Emerstarian language: Difference between revisions

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| nativename      = Emersk
| nativename      = Emersk
| acceptance      =  
| acceptance      =  
| image            = Codex Holmiensis CE 1350.jpg
| image            = Västgötalagen blad 21.jpg
| imagesize        = 250
| imagesize        = 250
| imagealt        = Emerstarian manuscript from AD 1272
| imagealt        = Emerstarian manuscript from AD 1272
| imagecaption    = Emerstarian manuscript from AD 1272
| imagecaption    = Emerstarian manuscript from AD 1272
| pronunciation    = /ˈɛmɛrsk/ or /ˈɛmɛrʃ/
| pronunciation    = /ˈɛmɛrsk/ or /ˈɛmɛrʃ/
| states          = <!-- or state -->
| states          = [[Emerstari]], [[Green Union]], [[Phoenixia]]
| region          = [[Scania]]
| region          = [[Scania]]
| creator          =  
| creator          =  
Line 18: Line 18:
| extinct          =  
| extinct          =  
| era              =  
| era              =  
| speakers        = 89,261,091
| speakers        = 89,000,000
| date            = 2015
| date            = 2035
| dateprefix      =  
| dateprefix      =  
| ref              = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' -->  
| ref              = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' -->  
Line 33: Line 33:
| fam4            = Continental Northern Scanian
| fam4            = Continental Northern Scanian
| protoname        =  
| protoname        =  
| ancestor        = Middle Emerstarian
| ancestor        = [[Old Emerstarian language#Middle Emerstarian|Middle Emerstarian]]
| ancestor2        = Old Emerstarian
| ancestor2        = [[Old Emerstarian language|Old Emerstarian]]
| ancestor3        = Old Northern Scanian
| ancestor3        = {{wp|Old Norse|Old Northern Scanian}}
| ancestor4        = Proto-Northern Scanian
| ancestor4        = {{wp|Proto-Germanic|Proto-Rhenish}}
| ancestor5        = Old Scanian
| ancestor5        = {{wp|Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Scanian}}
| ancestor6        = Proto-Scanian
| ancestor6        = {{wp|Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Japhetic}}
| standards        =  
| standards        = [[Kuingsspråkinghus]]
| stand1          =  
| stand1          =  
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
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| dia3            =  
| dia3            =  
| dia4            =  
| dia4            =  
| script          = {{wp|Latin script}}
| script          = {{wp|Latin script|Roman script}}
| sign            =  
| sign            =  
| posteriori      =  
| posteriori      =  
Line 98: Line 98:
| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
}}
}}
Emerstarian (''Emersk'' /ˈɛmɛrsk/ or /ˈɛmɛrʃ/) is a North [[Scania|Scanian]] language spoken by approximately 89 million people, predominantly in [[Emerstari]], but also in its former colonies like [[New Retermi]] and [[Fyrland]] and to an extent [[Soumeland]]. It is largely mutually intelligable to its neighboring languages of [[Coelanish language|Coelanish]], [[Yermish language|Yermish]], and [[Saurish language|Saurish]]. Emerstarian is a descendant of [[Old North Scanian]], the common language of the Scanian peoples living in modern Emerstari, [[Coelans]] and [[Saurland]] today.  It is also related to its southern neighbors of [[Rhenish language|Rhenish]] and [[Canarian language|Canarian]], but its word order and grammatical systems are vastly different.


Emerstarian morphology is similar to {{wp|English}}, and words have comparatively few inflections. Emerstarian has two genders and is has two grammatical case: nominative and genitive (except for pronouns that, as in English, also are inflected in the object form). Emerstarian has two grammatical numbers: plural and singular. Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms, and are also inflected according to gender, number, and definiteness. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles. The language features in most dialects tonal qualities, and it has a comparatively large vowel inventory.
Emerstarian (''Emersk'' /ˈɛmɛɹʃ/) is a North Scanian language spoken by approximately 89 million people, predominantly in [[Emerstari]], but also in its former territories like [[Fyrland]] and [[Soumeland]] as well as by ethnic enclaves of Emerstarians in [[Phoenixia]]. It is largely mutually intelligible with its neighboring languages, such as [[Coelanish language|Coelanish]], [[Ermanish language|Ermanish]], and [[Saurish language|Saurish]]. It is also related, however more distantly, with most of the other languages across [[Scanian Peninsula|Scania]].


==History==
Emerstarian is not a {{wp|grammatical gender|gendered language}} and has comparatively fewer inflections than its predecessors. It is generally a {{wp|SVO}} language, and it has three grammatical cases: {{wp|subjective case}}, {{wp|objective case}}, and {{wp|possessive case}}. There are two grammatical numbers: singular and plural.
===Old North Scanian===
[[File:Västgötalagen blad 21.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A medieval Emerstarian transcript: ''Sigmundslagen'']]
In the ninth century, a new alphabet was introduced to continental Northern [[Scania]] from [[Marseile]]. This, in addition to vowel shifts originating in modern-day [[Coelans]], — ''stæin'' was simplified into ''stæn'', ''au'' as in ''dauðr'' changed into ''ø'' as in ''døðr'', and the diphthong ''øy'' was monophthongized into ''ø'', — finally caused a break in [[Old North Scanian]] between Continental Northern Scanian and Insular Northern Scanian.
 
====Old Emerstarian====
 
By the twelfth century, Continental Northern Scanian broke into Old Emerstarian, [[Coelanish language|Old Coelanish]], and [[Saurish language|Old Saurish]]. Emerstarian became the language of administration, and laws, royal letters, and testaments were written in it; however, there was limited orthographic standardization within it. Throughout this period, Emerstarian received little influence from its neighboring languages.  
 
After the [[War of Emerstarian Succession]] and the Protestantization of Emerstari, Emerstarian also became the language of religion, and through use of the printing press, the first Emerstarian translation of the {{wp|Bible}} was published in 1452. This translation, often referred to as the Georgian Bible (Emerstarian: ''Georgs Bibel''), after [[Georg I Erik of Emerstari|Georg I Erik]] who ordered its creation, provided the basis for Middle and later, modern Emerstarian.
 
===Middle Emerstarian===
During the latter half of the fifteenth century, Emerstarian began to differentiate itself from the other Continental North Scanian languages further despite, for the most part, them continuing to be mutually intelligible. Emerstarian experienced a vowel shift in Middle Emerstarian, providing the basis for the vowel sounds of modern Emerstarian; the most notable of these changes was the weakening of /æ/ to /ɛ/. In addition to this, many /k/ sounds were also softened into /g/ sounds.
 
In the seventeenth century, many Emerstarian grammarians began to elaborate upon Emerstarian grammar. [[Olof Karl Frederikssen]] was one of the first of these grammarians, publishing ''Emerskes Græmmatikka ågge Rædtrendarmhedt''.
 
===Modern Emerstarian===
The Emerstarian that is spoken today is termed as Nuemersk (Emerstarian: lit., ''Now-Emerstarian'') in linguistics, and started in the latter half of the 18th century. It saw the standardization of capitalization and sounds, and the rise of many Emerstarian authors and playwrights. Although, there are many linguists who make little distinction between Middle Emerstarian and modern Emerstarian, due to the language's conservative trends.


==Official status==
==Official status==

Revision as of 05:05, 20 July 2020

Emerstarian
Emerish
Emersk
Emerstarian manuscript from AD 1272
Emerstarian manuscript from AD 1272
Pronunciation/ˈɛmɛrsk/ or /ˈɛmɛrʃ/
Native toEmerstari, Green Union, Phoenixia
RegionScania
EthnicityEmerstarians
Native speakers
89,000,000 (2035)
Estelian
Early forms
Standard forms
Kuingsspråkinghus
Roman script
Official status
Official language in
Emerstari
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Emerstarian (Emersk /ˈɛmɛɹʃ/) is a North Scanian language spoken by approximately 89 million people, predominantly in Emerstari, but also in its former territories like Fyrland and Soumeland as well as by ethnic enclaves of Emerstarians in Phoenixia. It is largely mutually intelligible with its neighboring languages, such as Coelanish, Ermanish, and Saurish. It is also related, however more distantly, with most of the other languages across Scania.

Emerstarian is not a gendered language and has comparatively fewer inflections than its predecessors. It is generally a SVO language, and it has three grammatical cases: subjective case, objective case, and possessive case. There are two grammatical numbers: singular and plural.

Official status

Regulatory bodies

The Emerstarian Language Council (Sprakkerådett) is the regulator of Emerstarian in Emerstari. Among the organizations that comprise the council, the Emerstarian Acadamy and Kuinglig Lingvistigførening are the most influential. In additions to many books on grammar, spelling, and style, it also publishes the dictionary Emerskakademiens Ordbok.

Phonology

Consonants

Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal
Manner ↓ Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ ʔ
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Sibilant affricate d̠ʒ
Non-sibilant affricate p̪f
Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ
Non-sibilant fricative f v ð θ x χ h
Approximant ɹ ɻ j
Tap/flap ɾ ɽ
Trill r
Lateral approximant l

Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i ʉ u
Near-close ɪ ʏ
Close-mid e ø o
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open-mid æ ɜ ʌ ɔ
Near-open ɐ
Open ä ɒ

Grammar

Nouns

Emerstarian nouns and adjectives are declined in number. For example, the word fisk ("fish") can have the following forms:

Singular Plural
Indefinite form fisk fisk
Definite form fiskett fisketter

The definite singular form a noun is created by adding the suffix ett or tt depending on if the noun ends in a vowel or not. The definite articles der (neuter), dejr (masculine), den (feminine), det (singular), and de (plural) are used for variations to the definitiveness of the noun. They can double as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative determiners when used with adverbs such as har ("here") and dær ("there") to form der/det har ("this"), de dær ("those"), and de har ("these"). For example:

  • det har fisk means "that fish" and refers to a specific fish;
  • fisketter is less definite and means "the fishes";
  • fiskett means "the fish".

Plurals

There are two different types of regular plurals: Class 1 forms the plural with the suffix -(e/a/o)r (indefinite) class 2 forms the plural with the suffix -(e/a/o)tter (definite).

Most irregular nouns take an ablaut plural (with a change in the stem vowel) such as øje, the plural of ege ("eye").

Adjectives

Adjectives are infelced in two declensions, — indefinite and definite, — and they must match the noun they modify in number. The indefinite forms are usually formed by adding a suffix (-t or -a) to the common form of the adjective. For example, en gul hund ("a yellow dog") and gula hunder ("yellow dogs"). The definite form of an adjective is identical to the indefinite form: der gul hund ("the yellow dog") and de gula hunder ("the yellow dogs").

Verbs

Emerstarian verbal forms
infinitive Present Past
å være
to be		 ar
is/are/am		 var/vijr
was/were
å se
to see		 ser
sees		 sy
saw
å veda
to know		 vedar
knows		 vedt
knew
å återkalla
to remember		 återkallar
remembers		 återkalladt
remembered
å glomma
to forget		 glommar
forgets		 glommadt
forgot

Emerstarian verbs are morphologically simple, marking very few grammatical categories. They do not mark person or number of subjects. Verbs have a past, non-past and infinitive form, past and present participle forms, and a passive, and an imperative.

Pronouns

Emerstarian personal pronouns
Person Subjective case Objective case Dependent
possessive 		Independent
possessive
1st p. sg. jeg
I		 mig/sig
me		 min/mine/sign
mine/my		 min/mine/sign
my
2nd o. sg. du
thou		 dig
thee		 din/dine
thine/thy		 din/dine
thine/thy
3rd p. sg. han/hen
/der/det
he/she/it		 ham/henne
/der/det
him/her/it		 hans/hens
/ders/dets
his/her/its		 hans/hens
ders/dets
his/hers/its
1st p. pl. vi
we		 oss
us		 vårs
our		 vårs
ours
2nd p. pl. Ni
you (pl.)		 Nør
you (pl.)		 Nin/Nine
your (pl.)		 Nin/Nine
yours (pl.)
3rd p. pl de
they		 dem
them		 deras
their		 deras
theirs

Emerstarian pronouns are similar to those of English. Besides the two natural genders, han and hen ("he" and "she"), there is also a grammatical gender, usually termed as neuter: der and det.

Emerstarian also uses third-person possessive reflexive pronouns that refer to the subject in a clause:

  • Katarin giver Anne sign bok. ("Katarin gives Anne her [Katarin's] book.")
  • Katarin giver Anne hens bok. ("Katarin gives Anne her [Anne's] book.")

Possession

Possessive phrases are formed with the enclitic -s, for example, min faders hus ("my father's house") where the noun carries the possessive enclitic. However, in longer phrases, the last word of the phrase will receive the -s: der Kuing av Emeriges bok ("the King of Emerstari's book").

Syntax

Emerstarian syntax is predominantly SVO with the subject of the sentence coming first, the verb coming second, and the object after that. However, it possesses qualities of VSO and VOS; the former is primarily used in questions, and the latter is primarily used for literary purposes.

  • Jeg åter fisk ideg.
    • I eat fish today.
  • Viljar du å drikke kaffe nu?
    • Want you to drink coffee now?
  • Elsker ham, hen dor.
    • Love him she does.

Numerals

Numbers from 0 to 20 in Emerstarian
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
null ett tva tred fyrra fom seks sjuv atten njon tjo elva tolv tratjon fyrtjon fomtjon sekstjon sjutjon attentjon njontjon tvantjo
Numbers from 16 to 30 in Emerstarian
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
ettågtvantjo tvaågtvantjo tredågtvantjo fyrdågtvantjo fomågtvantjo seksågtvantjo sjuvågtvantjo attenågtvantjo njonågtvantjo tredtjo
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