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|capital                = [[Kantala]] {{small|(304-711 and 718-1214)}}<br>
|capital                = [[Siran]] {{small|304-486}}<br>
[[Kantala]] {{small|(486-711 and 718-1214)}}<br>
[[Moumar]] {{small|(711-718)}}<br>
[[Moumar]] {{small|(711-718)}}<br>
[[Ourieng]] {{small|(1214-1311)}}
[[Ourieng]] {{small|(1214-1311)}}
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The Svai Empire would continue on as a rump state until the [[Sack of Ourieng]] in 1311 by the [[Kingdom of Sippom]].
The Svai Empire would continue on as a rump state until the [[Sack of Ourieng]] in 1311 by the [[Kingdom of Sippom]].
==History==
===Rebellion and establishment===
[[File:MatayRelief.png|thumb|right|300px|A relief at the [[Old Palace (Kantala)|Old Palace]] in [[Kantala]] showing the [[Battle of Svareng]]]]
By the start of the 4th century [[Lueng river|Lueng river valley]] had largely been under the [[Sun dynasty Siamat|control of the Sun dynasty]] for two and a half centuries, and had known a short but influential rule earlier by the [[Xiang Siamat|Xiang dynasty]]. During the 3rd century the Sun dynasty conquered the city-state of [[Vanam]] which dominated the [[Moei river|Moei river valley]] and the [[Mahakram Gulf]], which stretched its resources in the area. As the dynasty began to decline it could afford less attention to its frontiers and far-off provinces, suffering numerous rebellions which saw its hold of the area weakened.
[[File:SvaiEmperor1.png|thumb|left|A statue of the founder of the Svai Empire, [[Stechaphnom I]]]]
One of these rebellions was led by a figure called Stechaphnom, who would found the Svai Empire and its capital of Kantala. As a highly mythologised figure few authentic historical records remain. The legends paint him as a highly successful general who was able to overcome Sun armies by adapting to their tactics and weaponry and using them against them. He is often considered a pivotal figure in synthesising native Svai culture, beliefs, and political systems with that of the occupying Shangeans, which is credited to the success of his rebellion where others failed.
The date traditionally given for his foundation of the Svai Empire is 304, although there are no contemporary records or steles that support this. Sun dynasty records indicate only that appointments to the commanderies in the area did not stop, suggesting some kind of continued presence in the area. Archaeological evidence has supported this, indicating that Stechaphnom and his early successor ruled only part of the Middle Lueng, and fought against other states formed in the absence of Sun authority in the Lower Lueng and the Moei river valleys. Historians now believe later Svai histories would revise history and suggest a far more dramatic collapse of Sun control in the region, while they now believe in a slower decline allowing native polities to remerge, one of which, founded by Stechaphnom and centred in Kantala (originally Siran), would become the Svai Empire.
===Early empire===
===Venghuo period===
{{main|Venghuo period}}
===Rapid expansion===
===Decline===
===Peanchao period===
{{main|Peanchao period}}
===End of the empire===
==Administration and politics==
===Legal code===
===Government===
===Imperial examinations===
===Sengshui===
===Local governance===
===Taxes and the census===
==Military and foreign policy==
===Protectorates and tributaries===
[[File:SvaiEmpireheight2.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the three major protectorates during the Svai Empire's zenith in the 9th century]]
In emulation of the [[Xiang dynasty]], and succeeding [[Shangea|Shangean dynasties]], the Svai Empire considered itself the centre of the world and all other states, bar the [[Tao dynasty]], to owe it fealty or tribute. Like the [[Sun dynasty]] which it had broken off from it was aggressive in establishing tributary relations. In the 6th century it conquered the [[Yên dynasty]] and forced the [[Ban dynasty]] to become a subject state. Initially it saw tributaries as active vassal states, and often intervened in their internal politics and levied taxes both on goods and manpower. This created numerous problems that saw multiple revolts from the Ban, and so this model was not replicated elsewhere.
At its zenith in the 9th century the Svai Empire expanded its list of tributaries tenfold, grouping many of them into three protectorates: the [[Bakan Protectorate]] in the Great Steppe, the [[Saian Protectorate]] to the west, and the [[Sanan Protectorate]] in the north-east. The Sanan Protectorate was the least organised, theoretically it stretched as far as modern-day [[Lavana]] but in reality few states sent consistent tribute missions, with most deigning to send them every decade or so when they desired to establish trade relations.
By the 10th century the Protectorates as organised groups of tributaries and vassals had largely fallen apart. Without adequate support from the central army the viceroys were forced to concede all but a few territories, and in turn those too were soon lost. After the 11th century few states saw any need to send tribute to Kantala, having returned fully to the Tao's fold. Those that did were largely small {{wp|Shan people|Lue}} polities in the north, seeking legitimacy from the Svai Emperor and to keep trade flowing through the mountain passes.
====Bakan Protectorate====
{{main|Bakan Protectorate}}
{{also|Great Steppe}}
[[File:Scoian_steppe.png|thumb|left|250px|Location of the [[Great Steppe]] in Coius]]
The [[Tagamic Migrations]] caused an upheaval in the [[Great Steppe]] and resulted in the weakening of the [[Heavenly Dominion]] and the Tao dynasty. The former had to deal with the devastation caused by the [[Tagames]], while the latter was beset by {{wp|Turkic peoples|Omiric}} tribes migrating into its frontiers. The reigning emperor in 831, [[Ponhea Yat]], was asked by nearby {{wp|Burmese people|Chanwan polities}} to secure the border. Over a three year campaign his general, [[Sar Kosal]], subjugated fourteen Omiric and {{wp|Mongolian people|Ukilenic}} tribes.
For the next 72 years a good deal of the Great Steppe was organised under the Bakan Protectorate, officially the 'Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North'. It had its capital at [[Tulean]], although most protector-generals served from the garrison city of [[Tboudong]]. Due to its vast size, distance from Kantala, and a lack of adequate resources provided to the protector-generals, Svai oversight of the area was lax and largely amounted to collecting tribute, protecting the Svai core lands via the [[Chanxi Corridor]], and playing the tribes against each other.
By the late 9th century much of the protectorate had slipped from the empire's grasp, and as the Heavenly Dominion and Tao dynasty recovered the imperial court did not want to challenge them and so retreated from the area. The protector-general was reduced to holding Tboudong and protecting the Chanxi Corridor, and later when that was lost was diminished to a ceremonial court rank before the institution was forgotten after the fall of the empire in 1311.
===Central army===
===Relations with Shangea===
==Economy==
===Silk and gold roads===
===Maritime trade===
==Culture and society==
===Art===
===Kantala, the capital===
===Religion and philosophy===
===Court and leisure===
===Sumptuary laws and clothing===
===Position of women===
===Cuisine===
==Science and technology==
===Engineering===
===Architecture===
===Agriculture===
==Historiography==
==List of rulers==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" width="75%"
!width="60px"|Reign
!width="80px"|Emperor
!width="80px"|Capital
!width="440px"|Information and events
|-
|304-316
|[[Stechaphnom I]]
|[[Siran]]
|Proclaimed the independence of the Svai Empire from the [[Sun dynasty]].
|-
|316-333
|[[Phansopat]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|333-341
|[[Stechaphnom II]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|341-376
|[[Sokkiri I]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|376-379
|[[Sokkiri II]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|379-401
|[[Suyphala]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|401-414
|[[Thomkhl I]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|414-443
|[[Suyphala II]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|443-465
|[[Suyphala III]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|465-473
|[[Stechatonle]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|473-478
|[[Thomkla II]]
|[[Siran]]
|
|-
|478-509
|[[Stechaphnom III]]
|[[Siran]]<br>[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|509-521
|[[Preahrith I]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|521-554
|[[Sokhdom I]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|554-556
|[[Sechaktei I]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|556-581
|[[Karnenam]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|581-598
|[[Stechbrisot]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|598-623
|[[Merosmei I]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|623-634
|[[Sokhdom II]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|634-662
|[[Thomkla III]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|662-681
|[[Davseril]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|681-684
|[[Stechomnue]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|684-684
|[[Mak Makara]]
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|684-705
|[[Chekhueng]]
|[[Kantala]]
|晶王
|-
|705-739
|[[Prakphan]]
|[[Kantala]]<br>[[Moumar]]
|Attempted to move the capital to Moumar, returned to Kantala after just seven years.
|-
|739-754
|[[Huothi]]
|[[Kantala]]
|和帝
|-
|754-761
|[[Huthi]]
|[[Kantala]]
|谐帝
|-
|761-784
|[[Mikthi]]
|[[Kantala]]
|睦帝
|-
|784-794
|[[Hsaengthi]]
|[[Kantala]]
|盛帝
|-
|794-821
|[[Chehueng]]
|[[Kantala]]
|耀王
|-
|821-845
|[[Saimchhi I]]
|[[Kantala]]
|心主
|-
|845-897
|[[Huengchhin]]
|[[Kantala]]
|王真
|-
|897-912
|[[Lenhueng]]
|[[Kantala]]
|憐王
|-
|912-923
|[[Khehueng]]
|[[Kantala]]
|握王
|-
|923-941
|[[Kheangchhi I]]
|[[Kantala]]
|抗主
|-
|941-966
|[[Kheangchhi II]]
|[[Kantala]]
|抗主
|-
|966-989
|[[Kheangchhi III]]
|[[Kantala]]
|抗主
|-
|989-995
|[[Saibchhi]]
|[[Kantala]]
|接主
|-
|995-1011
|[[Khuohsaei]]
|[[Kantala]]
|恢秩 - Attempted to restore order to a crumbling empire, short reign cut any chance of success
|-
|1011-1034
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1034-1055
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1055-1063
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1063-1088
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1088-1102
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1102-1137
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1137-1139
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|-style="background:#ccf;"
|1139-1142
| colspan=3 valign="middle"|Kasi [[Naranat]] occupation, led by King [[Mahidol]]
|-
|1142-1146
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1146-1164
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1164-1175
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1175-1199
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|1119-1214
|
|[[Kantala]]
|
|-
|-style="background:#ccf;"
|1214
| colspan=3 valign="middle"|Kasi [[Kingdom of Sippom|Sippom]] invasion, culminating in the [[Sack of Kantala]]
|-
|1214-1226
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1226-1231
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1231-1255
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1255-1258
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1258-1279
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1279-1292
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1292-1304
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1304-1305
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|-
|1305-1311
|
|[[Ourieng]]
|
|}
[[Category:Siamat]][[Category:Kuthina]][[Category:Nainan]][[Category:Zomia]][[Category:Zorasan]]

Latest revision as of 01:02, 11 September 2021

Template:Region icon Kylaris

Svai Empire
向國
Svayhkau
304 CE–1311 CE
Flag of Svai Empire
Flag
Svai Empire over modern borders. Dark green represents the core empire, light green the empire at its height in 866 CE.
Svai Empire over modern borders. Dark green represents the core empire, light green the empire at its height in 866 CE.
CapitalSiran 304-486

Kantala (486-711 and 718-1214)
Moumar (711-718)

Ourieng (1214-1311)
Common languagesSvai
Nieh
Tchin
Nainanese
Religion
Zohism
GovernmentImperial absolute monarchy
Emperor 
• 304-316
Stechaphnom I
• 705-739
Prakphan
History 
• Established
304 CE
• Disestablished
1311 CE
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Sun dynasty
Tao dynasty
Yên dynasty
Ban dynasty
Kingdom of Sippom
Kingdom of Lanhok
Mokol Kingdom
Tao dynasty
Lương dynasty
Today part ofSiamat
Kuthina
Nainan

The Svai Empire (Svai: 向國 Svayhkau, called 暹末 Shangean: Xiānmò by the Sun and Tao dynasties) was an empire in Southeast Coius which lasted from the 4th to 14th centuries. It was created by Stechaphnom I in 304 CE after a successful revolt against the Sun dynasty, which had ruled the area since 155 CE. Until the 7th century CE it was largely confined to the Lueng and Moei river valleys, and afterwards it conquered and subjugated parts of modern-day Nainan, Zomia, and Shangea. It reached its zenith during the 9th century when the Tagamic Migration devastated the Heavenly Dominion in Pardaria and the Tao dynasty in Shangea, allowing the Svai Empire to establish a protectorate over much of the Great Steppe and Chanwa for 70 years.

During this period, known as the Venghuo Period, Svai culture flourished as it incorporated aspects of Shangean, Pardarian, Nainanese, and Dezevauan customs, literature, and philosophy from trade. It is considered a golden age of Svai artists, poets, architects, and writers. Zohism became entrenched in this period, with the system of Sengshui fully adopted to provide governance for the empire. The capital of Kantala grew to host over a million people, being the largest city in the world for a century, and the Svai emperors patronised over a thousand temples in the capital alone.

The 10th century saw the beginning of the end for the Venghuo Period. The Svai Court further retreated from governance, leaving rule in the hands of Zohist monks. With a lack of support from a stagnant and corrupt central military, the monks turned to the Oknya, local gentry, who were allowed to raise militias. Over time the Oknya took power from the monks and cemented themselves as regional warlords, focusing on increasing their power-bases at all costs. During this Peanchao period banditry ran rampant and the empire shrank dramatically. The Oknya encouraged the Kasi Migrations by hiring Kasi as mercenaries and settling them in garrison towns. This policy would prove disastrous as the Kasi would later revolt and establish their own kingdoms, gaining control of much of the Lueng and Moei river valleys.

The Svai Empire would continue on as a rump state until the Sack of Ourieng in 1311 by the Kingdom of Sippom.

History

Rebellion and establishment

A relief at the Old Palace in Kantala showing the Battle of Svareng

By the start of the 4th century Lueng river valley had largely been under the control of the Sun dynasty for two and a half centuries, and had known a short but influential rule earlier by the Xiang dynasty. During the 3rd century the Sun dynasty conquered the city-state of Vanam which dominated the Moei river valley and the Mahakram Gulf, which stretched its resources in the area. As the dynasty began to decline it could afford less attention to its frontiers and far-off provinces, suffering numerous rebellions which saw its hold of the area weakened.

A statue of the founder of the Svai Empire, Stechaphnom I

One of these rebellions was led by a figure called Stechaphnom, who would found the Svai Empire and its capital of Kantala. As a highly mythologised figure few authentic historical records remain. The legends paint him as a highly successful general who was able to overcome Sun armies by adapting to their tactics and weaponry and using them against them. He is often considered a pivotal figure in synthesising native Svai culture, beliefs, and political systems with that of the occupying Shangeans, which is credited to the success of his rebellion where others failed.

The date traditionally given for his foundation of the Svai Empire is 304, although there are no contemporary records or steles that support this. Sun dynasty records indicate only that appointments to the commanderies in the area did not stop, suggesting some kind of continued presence in the area. Archaeological evidence has supported this, indicating that Stechaphnom and his early successor ruled only part of the Middle Lueng, and fought against other states formed in the absence of Sun authority in the Lower Lueng and the Moei river valleys. Historians now believe later Svai histories would revise history and suggest a far more dramatic collapse of Sun control in the region, while they now believe in a slower decline allowing native polities to remerge, one of which, founded by Stechaphnom and centred in Kantala (originally Siran), would become the Svai Empire.

Early empire

Venghuo period

Rapid expansion

Decline

Peanchao period

End of the empire

Administration and politics

Legal code

Government

Imperial examinations

Sengshui

Local governance

Taxes and the census

Military and foreign policy

Protectorates and tributaries

Map of the three major protectorates during the Svai Empire's zenith in the 9th century

In emulation of the Xiang dynasty, and succeeding Shangean dynasties, the Svai Empire considered itself the centre of the world and all other states, bar the Tao dynasty, to owe it fealty or tribute. Like the Sun dynasty which it had broken off from it was aggressive in establishing tributary relations. In the 6th century it conquered the Yên dynasty and forced the Ban dynasty to become a subject state. Initially it saw tributaries as active vassal states, and often intervened in their internal politics and levied taxes both on goods and manpower. This created numerous problems that saw multiple revolts from the Ban, and so this model was not replicated elsewhere.

At its zenith in the 9th century the Svai Empire expanded its list of tributaries tenfold, grouping many of them into three protectorates: the Bakan Protectorate in the Great Steppe, the Saian Protectorate to the west, and the Sanan Protectorate in the north-east. The Sanan Protectorate was the least organised, theoretically it stretched as far as modern-day Lavana but in reality few states sent consistent tribute missions, with most deigning to send them every decade or so when they desired to establish trade relations.

By the 10th century the Protectorates as organised groups of tributaries and vassals had largely fallen apart. Without adequate support from the central army the viceroys were forced to concede all but a few territories, and in turn those too were soon lost. After the 11th century few states saw any need to send tribute to Kantala, having returned fully to the Tao's fold. Those that did were largely small Lue polities in the north, seeking legitimacy from the Svai Emperor and to keep trade flowing through the mountain passes.

Bakan Protectorate

Location of the Great Steppe in Coius

The Tagamic Migrations caused an upheaval in the Great Steppe and resulted in the weakening of the Heavenly Dominion and the Tao dynasty. The former had to deal with the devastation caused by the Tagames, while the latter was beset by Omiric tribes migrating into its frontiers. The reigning emperor in 831, Ponhea Yat, was asked by nearby Chanwan polities to secure the border. Over a three year campaign his general, Sar Kosal, subjugated fourteen Omiric and Ukilenic tribes.

For the next 72 years a good deal of the Great Steppe was organised under the Bakan Protectorate, officially the 'Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North'. It had its capital at Tulean, although most protector-generals served from the garrison city of Tboudong. Due to its vast size, distance from Kantala, and a lack of adequate resources provided to the protector-generals, Svai oversight of the area was lax and largely amounted to collecting tribute, protecting the Svai core lands via the Chanxi Corridor, and playing the tribes against each other.

By the late 9th century much of the protectorate had slipped from the empire's grasp, and as the Heavenly Dominion and Tao dynasty recovered the imperial court did not want to challenge them and so retreated from the area. The protector-general was reduced to holding Tboudong and protecting the Chanxi Corridor, and later when that was lost was diminished to a ceremonial court rank before the institution was forgotten after the fall of the empire in 1311.

Central army

Relations with Shangea

Economy

Silk and gold roads

Maritime trade

Culture and society

Art

Kantala, the capital

Religion and philosophy

Court and leisure

Sumptuary laws and clothing

Position of women

Cuisine

Science and technology

Engineering

Architecture

Agriculture

Historiography

List of rulers

Reign Emperor Capital Information and events
304-316 Stechaphnom I Siran Proclaimed the independence of the Svai Empire from the Sun dynasty.
316-333 Phansopat Siran
333-341 Stechaphnom II Siran
341-376 Sokkiri I Siran
376-379 Sokkiri II Siran
379-401 Suyphala Siran
401-414 Thomkhl I Siran
414-443 Suyphala II Siran
443-465 Suyphala III Siran
465-473 Stechatonle Siran
473-478 Thomkla II Siran
478-509 Stechaphnom III Siran
Kantala
509-521 Preahrith I Kantala
521-554 Sokhdom I Kantala
554-556 Sechaktei I Kantala
556-581 Karnenam Kantala
581-598 Stechbrisot Kantala
598-623 Merosmei I Kantala
623-634 Sokhdom II Kantala
634-662 Thomkla III Kantala
662-681 Davseril Kantala
681-684 Stechomnue Kantala
684-684 Mak Makara Kantala
684-705 Chekhueng Kantala 晶王
705-739 Prakphan Kantala
Moumar
Attempted to move the capital to Moumar, returned to Kantala after just seven years.
739-754 Huothi Kantala 和帝
754-761 Huthi Kantala 谐帝
761-784 Mikthi Kantala 睦帝
784-794 Hsaengthi Kantala 盛帝
794-821 Chehueng Kantala 耀王
821-845 Saimchhi I Kantala 心主
845-897 Huengchhin Kantala 王真
897-912 Lenhueng Kantala 憐王
912-923 Khehueng Kantala 握王
923-941 Kheangchhi I Kantala 抗主
941-966 Kheangchhi II Kantala 抗主
966-989 Kheangchhi III Kantala 抗主
989-995 Saibchhi Kantala 接主
995-1011 Khuohsaei Kantala 恢秩 - Attempted to restore order to a crumbling empire, short reign cut any chance of success
1011-1034 Kantala
1034-1055 Kantala
1055-1063 Kantala
1063-1088 Kantala
1088-1102 Kantala
1102-1137 Kantala
1137-1139 Kantala
1139-1142 Kasi Naranat occupation, led by King Mahidol
1142-1146 Kantala
1146-1164 Kantala
1164-1175 Kantala
1175-1199 Kantala
1119-1214 Kantala
1214 Kasi Sippom invasion, culminating in the Sack of Kantala
1214-1226 Ourieng
1226-1231 Ourieng
1231-1255 Ourieng
1255-1258 Ourieng
1258-1279 Ourieng
1279-1292 Ourieng
1292-1304 Ourieng
1304-1305 Ourieng
1305-1311 Ourieng