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Murungu
Varungu

File:HappyValley.jpg Four white people in Crogan
Total population
~550,000
Regions with significant populations
Rwizikuru	21,595
Languages
Estmerish, Gaullican, and weRwizi
Religion
Sotirianism

The murungu (pl. varungu), also known as White Rwizikurans or Euclean-Rwizikurans, are people in Rwizikuru who are of Euclean descent, and have been citizens of Rwizikuru since its independence from Estmere in 1946.

Etymology

The term murungu is a weRwizi language term referring to white people.

The most common theory says that the term originated from a name that is commonly used by other Bahian peoples to refer to God or the creator deity, Mulungu. According to linguist and settler Marvin Carnall, who first proposed the idea in 1911, when the Estmerish first arrived to present-day Port Graham in 1638 and established a fort, the native veRwizi saw the Estmerish as Gods, and thus used the term murungu to refer to the Estmerish.

However, this interpretation has been met with substantial criticism, with many veRwizi arguing that Carnall's theory is Eucleocentric and plays into the common trope that "uncivlized peoples" see Eucleans as gods.

The most common alternative theory, first proposed in 1975 by linguist Tazvitya Mhlanga claims that the term derives from the "pumpkin-like" appearance of the earliest Estmerish settlers in the 17th century. Thus, they called the white commmunity "people of the pumpkin."

This term was historically only used by the weRwizi people to refer to all white people. However, in 1946, with independence looming, many white people chose to keep the citizenship of their home countries, instead of accepting Rwizikuran citizenship. Thus, Samhuri Ngonidzashe needed to devise terms, so to distinguish the "white citizens," and the "white expatriates."

Thus, he chose to use the term "murungu" or "varungu" to refer to white citizens of Rwizikuru, and "munodzoka" or "vanodzoka" to refer to the whites who chose to not accept Rwizikuran citizenship. Since independence, the latter term has evolved to refer to all expatriates of Euclean descent, while the former now only refers to Rwizikuran citizens of Euclean descent.

History

Colonization

white immigration not as high as in other Estmerish colonies, what with the hot climate: Crogan becomes main center of the white community from 1890s on as it is somewhat cooler than Port Fitzhubert, and is home to large farms of cash crops. by 1931, white population reaches 14,867 people.

Post Great-War

With the end of the Great War in 1935, the white community in Riziland were augmented by Gaullophones living in Olongaland, or the portion of the Gaullican colony of Quigomba which was split between Nasana and Estmere.

While most of the Gaullican residents in Olongaland were either expelled, or left of their own accord over the next few years, there was still a substantial white presence in Olongaland, which was predominantly Gaullophone. This led to increasing tensions between Guallophones and Anglophones, especially as many Anglophones viewed the Gaullophones as a potential threat to Estmerish rule over Riziland.

Around this time, two major movements sprung up among the white population: the Alliance paysanne, based in Saint-Germain (present-day Port Tsalar, Nasana) and led by Jean-Louis Milhaud, and the Conservative Front, based in Port Fitzhubert and led by Alistair Perry, each representing their side of the population. The Alliance paysanne wanted equal recognition for the Gaullophone community in colonial politics, while the Conservative Front advocated for assimilation of all whites into Estmerish culture.

By 1941, the white population reached 41,479 people, or about 0.58% of the total population, with only 17,375 originating from Estmere or descended from Estmerish settlers, with almost all of the remaining 24,104 white people being Gaullicans who were allowed to remain. Only 615 were of other Euclean descent.

While some radical white settlers, most notably the far-right Mouvement de civilisation led by Adolphe Crevier, advocated for independence from Estmere under a white minority government, most Eucleans believed that permanent rule by whites would not be viable in the long term.

Thus, when limited self-government was proclaimed in 1941, with a sixteen member legislative council, eight seats were allocated to the white community. With Adolphe Crevier's party destroyed as a result of the election, Jean-Louis Milhaud and Alistair Perry became the main political representatives of the white community.

By the early 1940s, the whites had reached their zenith of political, and to some degree, economic influence, although most of the economy was dominated by Marathi immigrants who were unrepresented in the legislative council.

Post-independence

Following the independence of Rwizikuru in 1946, it was estimated that 2/3rds of the Anglophone community, and 3/5ths of the Gaullophone community either refused to take Rwizikuran citizenship or emigrated from Rwizikuru. Thus, it was estimated only around five thousand Estmerish-speaking whites and around ten thousand Gaullican-speaking whites took up Rwizikuran citizenship.

While the whites lost much of their political standing, the 1946 general elections saw three white legislators: Jean-Louis Milhaud (MV) representing Centre St-Germain, Ignace Dutoit (MV) representing Petit Pays, and Archibald Hayes representing Crogan. As well, the whites maintained their economic position, especially as managers and supervisors, and many of the murungu remained in the Rwizikuran civil service. However, they were starting to lose their stature, with the 1950 elections only returning Hayes and Dutoit, while Milhaud retiring from politics.

In 1951, the murungu population was reported to be at 16,335 people, making up 0.1% of the total population. Of the 16,070 murungu, 9,958 were of Guallican descent, while 6,112 people were of Estmerish descent, and the remaining 265 murungu were of other Euclean origins.

During the early 1950s, the murungu population started to lose more of their strength, especially as the governing Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru began to institute policies to regulate the economy. By 1954, with the retirement of Samhuri Ngonidzashe, and the accession of Izibongo Ngonidzashe, the two remaining white legislators lost their seats. At the same time, policies of indigenization pushed many of the white civil servants out of their jobs.

Bottoming out

By 1961, the white population fell to 11,643 people, or around 0.09% of the total population. Of the 11,643 murungu, 5,915 were of Gaullican descent, 5,581 were of Estmerish descent, and 147 were of other Euclean descent. The white community by this point was largely concentrated in and around Saint-Germain (present-day Port Tsalar, Nasana), Port Fitzhubert, and Crogan.

However, things got worse: with the passage of the eighth amendment to the Rwizikuran constitution, foreign investment dried up. As many of the murungu were employed by Euclean firms operating in Rwizikuru, they generally lost their jobs, or were asked to move out of Rwizikuru to keep their jobs. With a crackdown on bourgeois elites, many of the murungu population feared that they will lose their lands and businesses, although unlike the Marathi population or the wealthy Irfanic population, the murungu were not as badly affected by the policy, primarily because of their common faith, although a handful of families did lose farms and businesses to the government.

To make things worse, the Nasani-Rwizikuran War from 1968 to 1969 saw the loss of most of Yekumavirira to Nasana: virtually all of the Gaullophone community fled, with most of them leaving for Euclea, with the rest fleeing to Port Fitzhubert and Crogan.

Thus, by the 1971 census, the murungu population fell to 6,229 people, or 0.05% of the total population. Of the 6,229 murungu, 5,977 were of Estmerish descent, 201 were of Gaullican descent and 51 were of other Euclean descent.

During the 1970s, as Rwizikuru became more closed off from the rest of the world, many of the murungu who remained were farmers exporting cash crops to the few nations willing to trade with Rwizikuru, especially as few businessmen remained, and only a handful of murungu remained in the Rwizikuran civil service.

By 1981, the murungu population fell to a low of 5,789 people, comprising 0.04% of the total population. Of the 5,789 murungu, 5,565 were of Estmerish descent, 213 were of Gaullican descent, and 11 were of other Euclean descent, with the main centers of murungu population being in Crogan, where out of the 59,576 inhabitants in its urban area, there were 3,506 murungu living there, comprising 5.9% of the city's population, 1,055 living in Port Fitzhubert, making up 0.2% of the city population, and the remainder living in the countryside.

Contemporary era

With the death of Izibongo Ngonidzashe in 1979, and his succession by Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe, Kupakwashe Ngonidzashe began to engage in economic reforms to attract foreign investment in the country.

(TBC)