Etrurian First Republic: Difference between revisions
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From 1869 until his resignation in 1872, Grasci would be forced to fight for every reform and legislation he produced, even on matters unrelated to political rights for the senate. During this time, King Giulio Vittorio's health began to decline and he slowly withdrew from public affairs, this would remain the case until his death in 1886. The king's withdrawal fundamentally weakened Grasci and the NLL, isolating them and denying their most powerful constitutional tool. In 1871, the reactionary elements in the senate scored a series of victories in by-elections sparked by resigning NLL senators, giving them a slim majority, this was swiftly followed by a repeal of Grasci's reforms to the voting system, restoring the historic weighted-vote system, that ensured landed domination. This loss ultimately pushed Grasci to resignation as prime minister in 1872. The fall of Grasci and the NLL entrenched liberal and nascent republican sentiments within the middle class. | From 1869 until his resignation in 1872, Grasci would be forced to fight for every reform and legislation he produced, even on matters unrelated to political rights for the senate. During this time, King Giulio Vittorio's health began to decline and he slowly withdrew from public affairs, this would remain the case until his death in 1886. The king's withdrawal fundamentally weakened Grasci and the NLL, isolating them and denying their most powerful constitutional tool. In 1871, the reactionary elements in the senate scored a series of victories in by-elections sparked by resigning NLL senators, giving them a slim majority, this was swiftly followed by a repeal of Grasci's reforms to the voting system, restoring the historic weighted-vote system, that ensured landed domination. This loss ultimately pushed Grasci to resignation as prime minister in 1872. The fall of Grasci and the NLL entrenched liberal and nascent republican sentiments within the middle class. | ||
=== | === Kingdom Giulio Adriano I and Umberto Androgna === | ||
[[File:Benedetto Cairoli iii.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Umberto Androgna, an aristocratic traditionalist would serve as Prime Minister from 1880 until 1889, provoking the revolution with his leadership style and agenda.]] | |||
[[File:Montabone, Luigi (18..-1877) - Vittorio Emanuele III da ragazzo.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Giulio Adriano would become King in 1886 at the age of 18 and his indecision and weakness resulted in many seeing him as a puppet of Prime Minister Umberto Androgna.]] | |||
=== Revolution === | === Revolution === | ||
Revision as of 18:53, 4 April 2019
United Etrurian Republic Repubblica Etruriana Unita Velika Etrurijanska Republika Združena Etrurijanska Republika | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1889-1938 | |||||||||
Motto: Per Dio e il Paese "For God and Country" | |||||||||
Anthem: Canzone dei Tre Popoli "Song of the Three Peoples" | |||||||||
| Location of Etruria in Euclea Location of Etruria in Euclea | |||||||||
| Etruria and colonies Colonial-puppet administrations Etruria and colonies Colonial-puppet administrations | |||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||
| Government | |||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1917-1923 | Alessandro Luzzani | ||||||||
• 1923-1926 | Guilio Augustino Schiattarella | ||||||||
• 1926-1927 | Vittore De Rossi | ||||||||
• 1927-1927 | Aurelio Cesare Tozzo | ||||||||
• 1927-1934 | Fortunato Parlatore | ||||||||
• 1934-1936 | Marco Antonio Ercolani | ||||||||
| Vice President | |||||||||
• 1917-1923 | Arminio Tagliafico | ||||||||
• 1923-1926 | Vittore De Rossi | ||||||||
• 1926-1927 | Alessandro Abate | ||||||||
• 1927-1927 | Fortunato Parlatore | ||||||||
• 1927-1934 | Luigi Crosetta | ||||||||
• 1934-1936 | Ettore Caviglia | ||||||||
| Legislature | Etrurian Senate | ||||||||
| Assembly of the States | |||||||||
| Assembly of the People | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 3 May 1889 | |||||||||
| 10 April 1938 | |||||||||
| April 1 1938 | |||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1918 | 32448603 | ||||||||
• 1928 | 36994311 | ||||||||
• 1938 | 39855922 (not including colonies) | ||||||||
| Currency | Scutato | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  EtruriaTemplate:Country data Denikert Template:Country data Sarenia | ||||||||
The United Etrurian Republic (Vespasian:Repubblica Etruriana Unita; Novalian: Velika Etrurijanska Republika; Carinthian: Združena Etrurijanska Republika), also known as the First Etrurian Republic, which is an unofficial, historical designation for the Etrurian state during the years 1889 to 1938. The name is derived from being the first of a series of democratically elected-systems operated in Etrurian history.
The First Republic was founded after the Constituent Assembly produced a new constitution for the Etrurian State 3 May 1889, four months after the Etrurian Revolution, which overthrew the Kingdom of Etruria. In its forty-nine years, the First Republic faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremism in its later years (with paramilitaries—both left- and right-wing), maintaining law and order in wake of strikes and worker discontentment and engaging in the Great War. However, from its formation until the early 1920s, it was able to stabilise the economy and benefit from its early radicalism, such as the granting of universal suffrage to men and women over the age of 24 in 1913, embracing and protecting freedom of speech and a free press and its successful reforms of the economy. The 1920s until the outbreak of the Great War saw immense economic development, cultural successes and a general feeling of a positivity and optimism.
However, these gains were undermined by successive short-lived governments, usually brought down by small majorities and de-centralised and highly factional party politics. The Republic was further undermined by the strains of the Great War, with Etruria forced to fight the world's first industrialised war on three-fronts, while engaging in colonial conflicts, especially in Bahia. While the war succeeded in forming the Etrurian national identity, it deepened the divides and rifts within society, caused immense socio-political upheaval, and despite being on the victorious side and suffering almost 700,000 war dead, Etruria failed to secure a vast majority of its territorial aims, which came to be known as the Grande Tradimento (Great Betrayal). In wake of the diplomatic failure to secure Etrurian gains, with the exception being Tarpeia and an end to Floren claims to the Tinian March, mass riots and often outright lawlessness ensued as the army was de-mobilised. Within weeks of the war's end, the First Republic was forced to embrace a military government with a powerless civilian figurehead.
Democracy was slowly eroded as the military government propagated nationalism, irredentism and the Great Betrayal. The allied failure in the Sarenian Crisis was swiftly blamed on the Republican system and on April 1 1938, the Etrurian military stormed the parliament based in the Palazzo Orsini, executing the entire legislature. On April 10, the military repealed the Constitution and replaced it with the Capitoline Statute, a new constitution that turned Etruria into a single-party totalitarian military dictatorship overnight, officially bringing the First Republic to an end.
Background
The First Republic first found its initial political roots in the National League for Liberty, a secret-society of liberal aristocrats from 1850 until 1888. It eventually grew to become a nationwide movement that encompassed numerous factions and ideologies, that united around the pursuit of a constitutional monarchy and an elected and powerful legislature under the monarch. The League was led by Rodoflo Grasci, a prominent industrialist and liberal thinker. Between 1860 and 1864 he called for reform, and worked tirelessly to protect the League from more extremist elements that were advocating revolution to overthrow the House of Della Rovere.
In 1864, Grasci was appointed Prime Minister under Giulio Vittorio III. Working alongside Giulio Vittorio III, Grasci dramatically expanded the powers and responsibilities of the unicameral Senate of Etruria, drawing influence away from the Royal Advisory Council, a body tasked with advising with the King on political and economic matters. The RAC had since its creation in 1742, been dominated by the Piccoli Principi (Little Princes), the landed aristocratic class. The RAC under Giulio Vittorio III, saw Grasci and the NLL as a significant threat to their monopoly of power, and rallied allies and colleagues in the Senate to oppose his government by 1869.
From 1869 until his resignation in 1872, Grasci would be forced to fight for every reform and legislation he produced, even on matters unrelated to political rights for the senate. During this time, King Giulio Vittorio's health began to decline and he slowly withdrew from public affairs, this would remain the case until his death in 1886. The king's withdrawal fundamentally weakened Grasci and the NLL, isolating them and denying their most powerful constitutional tool. In 1871, the reactionary elements in the senate scored a series of victories in by-elections sparked by resigning NLL senators, giving them a slim majority, this was swiftly followed by a repeal of Grasci's reforms to the voting system, restoring the historic weighted-vote system, that ensured landed domination. This loss ultimately pushed Grasci to resignation as prime minister in 1872. The fall of Grasci and the NLL entrenched liberal and nascent republican sentiments within the middle class.
Kingdom Giulio Adriano I and Umberto Androgna
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