Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = | | name = Henry Louis Wunna Kan<br/>(ဝဏ္ဏကံ) | ||
| image = A-portrait-of-Prince-Gustavus-Adolphus-352025366322.jpg | | image = A-portrait-of-Prince-Gustavus-Adolphus-352025366322.jpg | ||
| image_size = 280px | | image_size = 280px | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| succession = | | succession = King of Bethausia | ||
| reign = 18 | | reign = 18 September 1965{{snd}}19 August 1995 | ||
| regent = {{plainlist| | |||
* [[Naing Htut Myo]] | |||
* [[Albert Naing Zarni Schauerte]] | |||
* [[Mg Myint Thet]] | |||
}} | |||
| reg-type = [[Prime Minister of Bethausia|Prime Ministers]] | |||
| predecessor = [[Judit Valpuri Yadanar, Grand Duchess of Bethausia|Judit Valpuri Yadanar]] | | predecessor = [[Judit Valpuri Yadanar, Grand Duchess of Bethausia|Judit Valpuri Yadanar]] | ||
| pre-type = Predecessor | | pre-type = Predecessor | ||
| coronation = 19 | | coronation = 19 September 1965 | ||
| cor-type = Coronation | | cor-type = Coronation | ||
| successor = [[William Edwardius II]] | | successor = [[William Edwardius II]] | ||
| suc-type = Successor | | suc-type = Successor | ||
| spouse = [[Marika Vuorinen, Duchess Consort of Bethausia]] | | spouse = [[Marika Vuorinen, Duchess Consort of Bethausia]] | ||
| issue = [[William Edwardius II]]<br/> [[Mariannette, Princess Royal|Mariannette]]<br/> [[George | | issue = [[William Edwardius II|William Edwardius II, King of Bethausia]]<br/> [[Mariannette, Princess Royal|Mariannette]]<br/> [[George Edward|George Edward, King of the Guinea Islands]] | ||
| full name = Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum | | full name = Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum | ||
| house = [[House of Konbaung-Seppayilä-Caelum]] | | regnal name = Siri Pavaravijaya Yuddhevijyi Śāntipālka Mahādhammarājadhirāja<br/>(သီရိပဝရ ဝိဇယာနန္တ စစ်ပွဲတွင်အောင်ပွဲခံ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးထိန်းသိမ်းသူ မဟာဓမ္မရာဇာဓိရာဇာ) | ||
| house = [[House of Konbaung-Seppayilä-Caelum|Konbaung-Seppayilä-Caelum]] | |||
| father = [[William Edwardius Caelum]] | | father = [[William Edwardius Caelum]] | ||
| mother = [[Judit Valpuri Yadanar, Grand Duchess of Bethausia|Judit Valpuri Yadanar]] | | mother = [[Judit Valpuri Yadanar, Grand Duchess of Bethausia|Judit Valpuri Yadanar]] | ||
| birth_date = 19 | | birth_date = {{birth date|1921|4|19|df=yes}} | ||
| birth_place = Caernarvon, Lucis, United Kingdom | | birth_place = Caernarvon, Lucis, United Kingdom | ||
| death_date = | | death_date = | ||
| Line 36: | Line 33: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Henry Louis''' ''Henry Louis Wunna Kan | '''Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum''' (19 April 1921), known solely by his standalone English and {{wpl|Burmese language|Burmese}} names '''Henry Louis''' and '''Wunna Kan''' (ဝဏ္ဏကံ), is a former [[King of Bethausia]] from 1965 to 1995. He is known for dissolving the Assembly of the Royal Union three years after his ascension and enforcing martial law during the height of the [[War of Lorican Aggression]], and reforming the [[Constitution of Bethausia#1968 constitution|Bethausian constitution]] that granted the [[Tatmadaw (Bethausia)|Tatmadaw]] significant influence in government. | ||
Henry Louis was born on 19 April 1921 in Caernarvon, Lucis as the eldest child of Grand Dukes [[William Edwardius Caelum|William Edwardius I]] and [[Judit Valpuri Yadanar, Grand Duchess of Bethausia|Judit Valpuri Yadanar]]. In his teenage years, he grew more interested in politics, and was urged by his parents to attend council sessions of the Free Bethausian government. However, among him and his siblings, Henry Louis was known for his rebellious attitude. Exemplified at the age of eighteen, he attended the [[Ohnmar Myine Officers' Academy]] and graduated as a captain in 1942 against the will of his parents. He fought in the [[Free Bethausian Army of the East]], and participated in the last stages of the [[Second Battle of Seleucia]], the entirety of the Afghania Campaign, [[Nepali-Bhutania Campaign]], the [[Liberation of Indiae]], the liberations of [[Kyachindwin Campaign|Kyachindwin]] and [[Liberation of Bethausia|Bethausia]], [[Operation Arbiter]] and the [[Central Highlands Campaign]]. Throughout the [[Asianna and the Pacific Campaign]], [[Zaw Sein Arkar]] and [[Yarzar Htun Tun Yaza]] were supplemental mentors, to which he formed close bonds with. However, he was court-martialed upon his unit participating in the [[Phan Lãnh Massacre]] during [[Bloody Highway]], but was acquitted on grounds of losing control of his men while attempting to rally them. Although a celebrated war hero, his continual rebelliousness and dislike against his brother [[Albert Sagaru Khine U Caelum|Albert Sagaru]] would later erase his chance of earning the title "Duke of Caenarvon" from his father at the time of the latter's passing. | |||
After the restoration of the Bethausian throne in 1946, Henry Louis stepped up his participation in government affairs, attending with his parents in meetings, and even going so far as to represent them in the later years of his parents' reign. In 1955, he married [[Aasialainers|Aasialainer]] [[Marika Vuorinen, Duchess Consort of Bethausia|Marika Vourinen]], the eldest daughter of the Admiral [[Jalmari Zeyar Vourinen]]. After his father's death in 1965 and his mother's subsequent abdication, Henry Louis ascended the throne on 18 September 1965. In 1968, the war situation worsened due to increasing communist insurgencies throughout the peripheral provinces. In response to this, Henry Louis declared martial law. In 10 June of the same year, with increasing opposition from the left wing, Henry Louis dissolved the Assembly of the Royal Union with support from the military. Six days later, he assented a new constitution that enabled the military to hold a considerable amount of seats in parliament and several powerful offices in government, such as Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Border Affairs. From 1968 to 1995, Bethausia underwent a mix of monarchy and military rule alongside economic recovery. He continued to provide financial and political support for the military, especially in its efforts in suppressing the [[Communist Insurgency in Bethausia|remaining communist rebel factions]]. The country also observed a decrease in civil and political freedoms, which exacerbated well into the early 1990s. Popular support overtime waned, and it dived significantly with his complicity in the [[1991 Crackdowns]] and the corruption scandals with the military and government officials. Through a nonviolent protest led by [[Aeindra Inzali Zin Kyaw]] and supported by Senior General [[Mg Myint Thet]], Henry Louis abdicated on 19 August 1995. He was succeeded by his son, [[William Edwardius II]], who also abdicated due to a scandal in favour of his son and Henry's grandson, [[William Edwardius III]]. | |||
Henry Louis's reign was controversial. Under his reign, the post-war economic situation generally improved, surpassing its pre-war condition. However, it was criticized for authoritarian and repressive measures against suspected communist activists, stifling opposition with defamation, the censorship of free press, anti-labor union laws, and its quasi-military junta rule. Henry Louis justified his actions as a "harsh but necessary" form of {{wpl|paternalism}}. He garnered the Burmese and German monikers '''Bolhkyaote''' (ဗိုလ်ချုပ်) and '''General König''', both meaning '''General King''', for his militaristic sentiments combined with hardline anti-communist beliefs, and his favoritism towards the military. His mother Judit aptly nicknamed him '''Henry the Terrible''', accounting for his controversies. The military continued to be a tangible presence after his reign until the end of the [[FUA Crisis]] when William Edwardius III abolished its political powers. | |||
==Early Life== | ==Early Life== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 46: | ||
==Personal Life== | ==Personal Life== | ||
==Titles and honours== | |||
===Titles and styles=== | |||
* 19 April 1921{{snd}}1 September 1945: ''His Highness'' Prince Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum | |||
* 1 September 1945{{snd}}17 December 1965: ''His Royal Highness'' Crown Prince Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum | |||
* 18 December 1965: ''His Majesty'' The King of Bethausia | |||
===Barmian regnal name=== | |||
Henry Louis's regnal name in a mix of Sanskrit and Pali is: | |||
{{Blockquote|Siri Pavaravijaya Yuddhevijyi Śāntipālka Mahādhammarājadhirāja}} | |||
The Burmese translation is: | |||
{{Blockquote|သီရိပဝရ ဝိဇယာနန္တ စစ်ပွဲတွင်အောင်ပွဲခံ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးထိန်းသိမ်းသူ မဟာဓမ္မရာဇာဓိရာဇာ}} | |||
The English translation is: | |||
{{Blockquote|Great Prosperous King of Kings, Victorious in War, Maintainer of Peace}} | |||
Latest revision as of 11:08, 24 June 2024
| Henry Louis Wunna Kan (ဝဏ္ဏကံ) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||||
| King of Bethausia | |||||||||
| Reign | 18 September 1965 – 19 August 1995 | ||||||||
| Coronation | 19 September 1965 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Judit Valpuri Yadanar | ||||||||
| Successor | William Edwardius II | ||||||||
| Prime Ministers | |||||||||
| Born | 19 April 1921 Caernarvon, Lucis, United Kingdom | ||||||||
| Spouse | Marika Vuorinen, Duchess Consort of Bethausia | ||||||||
| Issue | William Edwardius II, King of Bethausia Mariannette George Edward, King of the Guinea Islands | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House | Konbaung-Seppayilä-Caelum | ||||||||
| Father | William Edwardius Caelum | ||||||||
| Mother | Judit Valpuri Yadanar | ||||||||
Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum (19 April 1921), known solely by his standalone English and Burmese names Henry Louis and Wunna Kan (ဝဏ္ဏကံ), is a former King of Bethausia from 1965 to 1995. He is known for dissolving the Assembly of the Royal Union three years after his ascension and enforcing martial law during the height of the War of Lorican Aggression, and reforming the Bethausian constitution that granted the Tatmadaw significant influence in government.
Henry Louis was born on 19 April 1921 in Caernarvon, Lucis as the eldest child of Grand Dukes William Edwardius I and Judit Valpuri Yadanar. In his teenage years, he grew more interested in politics, and was urged by his parents to attend council sessions of the Free Bethausian government. However, among him and his siblings, Henry Louis was known for his rebellious attitude. Exemplified at the age of eighteen, he attended the Ohnmar Myine Officers' Academy and graduated as a captain in 1942 against the will of his parents. He fought in the Free Bethausian Army of the East, and participated in the last stages of the Second Battle of Seleucia, the entirety of the Afghania Campaign, Nepali-Bhutania Campaign, the Liberation of Indiae, the liberations of Kyachindwin and Bethausia, Operation Arbiter and the Central Highlands Campaign. Throughout the Asianna and the Pacific Campaign, Zaw Sein Arkar and Yarzar Htun Tun Yaza were supplemental mentors, to which he formed close bonds with. However, he was court-martialed upon his unit participating in the Phan Lãnh Massacre during Bloody Highway, but was acquitted on grounds of losing control of his men while attempting to rally them. Although a celebrated war hero, his continual rebelliousness and dislike against his brother Albert Sagaru would later erase his chance of earning the title "Duke of Caenarvon" from his father at the time of the latter's passing.
After the restoration of the Bethausian throne in 1946, Henry Louis stepped up his participation in government affairs, attending with his parents in meetings, and even going so far as to represent them in the later years of his parents' reign. In 1955, he married Aasialainer Marika Vourinen, the eldest daughter of the Admiral Jalmari Zeyar Vourinen. After his father's death in 1965 and his mother's subsequent abdication, Henry Louis ascended the throne on 18 September 1965. In 1968, the war situation worsened due to increasing communist insurgencies throughout the peripheral provinces. In response to this, Henry Louis declared martial law. In 10 June of the same year, with increasing opposition from the left wing, Henry Louis dissolved the Assembly of the Royal Union with support from the military. Six days later, he assented a new constitution that enabled the military to hold a considerable amount of seats in parliament and several powerful offices in government, such as Prime Minister, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Border Affairs. From 1968 to 1995, Bethausia underwent a mix of monarchy and military rule alongside economic recovery. He continued to provide financial and political support for the military, especially in its efforts in suppressing the remaining communist rebel factions. The country also observed a decrease in civil and political freedoms, which exacerbated well into the early 1990s. Popular support overtime waned, and it dived significantly with his complicity in the 1991 Crackdowns and the corruption scandals with the military and government officials. Through a nonviolent protest led by Aeindra Inzali Zin Kyaw and supported by Senior General Mg Myint Thet, Henry Louis abdicated on 19 August 1995. He was succeeded by his son, William Edwardius II, who also abdicated due to a scandal in favour of his son and Henry's grandson, William Edwardius III.
Henry Louis's reign was controversial. Under his reign, the post-war economic situation generally improved, surpassing its pre-war condition. However, it was criticized for authoritarian and repressive measures against suspected communist activists, stifling opposition with defamation, the censorship of free press, anti-labor union laws, and its quasi-military junta rule. Henry Louis justified his actions as a "harsh but necessary" form of paternalism. He garnered the Burmese and German monikers Bolhkyaote (ဗိုလ်ချုပ်) and General König, both meaning General King, for his militaristic sentiments combined with hardline anti-communist beliefs, and his favoritism towards the military. His mother Judit aptly nicknamed him Henry the Terrible, accounting for his controversies. The military continued to be a tangible presence after his reign until the end of the FUA Crisis when William Edwardius III abolished its political powers.
Early Life
Reign
Personal Life
Titles and honours
Titles and styles
- 19 April 1921 – 1 September 1945: His Highness Prince Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum
- 1 September 1945 – 17 December 1965: His Royal Highness Crown Prince Henry Louis Wunna Kan Caelum
- 18 December 1965: His Majesty The King of Bethausia
Barmian regnal name
Henry Louis's regnal name in a mix of Sanskrit and Pali is:
Siri Pavaravijaya Yuddhevijyi Śāntipālka Mahādhammarājadhirāja
The Burmese translation is:
သီရိပဝရ ဝိဇယာနန္တ စစ်ပွဲတွင်အောင်ပွဲခံ ငြိမ်းချမ်းရေးထိန်းသိမ်းသူ မဟာဓမ္မရာဇာဓိရာဇာ
The English translation is:
Great Prosperous King of Kings, Victorious in War, Maintainer of Peace