Louzen orthography

Louzen alphabet Lúzinſká abeceda
Example of a Vulgate Bible (in Latin gothic) Discovered in present day Dutchy of Louzeni
Type	Alphabet
Languages	Louzen language
Created	~1620
Published	1940
Parent systems	Latin script Louzen alphabet

The Louzen orthography is a set of rules, that guide the written form of the Louzen language

Alphabet

Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used Protopolyash script, the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards Latin script, which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.

Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only Graphemes to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of diacritic marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter. Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and syllabic consonants. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.

A a /a/	Á á /aː/	Ä ä /æː/	Â â /ʲa ~ ja/	B b /b/	C c /ʦ/	Ċ ċ /ʨ ~ ʧ/	D d /ɖ ~ d/	Ḋ ḋ /ɟ/	E e /ɛ/
É é /ɛː/	Ê ê /ʲe ~ je/	F f /f/	G g /g/	H h /ɦ ~ h/	Ḣ ḣ /x/	I i /i/	Í í /iː/	J j /j/	K k /k/
L l /l/	Ŀ ŀ /ʎ ~ lʲ/	M m /m/	N n /n/	Ṅ ṅ /ɲ/	O o /o ~ ɔ/	Ó ó /oː ~ ɔː/	Ö ö /œ ~ œː/	P p /p/	Q q /q ~ kv/
R r /r ~ ʀ/	S s ſ /s/	Ṡ ṡ ẛ /ɕ ~ ʃ/	Ŝ ŝ ſ̂ /ɕʧ/	T t /ʈ ~ t/	Ṫ ṫ /c/	U u /u/	Ú ú /uː/	Ü ü /ɨ ~ y/	Û û /ʲu ~ ju/
V v /v/	Ƿ ƿ /w ~ ʋ/	X x /ks/	Y y /ɪ/	Ý ý /ɪː/	Z z /z/	Ż ż /ʑ ~ ʒ/

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32		33		34		35	36	37	38	39	40	41	42	43	44	45	46	47
A	Á	Ä	Â	B	C	Ċ	D	Ḋ	E	É	Ê	F	G	H	Ḣ	I	Í	J	K	L	Ŀ	M	N	Ṅ	O	Ó	Ö	P	Q	R	S		Ṡ		Ŝ		T	Ṫ	U	Ú	Ü	Û	V	Ƿ	X	Y	Ý	Z	Ż
a	á	ä	â	b	c	ċ	d	ḋ	e	é	ê	f	g	h	ḣ	i	í	j	k	l	ŀ	m	n	ṅ	o	ó	ö	p	q	r	s	ſ	ṡ	ẛ	ŝ	ſ̂	t	ṫ	u	ú	ü	û	v	ƿ	x	y	ý	z	ż
a	aː	æː	ʲa	b	t͡s	t͡ʃ	d	ɟ	ɛ	ɛː	ʲe	f	g	h	x	i	iː	j	k	l	ʎ	m	n	ɲ	ɔ	ɔː	œː	p	k͡v	r	s		ʃ		ʃt͡ʃ		t	c	u	uː	y	ʲu	v	w	k͡s	ɪ	ɪː	z	ʒ

Detailed table

Official diacritic version					Digraph version				Fraktur version		Govoric version				IPA Symbol	Example of a common word with the sound
1	A		a		A		a		𝔄	𝔞	A		a		/a/	After
2	Á		á		Aa		aa		𝔄𝔞	𝔞𝔞	А́		а́		/aː/
3	Ä		ä		Æ	æ	Ꞛ	ꞛ	𝔄̈	𝔞̈	Ꙗ		ꙗ		/ɛ/	Bed (General American accent)
	Ä	ä	A̋	a̋	Ǽ	ǽ	Ꞛ́	ꞛ́			Ꙗ́		ꙗ́		/ɛː/
4	Â		â		Ja		ja		𝔄❜	𝔞❜	Я		я		/ʲa/~/j͡a/	Not in common. Example: "Яблоко/Âbloko" in Tiskai language
5	B		b		B		b		𝔅	𝔟	Б		б		/b/	Label
6	C		c		C		c		ℭ	𝔠	Ц		ц		/ʦ/	Its
7	Ċ		ċ		Cz		cz		ℭ𝔷	𝔠𝔷	Ч		ч		/ʧ/	Check
8	D		d		D		d		𝔇	𝔡	Д		д		/ɖ/	Done
9	Ḋ		ḋ		D'		d'		𝔇❜	𝔡❜	Ԃ		ԃ		/ɟ/	Voiced palatal plosive (not in common)
10	E		e		E		e		𝔈	𝔢	Е		е		/e/	Bed (Australian accent)
11	É		é		Ee		ee		𝔈𝔢	𝔢𝔢	Е́		е́		/eː/
12	Ê		ê		Je		je		𝔈❜	𝔢❜	Є		є		/ʲe/~/j͡e/	Belarus
13	F		f		F		f		𝔉	𝔣	Ф		ф		/f/	Fine
14	G		g		G		g		𝔊	𝔤	Ґ		ґ		/g/	Game
15	H		h		H		h		ℌ	𝔥	Г		г		/ɦ/ /h/	Hello
16	Ḣ		ḣ		Ch		ch		𝔊𝔥	𝔤𝔥	Х		х		/x/	Loch Ness
17	I		i		I		i		ℑ	𝔦	І		і		/i/	Free
18	Í		í		Ie		ie		ℑ𝔢	𝔦𝔢	Í		í		/iː/
19	J		j		J		j		𝔍	𝔧	Ј	ј	Й	й	/j/	You
20	K		k		K		k		𝔎	𝔨	К		к		/k/	Key
21	L		l		L		l		𝔏	𝔩	Л		л		/l/	Later
22	Ŀ		ŀ		L'		l'		𝔏❜	𝔩❜	Љ		љ		/lʲ/	Million
23	M		m		M		m		𝔐	𝔪	М		м		/m/	Mother
24	N		n		N		n		𝔑	𝔫	Н		н		/n/	Month
25	Ṅ		ṅ		N'		n'		𝔑❜	𝔫❜	Њ		њ		/ɲ/	New
26	O		o		O		o		𝔒	𝔬	О		о		/o/ /ɔ/	Yawn / Not
27	Ó		ó		Oo		oo		𝔒𝔬	𝔬𝔬	О́		о́		/oː/ /ɔː/
28	Ö		ö		Œ	œ	Ꞝ	ꞝ	𝔒̈	𝔬̈	Ҩ		ҩ		/œ/	Bird
	Ö	ö	Ő	ő	Œ́	œ́	Ꞝ́	ꞝ́			Ҩ́		ҩ́		/œː/
29	P		p		P		p		𝔓	𝔭	П		п		/p/	Play
30	Q		q		Q		q		𝔔	𝔮	Қ		қ		/q/ ~ /k͡v/	Caught
31	R		r		R		r		ℜ	𝔯	Р		р		/ʀ/	Red
32	S		s ſ		S		s ſ		𝔖	𝔰	С		с		/s/	Surprise
33	Ṡ ẛ		ṡ ẛ		Sz		ſz		𝔖𝔷	𝔰𝔷	Ш		ш		/ɕ/	Show
34	Ŝ		ŝ ſ̂		Sx		ſx		𝔖𝔵	𝔰𝔵	Щ		щ		/ɕ͡ʧ/	Not in common. Example: "Щенок/Ŝenok" in Tiskai language
35	T		t		T		t		𝔗	𝔱	Т		т		/ʈ/	Time
36	Ṫ		ṫ		T'		t'		𝔗❜	𝔱❜	Ћ		ћ		/c/	Voiceless palatal plosive (not in common)
37	U		u		U		u		𝔘	𝔲	У		у		/u/	Boot
38	Ú		ú		Uu		uu		𝔘𝔲	𝔲𝔲	У́		у́		/uː/
39	Ü		ü			ᵫ	Ꞟ	ꞟ	𝔘̈	𝔲̈	Ы		ы		/ɨ/	Lip (London accent)
	Ü	ü	Ű	ű	́	ᵫ́	Ꞟ́	ꞟ́			Ы́		ы́		/ɨː/
40	Û		û		Ju		ju		𝔘❜	𝔲❜	Ю		ю		/ʲu/~/j͡u/	Not in common. Example: "Любить/Lûbitʹ" in Tiskai language
41	V		v		V		v		𝔙	𝔳	В		в		/v/	Valve
42	Ƿ	ƿ	W	w	Ƿ	ƿ	W	w	𝔚	𝔴	Ў		ў		/w/ /ʋ/	Weep
43	X		x		X		x		𝔛	𝔵	Ѯ		ѯ		/k͡s/	A bigram of /k/ and /s/, for example in Maximal
44	Y		y		Y		y		𝔜	𝔶	И		и		/ɪ/	Bit (General American)
45	Ý		ý		Ye		ye		𝔜𝔢	𝔶𝔢	И́		и́		/ɪː/
46	Z		z		Z		z		ℨ	𝔷	З		з		/z/	Zoo
47	Ż		ż		Z'		z'		ℨ❜	𝔷❜	Ж		ж		/ʑ/	Vision

Keyboard overlay

Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned on
Û		Â		Ê		Ṡ		Ċ		Ŝ		Ż		Ý		Á		Í		É		Ó		=		⌫
↹			Q		Ƿ		E		R		T		Y		U		I		O		P		Ú		Ö		(
⇪				A		S		D		F		G		H		J		K		L		Ü		Ä		⏎
⇧					Z		X		C		V		B		N		M		?		!		:		⇧
⌘			⊞		⎇			Space												⎇			⊞		≣		⌘
Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned off
û		â		ê		ṡ		ċ		ŝ		ż		ý		á		í		é		ó		◌̇		⌫
↹			q		ƿ		e		r		t		y		u		i		o		p		ú		ö		)
⇪				a		s		d		f		g		h		j		k		l		ü		ä		⏎
⇧					z		x		c		v		b		n		m		,		.		-		⇧
⌘			⊞		⎇			Space												⎇			⊞		≣		⌘
Keyboard overlay with Alt (⎇) turned on
0		1		2		ẛ		3		ſ̂		4		5		6		7		8		9		+		⌫
↹			W		w		ֆ		ꝛ		Ꝛ		÷		×		↑		<		>		∈		⋃		⋂
⇪				₳		ſ		ᕋ		√		[		]		←		↓		→		∃		∀		⏎
⇧					ᵴ		Ӿ		Ḣ		ḣ		Ŀ		ŀ		≠		∢		⋀		⋁		⇧
⌘			⊞		⎇			Space												⎇			⊞		≣		⌘

Softening using dot key
First key	Second key	Outcome
◌̇	C	Ċ
◌̇	c	ċ
◌̇	D	Ḋ
◌̇	d	ḋ
◌̇	H	Ḣ
◌̇	h	ḣ
◌̇	L	Ŀ
◌̇	l	ŀ
◌̇	N	Ṅ
◌̇	n	ṅ
◌̇	S	Ṡ
◌̇	s	ṡ
◌̇	ſ	ẛ
◌̇	T	Ṫ
◌̇	t	ṫ
◌̇	Z	Ż
◌̇	z	ż

Softening

Sounds for letters D, L, N, T preceding letters Â, Ê, I, Í, Û are softened/palatalized.

Softening			Regular
Written	Read	Wrong	Written	Read
di	/ɟi/	ḋi	dy	/ɖɪ/
li	/ʎi/	ŀi	ly	/lɪ/
ni	/ɲi/	ṅi	ny	/nɪ/
ti	/ci/	ṫi	ty	/ʈɪ/

Important note is, that in case of softening with Â, Ê, Û, the /j/ sound is not pronounced:

Softening			Regular
Written	Read	Wrong	Written	Read
dâ	/ɟa/	ḋa	dja	/ɖja/
lâ	/lʲa/	ŀa	lja	/lja/
nâ	/ɲa/	ṅa	nja	/nja/
tâ	/ca/	ṫa	tja	/ʈja/

Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju

 â
 â

Ê ê
Ê ê

Û û
Û û

Rules on Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju are:

• Letters Â, Ê and Û are written on the beginning of the word
• Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written in single syllable words
• Unless the first letter is a M, where it is allowed for Mâ, Mê and Mû to exist
• Letters Â, Ê and Û are written behind letters D, L, N, T if they are supposed to be read as /ɟ/, /ʎ/, /ɲ/ and /c/
• Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written behind letters D, L, N, T if they are supposed to be read as /d/, /l/, /n/ and /t/
• Letters Â, Ê and Û are written if the letter before is B, P, R, V for /j͡a/, /j͡e/ and /j͡u/ sounds
• Letters Â, Ê and Û are written if the letter before is M and it is supposed to be read as /mɲa/, /mɲe/ and /mɲu/
• Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written behind all remaining letters
• Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written behind vowels

Long and rounded S, Ṡ and Ŝ

S s ſ
S s ſ

Ṡ ṡ ẛ
Ṡ ṡ ẛ

Ŝ ŝ ſ̂
Ŝ ŝ ſ̂

Louzen language recognizes both long and rounded S letters as a miniscule.

The rules on writing those are:

• Rounded S (s) (or rounded Ṡ/Ŝ - ṡ/ŝ) are written on the end of a syllable or if they act as a syllabic consonant
• Long S (ſ) (or long Ṡ/Ŝ - ẛ/ſ̂) are written, if they are on the beginning or in the middle of a syllable

Both Rounded S (s) & Long S (ſ), if capitalizated, are written as a regular R

Those rules can be seen for example in the Noun inflections (Koſt (Nom.) → Kosti (Gen.))

Older orthography

I͡a I͡e I͡u
I͡a I͡e I͡u

Before the rules on Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju were established, digraphs I͡a, I͡e, I͡u (with the tie) were used.

Those digraphs had multiple problems, being:

• The tie was not included in many at the time actual typewriters, forcing people to write "I͡a" as "Ia", "Iá", "I-a", "I'a" or "I a"
• The I letter doesn't correspond to the sound of the digraph

Regulation

Institute for literary Louzen language

Building housing the institutue
Latin: Consortio linguæ emendati Luzenorum
Other name	Institut pro literelný Lúzinſký Âzyk
Motto	„Afferant montes pacem populo“
Motto in English	„May the mountains bring prosperity to the people“
Established	1943
Mission	Maintainment of a literary basis for the Louzen language
President	Vácslav Grüný
Chairman	Âromír Geſ̂inský
Head of senior linguists	Igor Fiṡmil Najmänċ
Staff	~400 employees
Budget	~20M SEK (~25M ACU)
Debt	None
Members	~85
Address	Haldenskégo Märẛe, 430
Location	Lozeng , Duchy of Louzeni , Gadorien

Louzen language has a regulatory organ, named the "Institute for literary Louzen language", AKA "Institut pro literelný Lúzinſký Âzyk" in Louzen. This organ was founded as a regulatory body to the language, stabilizing the grammar, orthography and phonology.

First change was stabilization of the alphabet, changing multiple letters to a more stable form:

• Ǧ → G (/g/)
• G → J (/j/)
• J → Í (/iː/)
• Ƿ → V (/v/)
• Ch → Ḣ (/x/)
• Ṡċ → Ŝ (/ʃ͡ʧ/)
• I͡a → Â (/j͡a ~ ʲa/)
• I͡e → Ê (/j͡e ~ ʲe/)
• I͡u → Û (/j͡u ~ ʲu/)

Another changes include establishment of a Govoric script, which is stabilized on that part, establishment of rules on Rounded S (s) & Long S (ſ), and officially removed Rounded R (ꝛ) from the orthography (It used to be written behind B, D, Ḋ, h (only miniscule), ḣ (only miniscule), O, Ó, Ö, P or Q).

Establishment and removal of Å (A-Ring)

Å å
Å å

For adjectives, the plural accusative suffix -ou shifted to -au (/ɔ͡u/ → /a͡u/). The letter O was temporairly replaced by Å, although the later was later unified with A in the 1970's.

The opposite change can be seen in for example Scouse and Utochise, where the /a͡u/ shifted to /ɔ͡u/. In Scouse, the suffix is denoted as Ą (A-ogoniek), where in Utochise, the letter was replaced by O and is used in the digraph OU.

Currently, the letter Å is not used as is replaced by A in all cases.

Removal of Ŏ (O-Breve)

Ŏ ŏ
Ŏ ŏ

This change also included abolishment of the letter Ŏ, which was denoting a vowel shift from O/Ó/Uo (Equivalent to Ө in Zhoushi) to U/Ú (ɔ → u) in the words such as "Slŏn" (Elephant), "Lŏmên" (Broken cane) or "Sŏlâ" (Salt), replacing it with a letter "U" or "Ú", depending on lenght of the vowel → "Slún", "Lumên", "Súlâ".

Similar change can be seen in Utochise language, where the shift O → Ú is denoted by ringed U (Ů), or in Scouse language, where the same shift is denoted by O-accute (Ó).

Removal of Ø (Slashed O)

Ø ø
Ø ø

Similairly, letter Ø was abolished as a vowel shift from O/Ó/Uo (Equivalent to Ө in Zhoushi) to Ö (ɔ → œ). Those letters were simply replaced by Ö. Example of such word could be "Døm" (House), "Møka" (Flour) or "Løẛe" (Bleach) → "Döm", "Möka", "Löẛe"