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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox political party
|name         = Estuary Creole
|name           = Razem!
|nativename = ''Krio''
|native_name    =
|pronunciation =  
|logo          = [[File:MiersZiel.png|200px]]
|region        = {{flag|Rwizikuru}}
|colorcode      = #E2062C
|speakers      = TBD
|leader1_title  = Chairman
|date          = 2011
|leader1_name  = [[Henryk Rydzewski]]
|speakers2     = {{wp|Second language|L2}}: TBD
|leader2_title  = Parliamentary Leader
|familycolor  = Creole
|leader2_name  = [[Alicja Pietruszewska]]
|fam1   = {{wp|English-based creole|Estmerish-based creole}}
|founded = 1985
|fam2  = [[Estmero-Arucian Pidgin]]
|merger        =
|script = {{wp|Latin script}}
|headquarters  = [[West Żobrodź]], [[West Miersa]]
|nation =  
|student_wing  =  
|agency =
|youth_wing     =
|iso3  = esc
|ideology      = {{wp|Green politics}}
|lingua =  
|position   = {{wpl|Left-wing politics|Left}}
|map    =  
|national  =  
|mapcaption =
|colors        = {{colorbox|#E2062C}} Red
|seats1_title  = [[National Assembly (West Miersa)|National Assembly]]
|seats1        = {{Template:Infobox political party/seats|0|297|#E2062C}}
|symbol =  
|website        = razem.mz
|country        = West Miersa
}}
}}
'''Estuary Creole''' (''Krio'') is an {{wp|English-based creole languages|Estmerish-based}} {{wp|creole language}} spoken among the [[Freemen]] in [[Rwizikuru]].
'''Razem!''' (''Together!'') is a minor political party in [[West Miersa]] which advocates for recognition of minority cultures, particularly the [[Lemovician people|Lemovician]] and [[Vedmedi people|Vedmedi]] communities.
 
Brought over from [[Imagua]] by Freemen, where their ancestors spoke [[Estmero-Arucian Pidgin]] alongside [[Imaguan Creole]], it supplanted an earlier pidgin spoken around the Estmerish trading posts by the nineteenth century, and would by the turn of the twentieth century become prevalent along the coast of Rwizikuru, particularly around the estuary of the [[Rwizikuru River]].
 
However, its status declined among the general Rwizikuran population, particularly after Rwizikuru gained independence from [[Estmere]] in 1946, who favoured {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}} over {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}, leading to the creole's decline among the population. Today, it is still widely used among the Freemen and their communities in the diaspora, but is only used among older Rwizikurans.
 
==Etymology==
Estuary Creole derives from the estuary of the [[Rwizikuru River]], where the language was commonly spoken. It was given that name in 1887 by linguist [[Augustine Walsham]], to describe the language spoken "by the natives of [[Port Fitzhubert]] and its surrounding environs."
 
==History==
Estuary Creole is believed by linguists to have originated from a {{wp|contact language}} spoken around [[Estmere|Estmerish]] trade posts in present-day [[Rwizikuru]], with linguist [[Tinozivaishe Makwarimba]] from the [[University of Rwizikuru]] hypothesising that local {{wp|Shona people|veRwizi}} near [[Fort Graham]] wishing to trade with Estmere had to learn the {{wp|English language|Estmerish language}}, but due to Estmerish's complicated grammar, the veRwizi near Fort Graham simplified it to a point that they can comprehend it, while still getting the message across to the Estmerish merchants.
 
As the language spread across Estmere's trade posts, the language was carried with slaves to Estmerish colonies, particularly the [[Colony of Imagua]], where it was adopted as a {{wp|pidgin language}}, and then as children grew up learning it, developed into a {{wp|creole language}}. However, due to the presence of [[Imaguan Creole]] on Imagua, the nascent creole language was in competition with Imaguan Creole. As this language further developed in Imagua, the Estmerish slave trade ceased in 1740, leading to a decline in the use of the original pidgin on the coast of present-day [[Rwizikuru]], until by 1801, Fort Graham was abandoned, with linguists believing that the pidgin ceased to be spoken in Bahia by that point.
 
In the early 19th century, numerous [[Freemen]] migrated to present-day [[Rwizikuru]] under the auspices of the [[Saint Geoffrey's Company]], bringing their language with them. Although the language was commonly used among the Freemen, it remained primarily a {{wp|spoken language}}, with Freemen preferring to write in {{wp|British English|standard Estmerish}} and to teach the standard variety of Estmerish.
 
After the 1860s, Estuary Creole spread from the Freemen settlements to [[Port Fitzhubert]], partially as many Freemen migrated to the city to work for the colonial government, and partially because native Bahians learnt Estuary Creole. By the 1880s, Estuary Creole had become the dominant language "spoken in the marketplace" of Port Fitzhubert, with linguist [[Augustine Walsham]] noting that "Rizis, Freedmen [''sic''] and Balisa, among many others in the Estuary of the Rizicuru [''sic''] river, have learnt a rudimentary form of Estmerish to communicate with the Estmerish settlers."
 
Estuary Creole would spread inland following the fall of [[Munzwa]], and by 1900, linguist [[Alden Kersey]] said that the range of Estuary Creole "extended from Port Graham in the west to [[Saint Geoffrey's, Rwizikuru|Saint Geoffrey's]] in the east," and was widely used by "all blacks" within the range. Kersey also noted that Estuary Creole was also present in the rest of the colony, "but was only used by merchants and officials wishing to communicate with the natives."
 
Estuary Creole remained a vernacular language until after independence, when the Rwizikuran government instituted policies that encouraged the {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi language}} to be used to the detriment of the {{wp|English language|Estmerish language}}. This meant that Estuary Creole became largely confined to older generations, to rural people, and to the Freemen, as younger people in urban areas switched to using weRwizi. By 1979, linguist [[Alan Terrell]] said that the Estuary Creole was only spoken "by younger people in the areas traditionally settled by Freemen, and by old people."
 
In the late 1990s, popular interest in Estuary Creole grew, with [[Silas Brannon]] and [[Fidelity Bradshaw]] sought to revitalise the culture of the Freemen, including the Estuary Creole. This led to the first publication of a book in Estuary Creole in 2001 by Bradshaw, and since then, usage of the Creole has grown as a sign of Freemen identity.
 
==Phonology==
===Vowels===
Like {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}}, vowels in Estuary Creole are pronounced like {{IPA|a}}, {{IPA|e}}, {{IPA|i}}, {{IPA|o}}, {{IPA|u}}, with vowels maintaining a consistent pronunciation: if a vowel is followed by another vowel, they are to be pronounced {{wp|hiatus (linguistics)|separately}}. However, unlike weRwizi, there are no tones in Estuary Creole.
 
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |{{wp|Bilabial consonant|Bilabial}}
! rowspan="2" |{{wp|Labiodental consonant|Labio-<br>dental}}
! colspan="2" |{{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! rowspan="2" |{{wp|Palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! rowspan="2" |{{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
! rowspan="2" |{{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>whistled</small>
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3" |{{wp|Stop consonant|Plosive}}
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|p}}
|
| {{IPA|t}}
|
|
| {{IPA|k}}
|
|- align="center"
!<small>implosive</small>
| {{IPA|ɓ}}
|
| {{IPA|ɗ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ɠ}}
|
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
|
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ᵑɡ}}
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |{{wp|Fricative consonant|Fricative}}
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
| {{IPA|s}}
|
| {{IPA|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
|
|
| {{IPA|z̤}}
|
| {{IPA|ʒ̤}}
|
| {{IPA|ɦ}}
|- align="center"
!{{wp|Nasal consonant|Nasal}}
!<small>plain</small>
| {{IPA|m}}
|
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3" |{{wp|Affricate consonant|Affricate}}
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|p͡f}}
|
| {{IPA|t͡s}}
|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|- align="center"
!<small>breathy</small>
|
|
| {{IPA|d͡z̤}}
| {{IPA|d͡z̤ᵝ}}
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ̤}}
|
|
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ⁿd͡ʒ̤}}
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |{{wp|Trill consonant|Trill}}
|
|
| {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |{{wp|Approximant consonant|Approximant}}
|
| {{IPA|ʋ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|j}}
| {{IPA|w}}
|
|}
 
==Grammar==
Due to the origins of Estuary Creole as a {{wp|contact language}} between {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} and {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}}, Estuary Creole's grammar has been largely simplified. Like Estmerish and weRwizi, Estuary Creole uses {{wp|subject-verb-object}} order.
 
Estuary Creole's verbs default to {{wp|simple present}} tense, with words used to modify sentences, with ''den'' used to indicate an action took place in the past, and ''sun'' for actions that will take place in the future.
 
*'''Me hunger''' ({{IPA|/me ɦuŋˈer/}})
**''I am hungry''
 
*'''Me hunger den''' ({{IPA|/me ɦuŋˈer ɗen/}})
**''I was hungry; I had been hungry''
 
*'''Me hunger sun''' ({{IPA|/me ɦuŋˈer sun/}})
**''I will be hungry; I am going to be hungry''
 
===Pronominal system===
Estuary Creole's {{wp|pronouns|pronominal system}} is radically simplified compared to {{wp|British English|standard Estmerish}}, as Estuary Creole lacks gender distinction.
 
*I, me - Me ({{IPA|/me/}})
*You (sing.) - Du ({{IPA|/ɗu/}})
*You (plur.) - Dutsu ({{IPA|/ɗuˈt͡su/}})
*He, him, she, her, they, them - Dem ({{IPA|/ɗem/}})
*Plural them - Demtsu ({{IPA|/ɗemˈt͡su/}})
*Our, we, us - Tsu ({{IPA|/t͡su/}})
 
===Copula===
Estuary Creole has only one {{wp|copula|copular form}}, ''bi'' ({{IPA|/ɓi/}}).
 
*'''Me bi fater''' ({{IPA|/me ɓi p͡faˈter/}})
**''I am a father''
*'''Me bi tu Po Fitshubat''' ({{IPA|/me ɓi tu po fit͡sˈɦuˈɓat/}})
**''I have been to [[Port Fitzhubert]]''
*'''Me bi yung den''' ({{IPA|/me ɓi juŋ ɗen/}})
**''I was young''
 
===Negation===
In Estuary Creole, there are three negative tense indicators: ''no'' ({{IPA|/no/}}), ''neva'' ({{IPA|/neˈʋa/}}) and ''kant'' ({{IPA|/kant/}}). ''No'' is the general negative tense, while ''neva'' is used to permanently deny a request under any circumstances, and ''kant'' is used for when someone is unable to do something because of poor health or because of a disability.
 
*'''Dem no go tu padi''' ({{IPA|/ɗem no ɠo tu paˈɗi/}})
**''She cannot go to the party''
*'''Neva du sa mari dem''' ({{IPA|/neˈʋa ɗu sa maˈri ɗem/}})
**''You will never marry her''
*'''Dem kant wak''' ({{IPA|ɗem kant wak/}})
**''He cannot walk''
 
==Orthography==
Estuary Creole orthography traditionally used the {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet}}, as most users typically wrote in {{wp|British English|standard Estmerish}} as opposed to Estuary Creole, due to Standard Estmerish's prestige among its speakers, with few writing in Estuary Creole. While some diaries from as early as 1844 include phrases in Estuary Creole, they were largely written as a form of {{wp|eye dialect}}.
 
However, since the 1990s, an orthography has been developed by [[Fidelity Bradshaw]] and used by most people writing in Estuary Creole since then, including linguists. This orthography uses letters present in the {{wp|basic Latin alphabet}}, with a total of thirty-one letters, including nine digraphs to represent sounds that otherwise would not be represented.
 
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! Letter or digraph !! Pronunciation !! Example word !! Estmerish meaning
|-
| A || {{IPA|a}} || ''as'' || ''bottom'' (from {{wp|English language|Estmerish}} ''arse'')
|-
| B || {{IPA|ɓ}} || ''buk'' || ''book'' (from [[Imaguan Creole]] ''book'')
|-
| CH || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || ''chena'' || ''bright'' (from {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}} word for white)
|-
| D || {{IPA|ɗ}} || ''dem'' || ''he, him, she, her, they, them''
|-
| DZ || {{IPA|d͡z̤}} || ''dzima'' || ''shed'' (from weRwizi for ''houses'')
|-
| E || {{IPA|e}} || ''Esmi'' || ''[[Estmere]]''
|-
| F || {{IPA|p͡f}} || ''Friman'' || ''[[Freemen|Freeman]]''
|-
| G || {{IPA|ɠ}} || ''go'' || ''go, travel, went''
|-
| H || {{IPA|ɦ}} || ''hunger'' || ''hunger, hungry''
|-
| I || {{IPA|i}} || ''ilis'' || ''blind, invisible''
|-
| J || {{IPA|d͡ʒ̤}} || ''jomp'' || ''jump''
|-
| JV || {{IPA|d͡z̤ᵝ}} || ''jvene'' || ''purely'' (from weRwizi for ''purely'')
|-
| K || {{IPA|k}} || ''kontri'' || ''country''
|-
| M || {{IPA|m}} || ''mari'' || ''marry''
|-
| N || {{IPA|n}} || ''nzu'' || ''elephant''
|-
| NG || {{IPA|ᵑɡ}} and {{IPA|ŋ}} || ''ngoni'' || ''ghost'' (from weRwizi for ''sin'')
|-
| NJ || {{IPA|ⁿd͡ʒ̤}} || ''njan'' || ''engine''
|-
| NY || {{IPA|ɲ}} || ''nyu'' || ''new''
|-
| O || {{IPA|o}} || ''oful'' || ''awful''
|-
| P || {{IPA|p}} || ''Po'' || ''Port''
|-
| R || {{IPA|r}} || ''run'' || ''to run, running''
|-
| S || {{IPA|s}} || ''San-Jerman'' || ''[[Mambiza]]'' (from {{wp|French|Gaullican}} ''Sainte-Germaine'')
|-
| SH || {{IPA|ʃ}} || ''shiri'' || ''bird'' (from weRwizi for ''bird'')
|-
| T || {{IPA|t}} || ''tas'' || ''to blame, to censure''
|-
| TS || {{IPA|t͡s}} || ''tsu'' || ''our, we, us''
|-
| U || {{IPA|u}} || ''unda'' || ''under''
|-
| V || {{IPA|ʋ}} || ''vek'' || ''road'' (from Imaguan Creole ''wek'', or ''road'')
|-
| W || {{IPA|w}} || ''wata'' || ''water''
|-
| Y || {{IPA|y}} || ''yung'' || ''young''
|-
| Z || {{IPA|z̤}} || ''ziba'' || ''zebra''
|-
| ZH || {{IPA|ʒ̤}} || ''zhip'' || ''sheep''
|}
 
==Vocabulary==
Most vocabulary comes from {{wp|English language|Estmerish}}, but Estuary Creole contains many loan words of [[Bahia|Bahian]] origin, predominantly from {{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}} and {{wp|Sotho language|Molisa}}, including the plural marker ''-tsu'' and the word for ''us'', tsu ({{IPA|t͡su}}), which derives from the weRwizi word ''isu''. However, a small portion of its vocabulary derives from [[Imaguan Creole]], due to the fact that the direct ancestor of Estuary Creole was spoken in Imagua prior to repatriation.
 
As Estuary Creole developed from an earlier pidgin language used between the 17th and 19th centuries in [[Rwizikuru]], many Estmerish terms have their origins in {{wp|Early Modern English|Early Modern Estmerish}}, with the consequence that many of the words now mean something different in {{wp|Modern English|modern Estmerish}}, like ''respet'' ({{IPA|/resˈpet/}}, from Estmerish ''respect'') referring to forethought and consideration, as opposed to deep admiration or due regard to another in modern Estmerish, and ''tas'' ({{IPA|/tas/}} from ''tax''), referring to blaming someone or to censure someone, as opposed to a strain, heavy demand, or compulsory contribution to the state revenue.
 
However, many terms for Bahian flora and fauna are borrowed from Bahian languages, primarily weRwizi and Molisa: ''ntsu'' ({{IPA|/nˈt͡su}}), the Estuary Creole word for elephant, comes from the weRwizi ''nzou'', while ''morara'' ({{IPA|/moˈraˈra/}}), meaning ''rasin'' in Estuary Creole, comes from the Molisa word for grape, ''morara''.
 
===Examples===

Revision as of 04:07, 5 April 2021

Razem!
ChairmanHenryk Rydzewski
Parliamentary LeaderAlicja Pietruszewska
Founded1985
HeadquartersWest Żobrodź, West Miersa
IdeologyGreen politics
Political positionLeft
Colors  Red
National Assembly
0 / 297
Website
razem.mz

Razem! (Together!) is a minor political party in West Miersa which advocates for recognition of minority cultures, particularly the Lemovician and Vedmedi communities.

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