Federal Armed Forces of Anáhuac
| Federal Armed Forces of Anáhuac | |
|---|---|
| 'Fuerzas Armadas Federales de Anáhuac' | |
 | |
| Motto | Sic semper tyrannis (unofficial) |
| Founded | 1811 |
| Service branches | |
| Headquarters | San Jorge Xayacatlán |
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | Template:Country data Anáhauc Matías Larrazábal Torres |
| Minister of the Navy |  Admiral Rodolfo Zulaica |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 16 - 49 |
| Conscription | Yes |
| Active personnel | 275,100 (2021) |
| Reserve personnel | 80,400 (2021) |
| Expenditure | |
| Budget | ACU $10.9 billion (2021) |
| Percent of GDP | 0.9% (2017 est.) |
| Industry | |
| Domestic suppliers | FMA S.A de C.V, Armería Hermanos Lujambio S.A and other 5 national companies. |
| Foreign suppliers |  Vultesia  Riamo  Gassasinia  Kentalis  Vileria |
| Related articles | |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Anáhuac |
The Federal Armed Forces of Anáhuac (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Federales de Anáhuac) are the military forces of the Federal Republic of Anáhuac. They are composed of two independent entities: the Federal Army and the Federal Navy. The Federal Army includes the Federal Air Force, while the Federal Navy includes the Naval Infantry Force (Marine Corps) and the Naval Aviation (FAN).
The Army and Navy are controlled by two separate government departments, the Ministry of National Defense and the Naval Ministry, and maintain two independent chains of command, with no joint command except the President of Anáhuac.
History
Preceding the Xaliecan and the Tarascan effectiveness in military aspects, the Canterian crown established a standing military in the late eighteenth century to shore up the defense of New Canteria against foreign attacks. With the outbreak of the Anahuense War of Independence, the royal army fought insurgents for independence. Royal army officer Aramberri Lavín changed sides and made a pact with insurgent general Aarón Nuñez, bringing about independence. Lavín became the first president of Anáhuac, but republicanism was briefly deposed by monarchism. After the monarchism was defeated, Gran Rugido became a republic with a weak central government. General Ibrahim Salazar was to dominate politics for decades.
Following several separatism movements in the country, Salazar was ousted and civilian liberals took power, passing a series of laws removing military privileges and decreasing its power. The conservative military and the Catholic Church allied in an unsuccessful attempt to oust the liberal reformers in a civil war. Monarchism returned for the second time in the meantime. Cristóbal was finally killed by his heir prince, a liberal.
An important liberal military leader against the Imperials and their conservative collaborators was General Ángel Lenoci. Lenoci had political ambitions to become President of Anáhuac, rebelling twice against civilian presidents, succeeding in 1875. He ruled Anáhauc continuously from 1876 to 1911, when he was forced from power by revolutionaries supporting Germán Castillejos. Although revolutionary forces defeated the Federal Army, Castillejos demobilized them and retained the federal forces. Madero was overthrown and murdered in a military coup in February 1913. Federal Army General Maximiliano Bontelli, now president, was challenged by a coalition of revolutionaries in northern Gran Rugido, the Constitutionalist Army and forces led by Alberto Fernández in the south. The Constitutionalists defeated the Federal Army in July 1914 and it was dissolved. Only revolutionary armies remained, which were not a unified force. Revolutionary generals were unable to come to a power arrangement after their victory over Bontelli, plunging the country into a new stage of civil war.
The large-scale conflict largely ended with Constitutionalist General Ignacio L. Dueñas defeating General Doroteo Pizarro in 1915. From the 1920s until the 1940s, revolutionary generals held the presidency of Anáhuac, with a number of rival generals staging unsuccessful coups. During this same period, these generals, especially Dueñas, Martín Falcón, and Videl de la García, systematically downsized the overall size of the armed forces and drastically reduced its share of the national budget, while at the same time creating a professional and largely apolitical junior officer corps. President Abelardo Portes Gil (1946-1954) was the last revolutionary-era general to serve as president. Before the civil war and after the 1968 Anahuense coup d'état, the Armed Forces were divided into the Provisional Armed Forces and the Popular Federal Armed Forces belonging to the Loyalists and the Proceso respectively.
After the destructive nature of Anahuense Civil War, reformation of the Armed Forces followed. While still participating in later uprisings, Anáhuac's armed forces are notable for their absence from politics. Post-reconstruction era military leaders established a culture of civilian supremacy and placed state power in the hands of civilian professional politicians.
General Ibrahim Salazar
General Ángel Lenoci
Federal Army General Maximiliano Bontelli
General Ignacio L. Dueñas, Constitutionalist Army general
General Martín Falcón
General Videl de la Garcóa
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Organization
The Army
Main article: Anahuaca Federal Army
There are five main components of the Army: a national headquarters, territorial commands, and independent units. The Ministry of National Offense commands the Army by means of a very centralized system and a large number of general officers. The Army uses a modified continental staff system in its headquarters. The Army is the largest branch of Anáhuac's armed services.
Presently, there are 13 "Military Regions", which are further broken down into 24 subordinate "Military Zones." In both cases, a numbering system is used for designation. There is no set number of zones within a region, and these can therefore be tailored to meet operational needs, with a corresponding increase or decrease in troop strength.
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The Air Force
Main article: Federal Air Forces of Anáhuac
The Air Force national headquarters is embedded within the Army headquarters in San Jorge Xayacatlán. It also follows the continental staff system, with the usual A1, A2, A3, and A4 sections. The tactical forces form what is loosely called an Air Division, but it is dispersed in four regions: Northeast, Northwest, Central, and South. The Air Force maintains a total of 18 air bases, and has the additional capability of opening temporary forward operating bases in austere conditions for some helicopters and light aircraft.
Main article: Federal Navy of Anáhuac
Unlike the other branches, the Navy's national headquarters is located in Santa Elisa and is smaller than the Army's headquarters. The "Junta (or Council) of Admirals" plays a unique consultative and advisory role within the headquarters, an indication of the institutional importance placed on seniority and "year groups" that go back to the admirals’ days as cadets in the naval college. They are a very tightly knit group, and great importance is placed on consultation among the factions within these year groups. The Navy's operational forces are organized as three independent groups: the Kaldaz Force, the Girón Task Force and the Sunadic Force. Each group has its own headquarters, a destroyer group, an auxiliary vessel group, a Marine Infantry Group, and a Special Forces group. The Kaldaz and Sunadic Forces are not mirror images of each other, as independence of organization is permitted. The Navy also has an air arm with troop transport, reconnaissance, and surveillance aircraft.
The Navy maintains significant infrastructure, including naval dockyards that have the capability of building ships, such as the Constitución class offshore patrol vessel. These dockyards have a significant employment and economic impact in the country.
The Marines
Main article: Naval Infantry of Anáhuac
The Naval Infantry are the marine corps and amphibious infantry force of the Federal Navy. The main task of the Infantería de Marina is to guarantee the maritime security of the country's ports and external and internal defense of the country, to accomplish these responsibilities the corps is trained and equipped to take on any type of operations from Sea, Air and Land.
The Naval Infantry Corps was reorganized in 2007–09 into 20 Naval Infantry Battalions, a paratroop battalion, a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, two Fast Reaction Forces with six battalions each, and three Special Forces groups. The Naval Infantry are responsible for port security, protection of national ships until reaching international waters and patrolling major waterways.
The Coast Guard
Main article: National Maritime Search and Rescue
The National Maritime Search and Rescue is the Federal Navy's SAR Unit, which is responsible for improving the quality and effectiveness of the Navy's response to Anáhuac's maritime emergencies. The Federal Navy historically has been responsible for the search and rescue operations using its available resources. However, aware of the importance of safeguarding human life at sea and the growing demand of sea rescue, the High Command of the Navy created the Maritime Search and Rescue unit.
Independent Forces
Several other military organizations exist that are independent of the Army and Navy command structures.
Chief among the independent troops is an Army Corps consisting of two mechanized infantry brigades located in Mexico City plus a motorized brigade, with a full complement of combat and support troops. In addition, there are Special Forces units (1 division and more than 100 independent regional battalions) and a parachute brigade.
All these independent troops are located in San Jorge where they act as a ready reserve and as centers of excellence.
In times of need, a special "Rural Defense Corps" (or "Rurales") plays a role similar to a traditional volunteer militia (organized on an as-needed basis) in the rural communities. Alongside the "Rurales", people have formed the Community Self-Defense Groups (populary known as "Autodefensas") Today, both the Rural Defense and the "Autodefensas" teams usually work with both local law enforcement and the National Guard towards the goal of hindering organized crime and the threat of the drug cartels and guerrillas.
Established after the conclusion of the nation's civil war, the National Guard (Anáhuac) were established as a separate service of the armed forces under the direct control and responsibility of the Ministry of National Defense and Public Security in order to contribute to overall national defense and help protect public order and safety. The relevant amendments to the Constitution were approved in March 1971 by both the Congress of the Union and the Senate chambers.
Personnel & Conscription
Per a defense ministry report written in the early 90s, the Army has 151,278 active duty soldiers, and around about 87,000 reservist about 0.39 percent of the population. In 1988, its budget was 0.7 percent of the country's Gross National Product (GNP) but after the 1988 Siege of Senora, the military budget increased to 1.0 percent in 1990 most notably to focus on the modernization of all branches. By the 2000s, military budget was once again reduced to 0.8% in the wake of the presidency of Moctezuma Ortega. Since the Republican Alliance retook the presidency in 2018, miltary spending has increased around ACU$7.1 - 10.4 billion.
According to the CISEN National Fact Book, Anáhuac's available military manpower revolves around 21,000,000 (males and females age 18–49, 2009 est.), with 18,000,000 fit for military service, and around 500,000 - 1 million annually reaching military service age. Since 2003, women have been introduced to the mandatory military service. Although military service is mandatory for all 18-year-olds in the country, recruitment for active-duty can only happen from ages 18 through 21 for those who have completed secondary education, and 22 for those who have only completed high school.
Conscript soldiers
Legally, every Anahuacan man and woman is obligated to a year of military service consisting of a few hours of drill or social services on weekends, not true military training. Most conscripts will have received at most only one marksmanship session at a rifle range by the time they have completed their service and are not integrated nor operate with regular army units.
The armed forces are generally made up of professionals. Military service age and obligation as of 2012 is 18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation is 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; conscripts serve only in the Army; Navy and Air Force service is all voluntary. Cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces.
Servicio Militar Nacional
The drafted men attend and participate in weekend sessions, which are of social service in nature, with an emphasis being placed on education, history, physical fitness, and military discipline for one complete year. Afterward, the precartilla (pre-military identity card) is returned to the conscript with an added page certifying his status as having fulfilled his national military service and identifies the military branch, the unit, rank, etc. The document then acquires full status as the Cartilla del Servicio Militar Nacional (Military National Service Identity Card), informally Cartilla; this status is recorded in the National Defense and Navy Ministries' files.
This document (Military National Service Identity Card) is an important form of Mexican national identification, and its existence was formerly always requested by private and public employers, however, this identity document has ceased being required for obtaining a passport for international travel and even in domestical issues.
Officers
Officer candidates for the three services are trained in military colleges; San Jorge Xayacatlán for the Army, Aztlán, Senora, for the Air Force, and Santa Elisa, for the Navy.
Carrer soldiers
Citizens who have chosen to be career soldiers are signed for an initial 3-year contract and, at the end of it, are encouraged to sign for another 2-year contract. If they choose to do so, this 2nd term would become final, unless they undertake mandatory exams and tests to become corporals, or apply to study in any of the available Military Specialist Technical Schools or for sergeant in the E.M.C.A. (Escuela Militar de Clases de las Armas).
Leadership
Officially, the Minister of Defense is in charge of the Rugidoense military, but the Minister of Defense must answer to the President in any choice, who is Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (Comandante Supremo De Las Fuerzas Armadas). According to the Constitution of Gran Rugido, the President is the Army's only five-star general. Instead, a Minister, who is a serving officer—an Army four-star general or a Navy admiral—heads each department and branch (The Ministries of National Defense and the Navy). Each minister serves in a dual capacity: as a full cabinet member reporting to the President, and as the operational commander of their branch, but because of politics and rank, the Navy is subordinate to the Army. Moreover, the Air Force commander and his staff are attached to Army headquarters; no Air Force officer has risen to the hierarchy's most trusted, senior positions. Every Minister must answer to the Minister of Defense.
The President picks the ministers, who do not have to serve as such for his entire presidential term. Before the early 1990s, ministerial selection was a strict, pro-forma exercise by seniority. However, both Samara Mireles (2002 - 2010) and Moctezuma Ortega (2010 - 2018) strayed from precedent and reached down to the junior levels to select "more progressive" officers to lead the forces.
The Army and the Navy are regionally organized, with central, national headquarters in San Jorge and subordinate, regional headquarters. Historically, this has proven to be effective because military's main deployments have been domestic. Troops are stationed throughout the country to serve as a continuing presence of authority and to allow for an immediate critical response. Dispersion by regional military zones has facilitated local recruitment of non-commissioned officers (Army sergeants, Navy petty officers) and enlisted men and women, allowing them to be stationed near family during their military service, an important cultural consideration. On the other hand, mobility is expected of commissioned officers to give them experience, and historically, to prevent any senior officer from remaining too long and becoming a warlord.
Limitations
Article 129 of the 1917 Political Constitution of the Federal Republic establishes that: "No military authority may, in time of peace, perform any functions other than those that are directly connected with military affairs", but the Army's temporary replacement of civil police forces, in specific cases, before the creation of the Federal Police, has been much debated in Congress and in the mass communications media.
In a similar way in Article 26: "No member of the army shall, in time of peace, be quartered in private dwellings without the consent of the owner, nor may he impose any obligation whatsoever. In time of war the military may demand lodging, equipment, provisions, and other assistance, in the manner laid down in the respective martial law."
Military Law
As the President of Anáhuac is Commander in Chief of the armed forces, the chain of command and military discipline are subordinated to civilian control. Article 13 of the Constitution specifically provides for military jurisdiction over all military crime and discipline; military tribunals execute jurisdiction over military personnel, per the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).
Regarding military personnel labor conditions, discipline, and the chain of command as fundamental to the military, Article 123-B establishes: "Military and naval personnel and members of the public security corps, and personnel of the foreign service, shall be governed by their own laws."
Engagements & Role of the Military in Politics
Most engagements of the Armed Forces (and it's precedeing organs) were based in the national territory. Anáhauc remained neutral (and without needing) of interveing in the Great War (Anteria).
- Anahuense War of Independence (1808 - 1811)
- Reform War (1855 - 1863)
- Anahuacan Revolution (1911 - 1917)
- La Violencia & El Temblor (1920 - 1950)
- Anahuense Civil War(1968 - 1972)
- 1988 Siege of Senora (June - July 1988)
- 2021 Anahuense uprising (March - April 2021)
- Saltstil Pact Peacekeeping Missions in Rohyn
Activities outside Anáhuac
Peacekeeping Missions
As of 2005, intervention in AWA peacekeeping operations began being discussed, with strong resistance from some members of the Congress. However, the first group of the Federal Armed Forces joined Operation Bannister II, the SP mission in Rohyn: the 777th Peacekeeping Expeditionary Legion is the first group of Rugidoenses to be deployed in foreign territory. Rugidoense authorities have expressed their interest to increase their participation in the future.
Natural disaster relief and humanitarian aid
Thorught of most of its history, the GRFAF have offered its efforts to provide disaster relief. New enchancements in the constitution has also stated to assist either guvermental or non-guvernmental organizations when they handle humanitarian aid in other nations.