Calejo: Difference between revisions
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| population_census_rank = 10th | | population_census_rank = 10th | ||
Revision as of 17:55, 29 June 2022
Estados Federados de Calejo | |
|---|---|
 Flag | |
| Motto: La Patria Es Primero ("The Homeland is First") | |
| Location of Calejo | |
| Capital and largest city | Calejo City |
| Official languages | Spanish |
| Demonym(s) | Calejan |
| Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic |
| Valentín Elizondo | |
| Pablo Quesada | |
| Graciano Crespo | |
| Legislature | Congress |
| Senate | |
| Chamber of Deputies | |
| Establishment | |
• Current Constitution | June 3rd, 1943 |
| Area | |
• Total | 855,220 km2 (330,200 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2020 census | 40,699,287 (10th) |
• Density | 61/km2 (158.0/sq mi) (142nd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 estimate |
• Total |  $1,362,637,578,826 (11th) |
• Per capita | $33,480 |
| Gini (2018) |  41.8medium |
| HDI (2019) | 0.779 high |
| Currency | Calejo peso (CLP) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +15 |
| Internet TLD | .clj |
Calejo, officially the Federal States of Calejo (Estados Federados de Calejo), is a country in the western portion of Ibcia. It is bordered to the north by Pherigo; to the west by the Black Sea ot the south by placeholder; and to the east and southeast by Ibica. Calejo covers 855,220 square kilometers (330,200 sq mi) with approximately 40,699,287 inhabitants, it is the 2nd most populus country in Ibica and has the most Spanish-speakers. Calejo is organized as a federation comprising 5 states.
Calejo is a developing country, but has the world's largest economies, with Ibica being its largest economic partner. Its large economy and population, global cultural influence, and steady democratization make Calejo a regional and middle power; it is often identified as an emerging power but is considered a newly industrialized state by several analysts. However, the country continues to struggle with social inequality, poverty and extensive crime; due in large part to ongoing conflict between the government and drug trafficking syndicates that led to over 120,000 deaths since 2006.
Government and politics
Government
The Federated States of Calejo is a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1943 Constitution. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include a state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.
The federal legislature is the bicameral Congress of Calejo, composed of the Senate of Calejo and the Calejo Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.
The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of plurality voting. The Chamber of Deputies has 162 deputies elected by plurality vote in single-member districts. The Senate is made up of 20 senators (four for each state) that are elected by plurality vote in pairs.
The executive is the President, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Calejan military forces. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills.
The highest organ of the judicial branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the and district tribunals and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.
Politics
Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Calejan politics: the Calejo Front (FC), a Right Wing party that was founded in 1943 from the winner of the Calejo Revolution and held an almost hegemonic power in Calejan politics since then; the Social Democrat Party (PSD), a center-right party founded in 1956; and the People's Movement for Change (MOPOCA) a center-left party. PRD emerged after what has now been proven was a stolen election in 1988, and has won numerous state and local elections since then. PSD won its first governorship in 1989, and won the presidency in 2000 and 2006.
Foreign relations
The foreign relations of Calejo are directed by the President of Calejo and managed through the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs. The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, trend to non-interventionism in the domestic affairs of other countries, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active participation in international organizations.
Military
The Calejan military "provides a unique example of a military leadership's transforming itself into a civilian political elite, simultaneously transferring the basis of power from the army to a civilian state." The transformation was brought about by revolutionary generals in the 1930s and 40s, leading up to the Calejo Revolution.
The Calejan Armed Forces have three branches: the Calejan Army, Calejan Air Force, and the Calejan Navy. The Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies.
In recent years, Calejo has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military by designing as well as manufacturing its own arms, missiles, aircraft, vehicles, heavy weaponry, electronics, defense systems, armor, heavy military industrial equipment and heavy naval vessels. Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the war on drugs, increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, helicopters, digital war-fighting technologies, urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport.
Calejo has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but abandoned this possibility with the Treaty of Valencia in 1968 and pledged to only use its nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. In 1970, Calejo's national institute for nuclear research successfully refined weapons grade uranium which is used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons but in April 2002, Calejo agreed to turn over its weapons grade uranium to Ibica.
Law enforcement
Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police departments are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the Calejo Federal Police are in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Secretaría de Seguridad Pública (Secretary of Public Security). The Attorney General's Office (Fiscalía General de la República, FGR) is a constitutional autonomous organism in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking, espionage, and bank robberies. The FGR operates the National Investigations Agency (agencia nacional de investigación, ANI) an investigative and preventive agency.
While the government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, serious abuses of power have been reported in security operations in the southeastern part of the country and poor urban neighborhoods. The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations. By law, all defendants have the rights that assure them fair trials and humane treatment; however, the system is overburdened and overwhelmed with several problems.
Despite the efforts of the authorities to fight crime and fraud, most Calejans have low confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens. In 2008, president Garcia proposed a major reform of the judicial system, which was approved by the Congress, which included oral trials, the presumption of innocence for defendants, the authority of local police to investigate crime—until then a prerogative of special police units—and several other changes intended to speed up trials.
Crime
Drug cartels are a major concern in Calejo. The Calejo drug cartels have as many as 100,000 members. The Ibican Department of State warns its citizens to exercise increased caution when traveling in Calejo, issuing travel advisories on its website.
Administrative divisions
The Federal States of Calejo are a federation of 5 free and sovereign states.
Each state has its own constitution, congress, and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by direct voting a governor for a six-year term, and representatives to their respective unicameral state congresses for three-year terms.
The states are divided into municipalities, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a mayor or municipal president (presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality.
Economy
Among the Ceralis Forum countries, Calejo has the second-highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, after Keflistan – although it has been falling over the last decade, being one of few countries in which this is the case. The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. The OECD also notes that Calejo's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development is only about a third of the CF average. Daily minimum wages are set annually being set at $102.68 Calejo pesos ($10.21 in Ibican Dollars) in 2019.
Calejo produces the most automobiles of any Ibican nation. The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities. The Ibican automakers (Royal Motors and Acceline) have been operating in Calejo since the 1930s. In the 2010s expansion of the sector was surging. In 2014 alone, more than $10 billion in investment was committed.
Energy
Energy production in Calejo is managed by the state-owned companies Calejo Federal Commission of Electricity and Petrocal.
Petrocal, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US$86 billion in sales a year. Calejo is the third-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day. In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.
Transportation
The roadway network in Calejo is extensive and all areas in the country are covered by it. Of these, 10,474 km (6,508 mi) are multi-lane expressways: 9,544 km (5,930 mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes. Calejo's railway network covers 30,952 km (19,233 mi). Calejo has 233 airports with paved runways; of these, 35 carry 97% of the passenger traffic. The Calejo City International Airport remains the busiest in western Ibica transporting 45 million passengers a year.
Water supply and sanitation
Among the achievements is a significant increase in access to piped water supply in urban areas (96.4%) as well as in rural areas (69.4%) as of 2018. Other achievements include the existence of a functioning national system to finance water and sanitation infrastructure with a National Water Commission as its apex institution.
The challenges include water scarcity in the southeastern part of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking water quality; 11% of Calejans receiving water only intermittently as of 2014); poor technical and commercial efficiency of most utilities (with an average level of non-revenue water of 43.2% in 2010); increasing the national percentage of fully sanitized water which at 57%, is considered to not be enough, as the country's theoretically available percentage of water per capita is 60% lower than it was 60 years ago; and the improvement of adequate access in rural areas. In addition to on-going investments to expand access, the government has embarked on a large investment program to improve wastewater treatment.
Health
Since the early 1990s, Calejo entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Ibica or Cheirol. Calejo's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities, but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care.
State-funded institutions such as Calejo Social Security Institute (ICSS) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country.
Medical training is done mostly at public universities with much specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Calejo, such as the University of Mirimar, have signed agreements with Ibica to receive and train Ibican students in Medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Calejo are on average lower than that of its Ibican economic partners.
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