Party divisions of the Belhavian Senate

First Empire Era (1716 - 1945)

Third Party System

Senate	Years		Senate						President	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Federalists	Liberals	Democrats	Independents	Vacan cies
55th	1891 – 1893		39	29	N/A†	3	-		Hillel Reiss	Federalists	+10
51st	1893 – 1895		38	30	0	3	1		Gedalia Herskowitz		+8
52nd	1895 - 1897		37	22	10	1	-				+15
53rd	1897 - 1899		36	21	12	1	-				+15
54th	1899 – 1901		35	27	7	1	2				+8
55th	1901 – 1903		22	43	4	1	-		David Lieberman	Liberals	+21
56th	1903 – 1905		26	39	4	1	1				+13
57th	1905 – 1907		26-272	40-411	4-31	1-02	-				+14
58th	1907 – 1909		31	36	3	0	-				+5
59th	1909 – 1911		35	34	1	0	2		Yaakov Kranz	Federalists	+1
60th	1911 – 1913		32	36	2	0	-			Liberals	+4
61st	1913 – 1915		29	38	3	0	1		Yosef Haber		+11
62nd	1915 – 1917		32	35-363	3-23	0	-				+4
63rd	1917 – 1919		29	37	4	0	1				+8

Senate	Years		Senate							President	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Federalists	Liberals	Democrats	Fascists	Independents	Vacan cies
64th	1919 – 1921		36	32	2	01	0	-		Yosef Haber	Federalists	+4
65th	1921 – 1923		40	27	3	0	1	-		Elazar Goldenberg		+13

Senate	Years		Senate						President	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Federalists	Liberal Democrats	Fascists	Independents	Vacan cies
66th	1923 – 1925		32	342	4	0	-		Elazar Goldenberg	Federalist-Fascist coalition	+2
67th	1925 – 1927		38	29	3	0	-			Federalists	+9
68th	1927 – 1929		37	28	5	0	-				+9
69th	1929 – 1931		30	39	1	0	2		Akiva Baron-Cohen	Liberal Democrats	+9
70th	1931 – 1933		32	36	2	0	-				+4
71st	1933 – 1935		31	37	2	0	-				+6
72nd	1935 – 1937		33	31	5	1	-			Federalist-Fascist coalition	+7
73rd	1937 – 1939		28	37	2	3	-		Oren Asher	Liberal Democrats	+9
74th	1939 – 19403		32	30	4	4	1			Federalist-Fascist coalition	+6

Galarian Era 'Rump Senate'

Main article: Rump Senate (Belhavia)

Senate	Years		Senate (Rump Senate)						Supreme Autocrat	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Federalists	Liberal Democrats	Fascists	Independents	Vacan cies
74th	1940 - 1941†		20	5	4	0	41†		Zachary Galarian	National Front	N/A (National Front unanimous majority)1
75th	1941 – 1943		20	5	4	41	-				N/A (National Front unanimous majority)
76th	1943 – 1945		18	N/A2	N/A2	52	11				N/A (National Front unanimous majority)
77th	19454		11-83	N/A	N/A	59-623	3				N/A (National Front unanimous majority)

Second Empire/Post-Galarian Era (1945 - Present)

Third Party System (Continued)

Provisional Assembly	Years		Provisional Assembly (Interim Senate Regime)							President	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Federalists	Liberal Democrats	United Left	National Patriotic Union	Independents	Vacan cies
77th	1946–1947†		17	21	8	10	14	2		Matthew Rabin	National Unity Front (de facto Liberal Democrat-United Left-Independent majority)	+16 (de facto)
78th	1947–1949		24	29	5	6	6	-			Liberal Democrat-United Left-Independent coalition	+10

Senate	Years		Senate							President	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Federalists	Liberal Democrats	United Left	National Patriotic Union	Independents	Vacan cies
79th	1949–1951		28	36	4	2	2	2		Matthew Rabin	Liberal Democrats	+8
80th	1951–1953		32	31	2	4	1	-			Federalist-National Patriotic Union coalition	+5
81st	1953–1955		25	34	5	3	3	1		Yavin Leibniz	Liberal Democrat-Independent coalition	+12

Fourth Party System

Senate	Years		Senate							President	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Conservatives	Liberal Democrats	United Left	National Patriotic Union	Independents	Vacan cies
82nd	1955–1957		22	36	3	2	7	2		Yavin Leibniz	Liberal Democrats	+14
83rd	1957–1959		29	32	2	2	5	-			Liberal Democrat-Independent coalition	+6
84th	1959–1961		28	35	0	3	4	-				+11
85th	1961–1963		37	29	N/Aa	3	1	1		Edward Kalian	Conservatives	+8
86th	1963–1965		35	31	N/A	2	2	-				+4
87th	1965–1967		31	32	N/A	4	3	-			Conservative-National Patriotic Union coalitionb	+3
88th	1967–1969		25	39	N/A	3	3	-			Liberal Democrats	+14
89th	1969–1971		27	41	N/A	N/Ac	2	3c		Vern Callan		+13

Senate	Years		Senate						President	Governing Majority Party	Margin of Majority Control
			Conservatives	Liberal Democrats	Libertarians	Independents	Vacan cies
90th	1971–1973		23	45	N/A1	2	-		Vern Callan	Liberal Democrats	+22
91st	1973–1975		25	44	N/A	1	-				+19
92nd	1975–1977		28	41	0	1	-				+13
93th	1977–1979		28	40	1	1	12		Berel Levine		+12
94th	1979–1981		27	40	2	1	12				+13
95th	1981–1983		40	26	4	0	-		Julian Settas	Conservatives	+14
96th	1983–1985		37	29	4	0	-				+8
97th	1985–1987		41	23	5	1	-				+18
98th	1987–1989		37	28	4	1	-				+9
99th	1989–1991		35	31	3	1	-		Naftali Katz		+4
100th	1991–1993		34	32	33	1	-			Liberal Democrat-Libertarian-Independent coalition3 (two weeks only) Conservative-Libertarian coalition (rest of session)	+2
101st	1993–1995		34	34	14	1	-		Garret Holleran	Liberal Democrat-Independent coalition4	+1
102nd	1995–1997		32	35	1	2	-			Liberal Democrats	+4
103rd	1997–1999		34-355	33-325	1	2	-		Yehuda Fiedler	Conservative-Libertarian-Independent coalition	+3/+55
104th	1999–2001		36-356	32-336	1	1	15			Conservatives	+4/+26
105th	2001–2003		30	367	4	0	16		Garret Holleran	Liberal Democrat	+6
106th	2003–2005		31	35	4	0	-				+4
107th	2005–2007		37	30-268	3	0-48	-		Jeff Arnoth	Conservatives	+7/+118
108th	2007–2009		33	27	7	39	-				+7
109th	2009–2011		32-3610	31	6-210	1	-		Eli Goldman		+1/+510
110th	2011–2013		39	27	3	1	-				+12
111th	2013–2015		41	25	4	0	-				+16
112th	2015 - 2017		35	30	4	111	-				+6

Notes:
1891-1919:
†. The Democratic Party formed on February 24th, 1891.
1. In early February 1905, Democratic Sen. Yehudah Horwitz (D-Freeport) broke with his party and joined the Liberals.
2. In November 1905, the Independent Sen. Joshua Yairson (I-West Dakos), seeking to have influence over agricultural affairs, joined the Federalists as the party seemed poised to pickup several seats in the upcoming 1906 elections.
3. After the 1914 midterms, the Liberals lacked one vote for an outright majority. The Democrats refused to form a coalition with them, and the Liberals contemplated forming a minority-majority. However, a moderate and disillusioned Democratic Senator, Nemat Shirazi (D-North Dakos), secretly talked about party switching with the Liberals. After some negotiations, they agreed and on January 7th, 1915, Sen. Shirazi registered as a Liberal and joined their caucus.
1919-1940:
1. The Fascist Party was established on March 4th, 1918.
2. In the aftermath of the 1922 midterms, when the Federalists and Fascists created a coalition majority, the Liberals and Democrats, after terse negotiations, decided to merge parties and form an opposition caucus.
3. On 9/5/1940, the Galarian Coup occurred, leading to the Senate's transition into the so-called "Rump Senate."

Galarian Era 'Rump Senate':
†. On 9/5/40, Galarian launched his coup. He arrested 41 members of the sitting Senate, arresting all but 5 of the chamber's Liberal Democrats, a chunk of its Federalists (mostly from its paleoconservative wing), and all of the few independents. The Senate was barred from meeting except for passing a resolution under coercion granting its approval to Galarian's coup. For the 75th Senate seated in January 1941, the vacancies were filled by handpicked loyalists to Galarian, all designated on the record as 'independents' but who aligned with Galarian's umbrella political group, the National Front.
1. Retroactively extended from January 1941 until the 9/5 Coup, all of the remaining political parties were required to join the National Front's 'electoral alliance' or face dissolution and criminalization.
2. The Liberal Democratic and the Fascist parties were both criminalized and dissolved; the former, because the opposition government-in-exile in Oured, D.A., headed by self-exiled 1940 Lib Dem presidential nominee Matthew Rabin, was staffed mainly by Liberal Democrats and most Lib Dems covertly were aiding the opposition's side. The latter were banned after they started criticizing the Autocrat for not being militant enough abroad and not bloody enough at home to dissenters.
3. Three Federalist senators were arrested and replaced by National Front 'independents' for "defeatism" after they tried to urge the Autocrat to change strategies in April 1945 regarding the failing pro-Galarianist forces in the First Arthuristan Civil War.
4. The 77th Senate was dissolved on May 21st, 1945, after the Fall of Galarian.

Post-Galarian Era:
†. Although Senate sessions are two-year terms, the 77th Senate opened in January 1945 during the Rump Senate of the Galarian autocracy. During the Stein Coup of 5/21/1945, the Rump Senate was dissolved and the nation was without a sitting national legislature until elections were held in late 1945, and the "77th Senate" (then called the Provisional Assembly) was seated on January 2nd, 1946, and filled out the rest of the term as if there had been no interruption. For more information, see Provisional Government of Belhavia.
a. The new Tory majority in the Senate sent President Kalian a bill to add the United Left party to the prohibited political groups under the White Terror laws as the press discovered evidence that many of the elements of the far-left party were closeted Marxists and socialists in the December 1960 Bloomberg Affair. The United Left party had already lost its two remaining Senators in the 1958 midterm elections. Kalian signed the bill on February 7th, 1961, registering the party as a dangerous and subversive platform for unlawful far-left political advocacy, and the party was banned. Most of its leaders were arrested, and the bulk of them chose to denounce their citizenship and leave the country, while others fled or went into hiding.
b. With their majority in peril after they entered the 87th Senate a seat behind the Lib Dems, the Tories abandoned their long-standing cordon sanitaire against forming coalitions or alliances with the far right National Patriotic Union, after the NPU agreed to moderate its radical right-wing rhetoric and soften its position as a crypto-Galarianist party. Once the Tories entertained a coalition with the NPU, all three independents refused to enter negotiations to join the political alliance.
c. The NPU saw its demise in the aftermath of the Ben-David Incident of March 3^rd - 6^th, 1969, when senior elements of the NPU political leadership, all three of its sitting senators, and its allies in the Imperial National Militia's Provisa garrison attempted to launch a coup d'état in reaction to the left-wing honeymoon legislation of President Vern Callan, which led to a three-day fight in the capital before it was quelled by the regular Army. The party was criminalized by unanimous assent by the Senate under the White Terror laws, its three senators were arrested and removed from their positions, and the party's leadership were arrested, killed in the fighting, or fled the nation. Special elections were held for all three vacant Senate seats; the Lib Dems won two of them, and the Tories won one.
1. The Libertarian Party did not exist until May 1972, and did not contest Imperial senatorial elections until 1974.
2. One senator resigned because of a serious ethics violations, and the other was killed in a plane crash. In both scenarios, their provinces allowed their sitting governors to appoint their replacements, and both had governors of the same party who appointed replacements of their party, resulting in no change of the partisan balance of power in the chamber.
3. In the 100th session of the Imperial Senate, in the opening days of the session, the Independent Rodney King and the three-member Libertarian caucus joined the Liberal Democrats to form a majority coalition (36 – 34) for two weeks, electing Lib Dem leader Sen. Ron Jayson as Senate Majority Leader. In a counter-coup, the Tories were able to sway two of the Libertarian senators to their side, collapsing the LD-I-LP majority and creating a 36-34 C-LP coalition majority. Conservative Sen. Jacob Lieberstein, the incumbent Senate Majority Leader from the 99th Senate, was re-elected Senate Majority Leader in a floor vote, and served in that capacity for the remainder of the 100th Senate. The lone remaining Libertarian, Sen. Isaac Goldberger, and Independent Sen. King broke away from the Lib Dems and caucused on their own as they did before the parliamentary coup. See: January 1991 Senate Coups for more information.
4. Entering the 101st Senate session saw both major parties split at 34-34 each. The Libertarian caucus, reduced to one member (Sen. Jacob Cohen) after a disastrous 1992 Imperial general election for the Libs, foreswore joining either party to create a coalition after the media firestorm and backlash from his base over the January 1991 Senate Coups. After intense negotiations, Independent Sen. King rejoined the Liberal Democrats, delivering them a fragile 1-vote majority.
5. In November 1997, incumbent Lib Dem Sen. David Horowitz resigned over grave health issues, and in a special election in July 1998, he was succeeded by Tory Eli Goldman.
6. The Tories had a great 1998 midterm election, breaking historical trends to gain seats in what normally would be an opposition party-favored year. They had a net gain of 2 seats, 36 to the Lib Dems' 32. However, Conservative Sen. Yadoah Mintz of Vannen was discovered by the press to be having an extramarital affair, and after weeks of pressure, he resigned on April 19th, 1999. In the special election that November, Vannen voters narrowly elected to replace him with a Liberal Democrat, Asher Lebowitz, and the balance of the two parties' power in the Senate shifted 35 Tory - 33 Lib Dem until the 105th Senate.
7. Sen. David Goldwasser, a Lib Dem, died of old age, but in the special election to replace him, another Lib Dem, Harold Dreyfuss, prevailed and was seated. There was no change in partisan balance of power.
8. Following lobbying from President Arnoth and prominent members of the Lib Dem “rightist” wing, as the 107th Senate session was beginning, 4 Liberal Democratic Senators from the Rightist wing of the party broke away from the increasingly left-leaning 30-member Lib Dem Senate caucus and formed their own “Independent Centrist Caucus,” from which the ICC senators often worked with the Tory majority to pass legislation. The LD caucus dropped from 30 to 26 with the breaking away of the “ICC” Rightist faction.
9. Following the gridlock and bitter feelings from their former Lib Dem colleagues, the ICC faction splintered before the upcoming 2008 midterm elections. 1 ICC senator was defeated in his Lib Dem primary, one resigned, one defected to the Conservatives, and one (Sen. Joe Manton) was able to hold his seat and remain an “Independent Democrat” dedicated to centrist governing.
10. President Goldman and the Conservative leadership, nervous about a close 32-31 majority and the unknown negotiations between the 6-seat Libertarian Party caucus and the Lib Dems, reached out to 4 LP senators in their party’s “pragmatic” wing and were able to persuade them to defect and become Conservatives, giving them an opportunity to influence legislation and promote libertarian principles instead of being delegated to a marginalized backbencher caucus. The new Conservative majority grew from 32 to 36. See: Conservative-Libertarian (Con-Lib) Caucus, 2008 - Present.
11. The Independent Senator, Ari Gerson (a self-described "conservative independent"), chose to caucus with the Tories for organizational purposes.