subject to censorship and extensive guidelines and criteria on lyrics and underlying messages of songs. However, within these confines of censorship, the Ecclesiastical State has become a major source and influence for disco and dance music, especially in the 1980s and 1990s.
Due to the high levels of religiosity in the country, {{wp|Gregorian music}} and other forms of Hymns are prominent and popular forms of music enjoyed by the general population.,
=== Religion ===
''See also:'' [[Inner Crusades]]
Religion within Fabria is recognised as the biggest foundation of Fabrian culture and society, it takes priority in all cultural matters, with Christian holidays being treated as national holidays. As such Sunday has been treated as a day of prayer and relaxation, as such since 1687 no sports have been played on Sunday nor have shops been open. Members of the Clergy are also revered in Fabrian society, as it is seen that the word of Priest is worth a thousand voices of ordinary people. Since 1935, the Church has promoted and arranged some 450,000 so called Street Choirs which put simply is a collection of 18 Monks who walk the streets of cities, singing hymns and praying for various issues.
One of the most iconic festivals is the Bonfire of the Vanities, to which cosmetics, mirrors, glamour articles and condemned forms of clothing are burnt to celebrate the fight against pride and lust. Every year on the 8 June, the nation celebrates Apostate Night where effigies are burnt on fires and fireworks are set off to 'shake the foundations' of the "Godless".
=== Cinema ===
Fabrian cinema has been a hotbed of invention in the period immediately following the 1905 reform, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Crying Monk by Giovanni Baluzzi. Baluzzi was a student of filmmaker and theorist Luciano Nobili, who developed the Fabrian montage theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the United Institute of Cinematography. Vittore Andreva, whose Occhi-Aperti ("Open-Eyes") theory—that the camera, like the human eye, is best used to explore real life—had a huge impact on the development of documentary film making and cinema realism. The subsequent state policy of papal moralism somewhat limited creativity, however many Fabrian films in this style were artistically successful, like Gold Seeker, The Birds are Silent, and Poem of a Soul.
[[File:LastConfession.jpg|300px|thumbnail|left|The Last Confession (1953) is regarded as one of the greatest Fabrian tragedies]]
1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in the Fabrian cinema. The period saw an increase in comedies being produced, however the most popular genre of the time was disaster movies, which was a result of the 'Judgement Day Movement' and its influential effect on public opinion. Noah's Lost Ark (1964) saw a cruise ship be grounded on an uninhabited island and the passengers hunted down by savages, Rising Inferno (1967) saw [[Falvera]] be wiped out in a cataclysmic volcanic eruption. The 1970s however saw, award winning comedies, like the Golden Bus (1973), by Francesco Vacchiano, which followed a group of {{wp|Nuns}} during a beauty contest.
However the 1980s and 1990s saw Fabrian film become political, with numerous produced materials offering nationalist interpretations of previous events and offering supportive narratives of the Papacy. In 1993, The Everlasting Fog was released, which followed the lives of four strangers during the [[War of the Two Kings]], two of the characters are shown negatively due to their monarchist leanings and are violently executed on screen. The Final Wish (1995) followed the plot of independence failing and the pro-Papist soldiers making a valiant last stand on the steps of Saint Peter's Basilica. The Cross of Christ (2005) remains the most expensive Fabrian ever made, costing $284 million, it followed several characters during the Papacy's defeat of the House of Adria, it was a box office hit across the world, gaining $774.5 million.
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Cavarzere (Cavarzerian: Cavarsère), officially the Most Serene and Auspicious Republic of Cavarzere (Cavarzerian: Serenìsima è Auspixio Repùblica Cavarsère) is a unitaryelective constitutional monarchy, located in southern Belisaria. The country covers an area of 56,928 km2 (21,980 sq mi) and shares open land borders with Latium to the west and Lihnidos to the north, and is bound by the Gulf of Cavarzere to the south. Cavarzere has a maritime territory on the islands of Dorsoduro off the coast of Scipia and east of Sydalon. With around 9.8 million inhabitants, it is the smallest member state of the Belisarian Community.
History...
Today, Cavarzere has the Xth largest economy in the world. As an advanced economy the country is home to high human development and life expectancy. Despite its size, the country plays a major role in regional and global cultural, political, religious and diplomatic affairs. It is a member of the Belisarian Community, the Perilcean Forum and the Organization of Latin States.
Cavarzere is the Xth largest region in Belisaria, with a total area of 56,928 km2 (21,980 sq mi). It is located in the southern Belisaria, bordered by Latium to the west and north-west, Lihnidos to the north and north-east and the Gulf of Cavarzere to the south.
Much of Cavarzere exists within the Łivensa Basin, as such it is dominated by hills and flatlands. However, by area, 29% of its surface is mountainous, comprised mostly of the Rovolon mountains, in the north along the border with Latium. The highest massif in the Rovolons is the Rivodolmo-massif at 3,342 m (10,965 ft). Other rovolonic peaks are the Tri Žima di Dobbiaco and the Sass Màor. A distinctive characteristic of the Rovolon peaks are the cave formations, including chasms and sink holes; the Bocca de Terra, situated in the Žima Cajari chain in the comun of Froxinon, has an explored depth of 997 m (3,271 ft), being the deepest cave in Cavarzere. Fossil deposits are also abundant there.
The Łivensa Basin, covering 57% of Cavarzere, extends from the mountains to the Gulf of Cavarzere, broken only by some low hills: San Lorenzso Hills, Canpanièl Hills Colli Arxento and Silensiose, which constitute the remaining 14% of the territory. The plain itself is subdivided into the higher plain (gravel-strewn and not very fertile) and the lower plain (rich in water sources and arable terrain). The lower plain is both a mainstay of agricultural production and the most populated part of the region.
Several rivers flow through the region: the Bresanvido, Àdexe, Trichiana, Limana, and Pialdier. Western Cavarzere is dominated by Lake Solarolo, which has a 200km long shore, 134km of which is sand or gravel beach.
The coast of Cavarzere is characterised by the Cavarzerian Lagoon, a flat terrain with ponds, marshes and islands. The Àdexe Delta to the south features sandbars and dunes along the coastline. The inland portion contains cultivable land recently reclaimed by a system of canals and dykes. Fish ponds have been created there as well. The delta and the lagoon are a stopping-point for migratory birds.
The climate changes significantly from one area to another: while it is continental on the plains, it is milder along the Cavarzeric coast; around the Lake Solarolo and in the hilly areas. The lowlands are often covered by thick fog; precipitations that are scarce - 750 mm per year - next to the river Àdexe, are more abundant - from 750 to 1100 mm per year - at higher altitudes; the highest values - up to 3200 mm per year - are recorded in the Rivodolmo, near Žima de San Marco and on the Arxento plateau.
Government and politics
Cavarzere is a unitary state under a electiveconstitutional monarchy. Cavarzere's constitution, adopted in 1867 and amended a number of times since, is the legal framework that governs the monarch, government, bicameral legislature and judiciary. The Doge retains wide executive and legislative powers from the government and parliament. The doge exercises his powers personally and through the government that he appoints for a four-year term, which is responsible before the parliament that is made up of two chambers: the Council of Thirteen and the Signoria. The judiciary is independent according to the constitution.
The doge is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He can declare war and peace, ratify laws and treaties, convene and close legislative sessions, call and postpone elections, dismiss the government and dissolve the parliament. The appointed government can also be dismissed through a majority vote of no confidence by the elected Signoria. After a bill is proposed by the government, it must be approved by the Signoria then the Council of Thirteen, and becomes law after being ratified by the Doge. A ducal veto cannot be overridden. The parliament also has the right of interpellation.
The Prime Minister serves as the head of government due to its role as the leader of the cabinet; however, cabinet is chaired by the Doge, when he is present. The Prime Minister serves as the Doge's chief government minister, and presiding officer of the Signoria. Historically, the Prime minister was not responsible to the Signoria, but solely to the Doge or Council of Thirteen. Since the 20th century, the Prime Minister is typically the leader of the largest party or group of parties in the Signoria, causing the sitting prime minister to hold both the confidence of the Doge and a majority of the Signoria.
The 13 members of the upper Council of Thirteen are the chosen representatives of the country's wealthiest patrician families, and the seats are held for life. The 70 members of the lower Signoria are elected through first-past-the-post in 22 constituencies for a 4-year term.
According to the Forum of Nations, Cavarzere's political system is highly oligarchical and exclusive, with power centralised around the thirteen wealthiest families, at the expense of popularly elected assemblies.
The position of the Doge of Cavarzere (Doxe de Cavarsère) traces its origins to Dioclexiano Cavarseran, a Latin noble who led the city-state in securing independence from the Latin Empire in 1062. Prior, he served as Duke of Cavarserium, where upon independence, he opted to maintain his rank, adopting the title Doxe, a translation of Duce in the local dialect.
From 1062 until 1135, the Doge ruled as an absolute monarch, only taking the advice and interjections of the wealthiest and most prominent patrician families through the Great Council of the Lagoon. In 1135, the Council of Seven devised a quasi-constitution, establishing numerous assemblies to check the Doge's power. By the 16th century, the Doge had come to depend upon the various assemblies for his power, duties and responsibilities, leading to Cavarzere operating a system close to the classical republics of Latium.
In 1867, following the Sorellan Crisis and the Devotion of Cavarzere to the Dondarana, the office of the Doge was significantly empowered with the elimination of numerous assemblies, to the extent that Cavarzere effectively reformed into a semi-constitutional monarchy. While the Doge is officially the head of state only, he retains significant powers over the legislature, judiciary and executive. The Doge is tasked with appointing the Prime Minister upon an election, from a member of the Signoria (lower house), as well as approve all cabinet appointments. He alone, can declare war and peace, ratify laws and treaties, convene and close legislative sessions, call and postpone elections, dismiss the government and dissolve the parliament. The Doge also retains a royal veto that cannot be overturned by parliament. The Doge is also permitted to promote legislation by proxy, sit on cabinet meetings or chair them when covering matters of state (trade, defence and foreign policy). The Doge also has power of decree in the form of "Ducal Proclamation" (Proclamassion Ducale), ducal proclamations can be superseded by council legislation, provided the doge assents. In most cases such edicts are enforced through legislation by the government of the time.
The position is held for life and the 1867 constitution offers vague provisions for the forced removal of an incumbent. Since 1867, the office has been held by the Dondorana family uninterrupted and has resulted in the office becoming hereditary.
The Great Council of the Republic is the bicameral legislature of Cavarzere, consisting of the Council of Thirteen, as the upper-house and the 70-member Signoria as the lower house.
The Council of Thirteen is the oldest house of the Great Council, existing as a legal successor to numerous influential councils comprised of the most prominent patrician families, the original being the Council of Seven, which established lower assemblies in 1135.
The Council of Thirteen in session (the families are often represented by Assessors; Assessori).
Today, the Council of Thirteen holds immense influence and power, often as the proxy for the Doge in parliamentary affairs. Its member families have remained unchanged since the body's establishment in 1798. The Council of Thirteen, as the upper-house, is mandated to review all legislation from the Signoria and upon its passing, hand it onto the Doge for ducal assent. However, the Council of Thirteen maintains a veto over all legislation that violates the constitution, or "endangers the social fabric of the Republic", a term many critics have cited as the families' tool in maintaining their power over the country. The Council also maintains the Power of the purse, in that a government budget must receive approval from the Council of Thirteen in order to be implemented. Seats on the council are hereditary, passing nominally to the eldest child of the family's head.
The chamber of the lower-house Signoria.
The Council of Thirteen is also source of criticism in that the Dondorana family also hold a seat, while simultaneously holding the office of Doge, which has often allowed them to hold the tie-breaking vote. There also remains a debate as to what qualifies membership of the Council. In 2009, the Frigo family was reportedly the 22nd wealthiest family in Cavarzere, with the 13th being reported as House of Dalla Corona, leading to a debate on viability of incumbent members.
The lower-house is the Signoria (Serenìssima Signoria), the second-oldest institution in the government, having first emerged in 1137. However, from 1137 until 1867, the Signoria was comprised of the country's leading constitutional lawyers and tasked with overseeing the actions of the Doge, to ensure the incumbent did not violate the separation of powers. Following the Devotion to the Dondorana family, the Signoria was reformed into the lower-house of parliament, still technically charged with overseeing and holding to account, the Doge.
Today the Signoria consists of 70 members which are elected from single-member constituencies of roughly of 141,000 residents per constituency. The Signoria is charged with the passage of legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Council of Thirteen, are sent to the Doge for consideration. In addition to this basic power, the Signoria has certain exclusive powers, among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue; the impeachment of national and local officers, who are sent to trial before the Council of Thirteen.
Administrative divisions
Cavarzere is subdivided into 13 communes (Comuni), the commune of Dusoduro, has a special autonomous status that enables it to enact legislation on some of their local matters. The country is further divided into 5 metropolitan cities (Çità Pensolon), and each Comun is divided into six Sestieri (equivalent to a province), which are in turn divided into six districts (Contrada).
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