Nkomo Accords: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox treaty | {{Infobox treaty | ||
| name = Nkomo Accords | | name = Nkomo Accords | ||
| long_name = Accords between the Republic of M' | | long_name = Accords between the Republic of M'Biruna and the Republic of Agysimba regarding the Cessation of Hostilities, Declarations of Autonomy and matters of Post-War Reconstruction. | ||
| image = Nkomo_Signatories.png | | image = Nkomo_Signatories.png | ||
| image_size = <!-- 200px --> | | image_size = <!-- 200px --> | ||
| alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] --> | | alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] --> | ||
| caption = Image of Dewan Emas Councilmember Setiawan Hendra Budiono and M' | | caption = Image of Dewan Emas Councilmember Setiawan Hendra Budiono and M'Birunan President Dumiso Moyo meeting during the day of the Accords Signing. | ||
| type = {{wp|Peace treaty}} | | type = {{wp|Peace treaty}} | ||
| context = | | context = | ||
| date_drafted = {{Start date|2006|07|22|df=y}} | | date_drafted = {{Start date|2006|07|22|df=y}} | ||
| date_signed = {{Start date|2008|03|05|df=y}} | | date_signed = {{Start date|2008|03|05|df=y}} | ||
| location_signed = [[M' | | location_signed = [[M'Biruna|Getjenge]], [[M'Biruna]] | ||
| date_sealed = | | date_sealed = | ||
| date_ratified = <!-- If 3 or more, type 'Multiple dates' linking to a section or footnote --> | | date_ratified = <!-- If 3 or more, type 'Multiple dates' linking to a section or footnote --> | ||
| date_effective ={{Start date|2008|04|01|df=y}} | | date_effective ={{Start date|2008|04|01|df=y}} | ||
| condition_effective = Signature of M' | | condition_effective = Signature of M'Birunan and Agysimban {{wp|heads of state}} and {{wp|ratification}} by respective {{wp|national legislature}}s | ||
| amendment = | | amendment = | ||
| date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: --> | | date_expiration = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} OR: --> | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
| signatories = {{ubl| | | signatories = {{ubl| | ||
|'''Main signatories''' | |'''Main signatories''' | ||
|{{flagicon|M' | |{{flagicon|M'Biruna}} [[M'Biruna|Republic of M'Biruna]] | ||
|{{flagicon|Agysimba}} [[M' | |{{flagicon|Agysimba}} [[M'Biruna|Republic of Agysimba]]<hr> | ||
|'''Supporting signatories''' | |'''Supporting signatories''' | ||
|{{flagicon|Pulau Keramat}} [[Pulau Keramat|Confederate League of Pulau Keramat ]] | |{{flagicon|Pulau Keramat}} [[Pulau Keramat|Confederate League of Pulau Keramat ]] | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
| depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | | depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | ||
| citations = <!-- format as XX [[Article on Treaty Series|TS]] YYY --> | | citations = <!-- format as XX [[Article on Treaty Series|TS]] YYY --> | ||
| languages = M' | | languages = M'Bweni, Imbesan, {{wp|Amharic|Kembesan}}, {{wp|Sundanese Language|Raji}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Nkomo''' Accords is a peace treaty signed by the [[M' | The '''Nkomo''' Accords is a peace treaty signed by the [[M'Biruna|Republic of M'Biruna]] and the [[M'Biruna|Republic of Agysimba]] on March 5th, 2008 in [[M'Biruna|Getjenge]], M'Biruna, that nominally declared a ceasefire of the M'Birunan Civil War, establishing a medium of communication and rules on engagement for the two political entities, as well as setting the groundwork for post-war reconstruction and laying the groundworks for official conflict resolution. Components of this treaty heavily involved the admission of M'Biruna to the [[Association of Malaio Ozeros Nations]], with [[Pulau Keramat]] being involved with the accord for the purpose of further facilitating post-war stability efforts. This treatise is one of the larger examples drawn upon when looking at ''Pan-Ozerosi'' ideological sentiment, and how it reflects upon contemporary international relations considering nations throughout the Ozeros region. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
Tensions between the Imbesu people of M'Biruna and the other tribal groups, particularly the Amaveni and Ingubu, erupted into open warfare in 1983 after the occupation of Imbesuland in 1982 by the M'Birunan military. In spite of the initial success of the occupation the harsh nature of the M'Birunan presence in Imbesuland led to the formation of the [[Agysimban National Liberation Army]] (ANLA) in 1983 and this, coupled with the [[Kantemba Barracks Mutiny]] which saw a large part of the M'Birunan army defect to the rebels, resulted in the expulsion of the occupying forces from the majority of Imbesuland and the declaration of the Republic of Agysimba in July 1990. Despite much fighting between the two sides the frontlines remained stationary and after the failures of a major M'Birunan offensive in 2003 and an Agysimban counter push in 2004 both sides accepted tentative peace approaches from the other brokered by Pulau Keramat. | |||
==Peace Process== | ==Peace Process== | ||
==Provisions of the Accord== | ==Provisions of the Accord== | ||
==Post-Accords Implementation== | ==Post-Accords Implementation== | ||
===Ingubu Irredentism=== | |||
One of the major causes of the failure of the Accords to bring about a re-unification of a federal M'Biruna lay with the Ingubu military leaderships, and wider Ingubu popular opinion. The Ingubu represented the majority of the M'Birunan military leadership, and also the majority of the casualties suffered during the civil war, who did not wish to accept as equals the Imbesu people seen as their enemies, nor to accept that the war had failed to crush the uprising and bring the Imbesu to heel and back into the nation. A popular slogan which appeared on posters throughout Ingubu territories showed a map of pre-war M'Biruna with the slogan "Cha Cha Ungalokothi" (No, No, Never!) and became a popular chant at rallies of veterans and political opponents to the Accords. The slogan was allegedly shouted by the would be assassins of President Moyo before they were killed by his bodyguards. | |||
This irredentism found its way into popular culture in the music of Amabharethi Ansundu, a band formed by conflict veterans, particularly their hit song Ungalokothi released in 2009. The film [[Abafana Emadwaleni]] also displays the anti-Accords feeling amongst the Ingubu people being focused on the story of a veteran who feels that him and his fallen comrades have been betrayed by a government interested only in economic gain and not the ideals which had been fought and died for. The film and music of Amabharethi Ansundu have been strongly criticised as anti-national propaganda and a threat to peace by the Amaveni dominated M'Birunan government. | |||
[[Category:Ajax]] | [[Category:Ajax]] | ||
[[Category:Pulau Keramat]] | [[Category:Pulau Keramat]] | ||
Revision as of 00:46, 1 December 2021
| Accords between the Republic of M'Biruna and the Republic of Agysimba regarding the Cessation of Hostilities, Declarations of Autonomy and matters of Post-War Reconstruction. | |
|---|---|
 Image of Dewan Emas Councilmember Setiawan Hendra Budiono and M'Birunan President Dumiso Moyo meeting during the day of the Accords Signing. | |
| Type | Peace treaty |
| Drafted | 22 July 2006 |
| Signed | 5 March 2008 |
| Location | Getjenge, M'Biruna |
| Effective | 1 April 2008 |
| Condition | Signature of M'Birunan and Agysimban heads of state and ratification by respective national legislatures |
| Signatories |
|
| Languages | M'Bweni, Imbesan, Kembesan, Raji |
The Nkomo Accords is a peace treaty signed by the Republic of M'Biruna and the Republic of Agysimba on March 5th, 2008 in Getjenge, M'Biruna, that nominally declared a ceasefire of the M'Birunan Civil War, establishing a medium of communication and rules on engagement for the two political entities, as well as setting the groundwork for post-war reconstruction and laying the groundworks for official conflict resolution. Components of this treaty heavily involved the admission of M'Biruna to the Association of Malaio Ozeros Nations, with Pulau Keramat being involved with the accord for the purpose of further facilitating post-war stability efforts. This treatise is one of the larger examples drawn upon when looking at Pan-Ozerosi ideological sentiment, and how it reflects upon contemporary international relations considering nations throughout the Ozeros region.
Background
Tensions between the Imbesu people of M'Biruna and the other tribal groups, particularly the Amaveni and Ingubu, erupted into open warfare in 1983 after the occupation of Imbesuland in 1982 by the M'Birunan military. In spite of the initial success of the occupation the harsh nature of the M'Birunan presence in Imbesuland led to the formation of the Agysimban National Liberation Army (ANLA) in 1983 and this, coupled with the Kantemba Barracks Mutiny which saw a large part of the M'Birunan army defect to the rebels, resulted in the expulsion of the occupying forces from the majority of Imbesuland and the declaration of the Republic of Agysimba in July 1990. Despite much fighting between the two sides the frontlines remained stationary and after the failures of a major M'Birunan offensive in 2003 and an Agysimban counter push in 2004 both sides accepted tentative peace approaches from the other brokered by Pulau Keramat.
Peace Process
Provisions of the Accord
Post-Accords Implementation
Ingubu Irredentism
One of the major causes of the failure of the Accords to bring about a re-unification of a federal M'Biruna lay with the Ingubu military leaderships, and wider Ingubu popular opinion. The Ingubu represented the majority of the M'Birunan military leadership, and also the majority of the casualties suffered during the civil war, who did not wish to accept as equals the Imbesu people seen as their enemies, nor to accept that the war had failed to crush the uprising and bring the Imbesu to heel and back into the nation. A popular slogan which appeared on posters throughout Ingubu territories showed a map of pre-war M'Biruna with the slogan "Cha Cha Ungalokothi" (No, No, Never!) and became a popular chant at rallies of veterans and political opponents to the Accords. The slogan was allegedly shouted by the would be assassins of President Moyo before they were killed by his bodyguards.
This irredentism found its way into popular culture in the music of Amabharethi Ansundu, a band formed by conflict veterans, particularly their hit song Ungalokothi released in 2009. The film Abafana Emadwaleni also displays the anti-Accords feeling amongst the Ingubu people being focused on the story of a veteran who feels that him and his fallen comrades have been betrayed by a government interested only in economic gain and not the ideals which had been fought and died for. The film and music of Amabharethi Ansundu have been strongly criticised as anti-national propaganda and a threat to peace by the Amaveni dominated M'Birunan government.