Blockade of Banderhus
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The Blockade of Banderhus was a political and constitutional crisis that occurred in Delkora in 1935. It resulted in the dismissal of the Banderhus state government and snap elections.
The crisis erupted over Chancellor Sofia Westergaard's implementation of single-payer healthcare, opposed by the conservative Banderhus government led by Søren Bjerre. Bjerre attempted to prevent the program from being implemented in Banderhus, and sought to undermine it by encouraging doctors' strikes. In response, Westergaard took forceful action: she conscripted Banderhus' doctors into the Royal Delkoran Armed Forces to force them to provide services, and instituted a blockade of the state, withholding payments and deploying the military to block all transport to and from Banderhus.
The blockade lasted a week, and riots erupted due to the deprivation of public services and transport. At its height, Westergaard asked King Gunnar II to dismiss both the Jarl and the state government. He carried out the request, and a snap election held in Banderhus brought a National Labor-Liberal government to power, which implemented the single-payer program and obtained an end to the blockade.
The blockade was a pivotal moment for federalism in Delkora. It was the most severe conflict between a state and federal government since the Jarls Amendment of 1885. It established the constitutional principle that state governments cannot interfere with implementation of federal policies. It deepened tensions between the left and right factions of the Liberal Party, ultimately contributing to its 1940 split. It also affected the 1936 federal election, making permanent a polarisation between right-leaning southern Delkora and left-leaning northern Delkora.
Terminology
The crisis is conventionally known as the "Blockade of Banderhus" (Delkoran: Blokade af Banderhus), but is also nicknamed the "Sofia–Søren battle" (Delkoran: Sofia–Søren slaget).
Background
Sofia Westergaard's election as Liberal Party leader in 1932 presented a forceful challenge to its reputation as unprincipled "eternal junior coalition partners", created by its Venstre–Højre internal battles. She led the party to victory in 1932 and 1936 and led a Liberal–National Labor–Progressive coalition, which implemented a social democratic agenda that included expanding the welfare state, national public works programs, local government reform, and universal health care. She spent much of her tenure fighting her Højre rivals just as much as the Conservative opposition, and relied on her coalition partners to pass legislation.
Søren Bjerre had been First Minister of Banderhus since 1927, leading a Conservative–Agrarian coalition. He was infamous for his uncompromising conservatism, marked by devotion to low taxes and limited government, hostility to federal powers, and verbal and legislative attacks on Banderhus' minorities, particularly Travellers. Westergaard's ascent made Bjerre a standard-bearer of the Delkoran right. The two exchanged verbal, media, and parliamentary attacks frequently, and clashed over tax and spending policies.
Bjerre, who was known to have national political ambitions, emerged as one of the most vocal opponents of Westergaard's centrepiece universal healthcare proposal, decrying it as unaffordable and a federal attack on state autonomy. Speaking at the Conservative Party National Convention in 1933, he lambasted it as "the first phase of a socialist takeover of our government."
Confrontation
Westergaard's Universal Care Act was passed in 1935. During the legislative process, her government faced significant opposition but held firm, taking a confrontational stance. Ministers and parliamentarians vilified the Delkoran Medical Association's opposition to the program, and described its members as greedy and sociopathic. The attacks turned public opinion against the DMA, and several high-profile vandalism incidents took place.
In response, the DMA began to retreat from threats of a doctor's strike. One member of the DMA Council pleaded for cooperation at an emergency meeting, stating, "Neither we nor Delkora can survive if the public sees no difference between doctors and usurers." By early 1935, most state chapters of the DMA had buckled to public pressure and announced they would cooperate with the program.
Banderhus remained a notable holdout thanks in part to pressure from Bjerre's government. In February, the state's College of Physicians met and passed a resolution vowing its physicians would close their practices when single-payer came into force. Bjerre publicly supported the threatened strike, hoping to provoke a crisis that would undermine universal health care. He believed a show of force would convince the governments of Vassengård and Norvia to join in, and force the federal government to back down.
One complicating factor was that Abenvard, Banderhus' largest city, had a National Labor-led municipal council, which condemned the escalation of tensions and signaled they would cooperate with the federal government.
Already hostile to Bjerre, Westergaard welcomed the looming showdown as a chance to make an example of Banderhus. Her public rhetoric grew more militant: she invoked both the Delkoran Civil War and the Jarls Amendment of 1885 to warn against "reactionary obstruction". She privately conferred with close allies, including some members of the cabinet and the Jaerevik clique, to prepare the government's response. She instructed her interior and justice ministers to find all the legal avenues the government had at its disposal.
Days before, the government activated several Royal Delkoran Army units and moved them to the Førelskov–Banderhus border, in addition to federalizing the Banderhus Home Guard.
Blockade
The Universal Care Act took effect on 1 March 1935. As threatened, doctors in Banderhus went on strike. Approximately 90% of the state's offices were closed. The municipal council of Abenvard condemned the strike, and sided with the federal government.
Westergaard issued an emergency decree conscripting Banderhus doctors into the military. RDAF units in Banderhus were ordered to provide health services to the population. Bjerre condemned the move as authoritarian, and vowed to resist the federal government's "interference". In response, Westergaard ordered the military to close all roads and railways heading to Banderhus, froze the state government's bank accounts, and withheld payments due to the government.
One crucial factor for the blockade's success was Vassengård. The First Minister of Vassengård was alarmed by the use of the military to blockade a Delkoran state, but feared a confrontation even more, and chose to cooperate with the federal government. Military units in Vassengård joined the blockade, completing Banderhus' isolation.
Bjerre's government was shocked by the ferocity of the federal government's response. At an emergency meeting, several members urged Bjerre to back down, which he refused. Instead, he issued decrees to annul the Abenvard municipal council's decision, and privately threatened to dismiss it. Meanwhile, Westergaard fired two Højre-aligned cabinet members who expressed alarm over her actions.
Throughout the crisis, the federal and state governments fought for public support through the media. Westergaard and her ministers relentlessly attacked Bjerre for "playing with people's lives" and allowing Banderhus to suffer over a narcissistic dispute. Bjerre gave fiery speeches to supporters decrying the blockade as an "illegal" and "despotic" act, and declared Westergaard had "abandoned any pretense of abiding by our country's democratic norms."
Westergaard's public statements alternated between defiant firmness and sarcastic humour to keep her opponents off-balance. In response to a protest by the First Minister of Norvia, she remarked, "If Norvia doesn't want universal health care, we can sell it to Megelan." In Parliament, she was attacked by opposition leader Veidnar Albendor for "tearing the country apart", to which she responded, "If Delkora can't even help its people as a civilised society should, it deserves to be torn apart."
The blockade lasted nearly two weeks. Initially, the conscription of doctors inflamed public sentiments, and led the Banderhus College of Physicians to continue its resistance to the strike. The state ground to a halt: public works were suspended, public servants went unpaid, and supplies were disrupted. The College of Physicians voted on 5 March to end the strike, but Bjerre remained defiant. Protests began and escalated into riots. The state government was forced to evacuate from Falbaard on 7 March.
After the evacuation of Falbaard, Westergaard asked Jarl Erik II to dismiss Bjerre's government. Erik II refused, protesting that the federal government had caused the crisis specifically to destroy a state government. Westergaard then met with King Gunnar II, and asked for both Jarl Erik and the state government to be dismissed, citing the complete breakdown of public order in Banderhus.
Although the King privately confided to Westergaard that he believed these requests to be unconstitutional, he granted both and called for a snap election in Banderhus, believing that the situation had reached a crisis point and that there was no time to wait for an advisory opinion from the Federal Constitutional Court.
The blockade began to be lifted on 8 March, but the military remained deployed at the border pending the state election. During the brief campaign, Westergaard made it clear she would resume the blockade if Bjerre's government was returned to office, and the state opposition promised to end resistance to single-payer healthcare. The election resulted in a severe defeat for the Conservatives and Agrarians, and a National Labor-Liberal coalition took office. It officially joined the universal health care program, and in return Westergaard stood down the military and ended what remained of the blockade.
Aftermath
Westergaard's actions were controversial and polarised public opinion. They horrified the Højre faction and right-wing parties, while inspiring respect from National Labor and the Communist Party of Delkora, whose founder Rethe Lundgren quipped, "I never thought I'd see the day a Liberal has more backbone than National Labor." Her uncompromising stance, including her flippant threat to sell Norvia to Megelan if it resisted universal health care, earned her the nickname "Iron Sofia" (Jernsofia).
Legal case
Bjerre appealed to the Federal Constitutional Court, arguing that he had been unfairly dismissed. His legal team cited Westergaard's public statement that she would continue the blockade if Bjerre's government was reelected as evidence she had initiated the standoff, "with the full intention of using her power as a federal official to interfere in a state's electoral proceedings, in clear violation of the principle of federalism."
Because the blockade had been illegal from the outset, Bjerre argued, his dismissal, as well as the dismissal of Erik II, had been illegal as well. Nonetheless, he made a separate argument that the act of the federal government dismissing a state government was in and of itself unconstitutional, regardless of circumstance, as there was no provision in the constitution that specifically permitted it. Lastly, Bjerre argued that the blockade had violated the constitutional right to freedom of movement by preventing the movement of virtually all people and goods into and out of Banderhus.
Westergaard mounted a vigorous and radical defense. She accused Bjerre of dereliction of duty and causing the collapse of order in Banderhus, blaming him directly for the damages incurred during the blockade. In one of the case's famous moments, she accused Bjerre's government of social murder for opposing universal health care, and her cabinet and defense team relentlessly harped on the charge, reiterating that Bjerre's government had "blood on its hands". One observer wrote that the effect was mainly to keep a charged atmosphere during the Court's public hearings.
She further argued that Bjerre had violated the Constitution by obstructing the administration of federal law. While acknowledging that the act of dismissing the state government had no basis in a textual reading of the Delkoran Constitution, she insisted that it had been the only possible method of resolving the dispute, short of "capitulating to the illegal actions of a rogue state government and, in so doing, allowing potentially thousands to die from the denial of medical services while awaiting legislative or judicial remedy." She further pointed out that Bjerre had threatened the Abenvard municipal council during the blockade, arguably breaking state law as well as federal law.
In responding to the accusation that the blockade had violated freedom of movement, Westergaard countered that any infringement of individual rights in this regard was justified by the need for a strong response to the "complete breakdown of the rule of law" created by Bjerre's actions.
The Court issued a mixed ruling. In Decision no. 361 of 1935, it found that the blockade had been an unconstitutional infringement of freedom of movement on the grounds that it was a "disproportionate" and "excessive" response. However, it found the dismissals constitutional on the basis that Bjerre had sought to obstruct the administration of federal law through means (forcing the closure of doctor's offices) that created a crisis to which the federal government was obligated to respond.
Political consequences
By going as far as she had to crush Banderhus' resistance, Westergaard secured the states' cooperation or "sullen obedience" on healthcare. Dissuaded from further confrontation, states willingly cooperated with local government reform.
The blockade became a defining issue of the 1936 federal election. Right-wing parties condemned Westergaard's authoritarianism, and a backlash emerged in southern Delkora. A famous Conservative campaign poster disseminated during the 1936 and 1940 federal elections depicted her as a Futurist dictator watching as a line of tanks rolled through a rural town and terrorized its citizens; the caption warned, En afstemning for de liberale er en afstemning imod demokrati ("A vote for the Liberals is a vote against democracy").
This in turn caused a similar backlash from left-wing voters: one of National Labor's slogans was "Today Banderhus, tomorrow the nobility". The Liberals produced a poster in response to the Conservatives', depicting Westergaard and her cabinet as valkyries chasing down monstrous depictions of Bjerre and his government and erecting hospitals behind them.
The Liberal–National Labor–Progressive coalition was reelected; its losses in Banderhus, Vassengård, and Norvia were compensated by running up large margins in Cybria, Førelskov, and Norenstal, and sweeping Banderhus' large left-leaning city of Abenvard.
The blockade deepened the Venstre–Højre conflict, ultimately leading to the 1940 split. The regional polarisation of the 1936 election also imprinted itself onto the Liberals: southern state chapters were more aligned with Højre and alarmed by the blockade, while northern state chapters were more aligned with Venstre and supported the show of force.
Several of Westergaard's National Labor allies, including Cybrian First Minister Bjørn Olsen and future Chancellor Mette Elvensar, recalled that the blockade was a watershed moment, where they discovered that Westergaard was willing to back her social democratic convictions with forceful action. Osvald Bjerg commented that the Liberal–National Labor alliance "was forged over Banderhus".