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The '''Northern Integration Scheme''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''Ukiuqtaqtumi ilaliujjiniq'') was a [[Surrow|Surrowese government]] program that lasted from 1953 until 1977. Instituted by [[President of Surrow|President]] [[Ted Fisher]], the Northern Integration Scheme's stated aims were to "assert Surrowese sovereignty" over [[Great Island]] and to "integrate the {{wp|Inuit people|Itchalnu}} into the body politic." The program saw the relocation of around 5,000 {{wp|Inuit people|Itchalnu}} to fixed settlements, where they faced substantial pressure to abandon their Itchalnu way of life and adopt Surrowese customs.
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                =Grapevine_cross.svg
| icon_width          =20px
| icon_alt            =
| name                = Miersan Episemialist Church
| image              = 20210607_164653_June_2021_in_Białystok.jpg
| imagewidth          = 300px
| alt                =
| caption            = [[Cathedral of Sotirias the Saviour]] in [[West Żobrodź]]
| abbreviation        =
| type                =
| main_classification = [[Episemialist Church|Episemialism]]
| orientation        = 
| scripture          = {{wp|Septuagint}}, {{wp|New Testament}}
| theology            = Soravian Episemialism
| polity              = [[wikipedia:Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| governance          =
| structure          =
| leader_title        = Primate
| leader_name        = [[Teodor Furmański|Teodor VI]], [[Patriarch of All Miersa|Archbishop of Żobrodź and Patriarch of All Miersa]]
| leader_title1      = Metropolitans
| leader_name1        = TBD
| leader_title2      = Archbishops
| leader_name2        = TBD
| leader_title3      = Bishops
| leader_name3        = TBD
| fellowships_type    =
| fellowships        =
| fellowships_type1  =
| fellowships1        =
| division_type      =
| division            =
| division_type1      =
| division1          =
| division_type2      =
| division2          =
| division_type3      =
| division3          =
| associations        =
| area                =
| language            = {{wp|Church Slavonic|Church Marolevic}}, {{wp|Polish language|Miersan}}
| liturgy            =
| headquarters        = [[Cathedral of Sotirias the Saviour]], [[West Żobrodź]]
| territory          = [[Miersa]]
| possessions        = [[Miersa]], Miersan Churches abroad
| origin_link        =
| founder            = [[Iwon of Gdawiec]]
| founded_date        = 736
| founded_place      = [[Gdawiec]]
| independence        =
| reunion            = 
| recognition        = 1930s?
| separated_from      =
| branched_from      =
| merger              =
| absorbed            =
| separations        = [[Solarian Catholic Church|TBD Rite Catholic Church]] <br>[[Lemovician Episemialist Church]]
| merged_into        =
| defunct            =
| congregations_type  =
| congregations      =
| members            = 17,718,131
| ministers_type      =
| ministers          =
| missionaries        =
| churches            =
| hospitals          =
| nursing_homes      =
| aid                =
| primary_schools    =
| secondary_schools  =
| tax_status          =
| tertiary            =
| other_names        =
| publications        =
| website            =
| slogan              =
| logo                =
| footnotes          =
}}
The '''Miersan Episemialist Church''' ({{wp|Polish language|Miersan}}: ''Mierski kościół epizemialny''), also known as the '''Patriarchate of Miersa''' ({{wp|Polish language|Miersan}}: ''Patriarchat Wszechmiersy''), is a [[Miersa|Miersan]] [[Sotirianity|Sotirian]] [[Episemialist Church|Episemialist]] {{wp|autocephaly|autocephalous}} church that operates within Miersa and among the {{wp|Polish diaspora|Miersan diaspora}}. Governed by a [[#Holy Synod|Holy Synod]], and overseen by the [[#Patriarch|Partriarch]], currently TBD, the Miersan Episemialist Church has played a significant role in the histories of [[Miersa]] and of [[West Miersa]].


According to tradition, the Miersan Episemialist Church was founded by [[Iwon of Gdawiec]] in 736 CE when he was sent by the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Arciluco|Ecumenical Patriarch]] to proselytize and convert the {{wp|Slavic people|Marolevs}} living in the [[Miersan Basin]]. Iwon's conversion would be successful, particularly in the western regions of Miersa, whereas in eastern Miersa, the [[Solarian Catholic Church|Solarian rite]] became predominant. This divide between the Arcilucan and Solarian rites of Sotirianity was aggravated by the [[Lesser Schism]] in 1385, which led to several [[Monarchy of Miersa|Miersan monarchs]] prosecuting and attempting to crack down on Episemialism in favour of Catholicism, before an [[Edict of Toleration (Miersa)|Edict of Toleration]] was instituted in 1507 by Cesarz [[Michał the Lesser]] that permitted the church to operate in the [[Miersan Commonwealth]], so long as they accepted a Catholic monarch.
(TBC)


Following the [[Partition of Miersa|Miersan partitions]] in 1638 and 1687, the Episemialists in the [[Soravia|Soravian]] [[Miersan Governate]] would become more influenced by the [[Soravian Episemialist Church]], with the church itself for a period of time being reduced to an autonomous part of the Soravian Episemialist Church, while in the [[Gaullica|Gaullican]]-annexed provinces, Episemialism would go into significant decline as the Gaullicans converted many peasants to the [[Solarian Catholic Church]], including setting up a {{wp|uniate rite}}, leading to the modern religious divide in Miersa between [[East Miersa|East]] and [[West Miersa|West]].
==Background==
[[File:Native_camp,_Pangnirtung,_Baffin_Island,_N.W.T.,_August_1931..jpg|250px|thumb|left|An Itchalnu camp near [[Port Lochlan]], August 1931]]
[[Great Island (Surrow)|Great Island]] has been a part of Surrow from the sixteenth century onward: while [[Northland County]] was created in 1563, it lacked any meaningful control over Great Island, with Northland County's seat being at [[Lombelon Bay]]. The first Auressian settlement on Great Island was only established in [[Port Lochlan]] in 1711 by the [[Rythene|Rytheneans]], but Port Lochlan only served as a seasonal settlement until 1733.


After the [[Godfredson Plan]] was implemented in 1936, the Miersan Episemialist Church would regain its autocephaly in 193?, and was raised to the status of a Patriarchate. However, the Miersan Episemialist Church would only flourish in [[West Miersa]], since in [[East Miersa]], anti-religious campaigns by the [[Miersan Section of the Workers' International]] weakened both the Catholics and the Episemialists. Today, Episemialism is the largest religion in West Miersa, with around 85% of those in West Miersa adhering to the church, but only around twelve percent in East Miersa adheres to Episemialism, making it the second largest religion after the Solariian Catholic Churches.
Following the end of the Eleven Years War in 1759, the number of {{wp|Newfoundland outports|outports}} on Great Island increased, although the total Auressian population on the islands were less than 100 people during the summer months, and around 20 during the winter, mostly in Port Lochlan by 1800. In 1823, an official from [[Holcot Inlet]] reported that "outside of the nineteen outports, which depend both on the treacherous seas that we back on [[Holcot Island]] or even [[Kikik Island]] can only fear and on the generosity of the Itchalnu, there is no effective presence on the island."


==History==
However, efforts to try and assert Rythenean control over the island during the nineteenth century were hampered due to the geography of Great Island, the harsh environment, and costs, which made it very difficult for permanent settlements to be established on the island. However, Kikik Island would be carved out of Northland County in 1869, with the county seat being subsequently moved to Port Lochlan.
===Early Church===
While there is ample evidence that [[Sotirianity]] first reached present-day [[Miersa]] during the [[Solarian Empire]] between 311 CE and 400 CE, when the Empire had control over parts of the present-day {{wp|partially recognised state}} of [[Lemovicia]], and the present-day [[West Miersa|West Miersan]] voivodeship of [[Malomiersa]], it is unclear whether these Sotirian communities lasted long enough to have a significant influence over the development of Miersan Sotirianity, let alone what rite these communities were associated with.


According to the Miersan Episemialist Church, the Sotirian Church was re-established in Miersa by [[Iwon of Gdawiec]] in 736 CE, with Iwon sent by [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Arciluco|Arciluco]] to proselytize the {{wp|Slavs|Marolevs}} living in the [[Miersan Basin]]. From his position in [[Gdawiec]], Iwon of Gdawiec was able to spread Sotirianity using {{wp|Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Marolevic}}, particularly among the peasantry in southwestern Miersa. Thus, Iwon of Gdawiec is traditionally seen to be the first head of the Miersan Episemialist Church.
By 1901, the total population of the island according to the Surrowese census was 519 people scattered across twenty settlements, although the enumerators noted that "they were unable to fully count the natives outside of the settlements," and that if they did, "the real population of the island would be twice or thrice as high as it appears on the census."


Over the next few centuries, Episemialism would spread across the western regions of Miersa, particularly in [[Firencja]] and [[Zachódnia]], but it also spread eastwards among the peasantry in [[Wybrzeże]], although among the elites, it faced pushback from those who followed the [[Solarian Catholic Church|Solarian rite]]. Thus, by the eleventh century, the Arcilucan rite was predominant in western Miersa and among the lower classes, whereas the Solarian rite was predominant in eastern Miersa and among the upper classes.
With the outbreak of the [[First Great War (Levilion)|First Great War]], fears that [[Tyrnica]] may try to attack Great Island led to the Surrowese government beginning to draft plans for "reinforcing the island and asserting Rythenean sovereignty over the island," with these plans including "establishing settlements for the natives to gravitate themselves towards." These plans would only begin to be implemented in 1915 after Surrow was granted self-government, with the first settlement under that plan being established in 1923 at [[Tuktooit Inlet]] in what is now [[Stoney County]], and followed by the establishment of [[Arvittiavak]] in 1931, with the intention of providing services to the northern Itchalnu populations, such as a school run by [[Perendism|Perendist]] missionaries and a general store that supplied imported goods from Holcot Island.


===Miersan Commonwealth===
However, these settlements, although modestly successful at attracting some Itchalnu to settle there, did not attract the hoped-for population growth, with the population of both settlements in 1931 being around 27 people who permanently lived in the settlements. This led to newly-elected [[Prime Minister of Surrow|Prime Minister]] [[Ted Fisher]] concluding in 1936 that "all the carrots in the world cannot entice the Natives on Great Island to give up on their way of life," and for Ted Fisher to begin planning the scheme.
[[File:Autor_nieznany_(malarz_z_kręgu_Lukasa_Cranacha_Starszego),_Bitwa_pod_Orszą.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Painting of the 1394 [[Battle of Zieruń (1394)|Battle of Zieruń]], {{circa|1524-1530}}]]
With the [[Lesser Schism]] in 1385 between the [[Episemialist Church]] and the [[Solarian Catholic Church]], the peasantry and most of those in the western regions sided with the Episemialist Church, leading to what historians consider to be the creation of the Miersan Episemialist Church, who recognised the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Arciluco]] as a {{wp|primus inter pares}} over the supremacy of the Pope in [[Solaria]].


This led to a series of conflicts over religion, when in 1387, [[Maksymilian the Great]] ordered that all Miersan churches "follow the Solarian rite," and to crack down on all practices of the "western schismatics." This was opposed by [[Sebastian of Zieruń]], who would emerge as the leader of the anti-Catholic forces. In 1394, Sebastian would meet Maksymilian the Great at the [[Battle of Zieruń (1394)|Battle of Zieruń]], with Sebastian killing Makysmilian in battle, before being killed himself.
==Planning==
In 1942, Ted Fisher's government released a {{wp|white paper}} on the state of Northland County and its "complete inability to exert control outside of the string of outports that line its coast." The white paper suggested that Northland County was "inviable" due to it covering "the entire breadth of Great Island" despite its population "only comprising of 650 people who live inside the law, and around five thousand Natives who live outside the laws of Surrow," and proposed abolishing the county in favour of [[Administrative divisions of Surrow#Districts|improvement districts]] that "would better manage those who live in the outports and in the interior than a county."


Throughout the next century, persecution against Episemialists ebbed and flowed, depending on the ruler in power: [[Henryk the Old]] forced nobles to convert to Solarian Catholicism on the pain of death and on the pain of having their lands seized and redistributed to Catholic nobles, while [[Matej the Young]] instituted policies to seize "all the wealth in Episemialist churches" to help fund the Miersan treasury. In contrast, [[Władysław the Great]] tolerated Episemialism among the peasantry, and even funded the reconstruction of "certain important churches," primarily in [[Żobrodź]].
However, the ongoing [[Second Great War (Levilion)|Second Great War]] caused Ted Fisher's government to take little action on the report. Following the war's end in 1943, the Surrowese government began to conduct surveys in Northland County to document the local Itchalnu population and their annual migration patterns, to determine the best sites for new settlements, and to investigate the county government to determine any deficiencies that the existing county had. However, growing calls for Surrowese independence and the government's focus on negotiating with Rythene for full independence meant that these surveys would only be completed by 1951.


[[Maksymilian the Weak]]'s reign from 1492 to 1501 saw the worst persecution of Episemialists in Miersan history: anyone suspected of being Episemialist was forced to either accept the teachings of the Pope, or be burnt at the stake for heresy, while Episemialist churches were "systemically plundered and destroyed." This would lead to several {{wp|peasant revolts}} during Maksymilian's reign, particularly in the recently-annexed [[Malomiersa]] which had been Episemialist, but was influenced by {{wp|Catharism|Llorainism}} present in Malomiersa andin neighbouring [[Champania]].
That year, {{wp|palladium}} was discovered near [[Tulaktarvik|Stoney Harbour]] (present-day [[Tulaktarvik]]) by [[General Armaments]]. This added a greater sense of urgency, as Ted Fisher feared that the "presence of such abundant wealth" and Surrow's lack of effective control over most of Great Island would allow for other countries to establish settlements under the guise of {{wp|terra nullius}}.


After the death of Makysmilian the Weak in 1501, [[Michał the Lesser]] sought to end the bloodshed between the Catholic and Episemialist communities. Despite pressure from some in his court to maintain his predecessor's policies, Michał maintained his course, and in 1507 issued the [[Edict of Toleration (Miersa)|Edict of Toleration]], which stipulated that in exchange for the Episemialists accepting a Catholic monarch, the monarchy will not discriminate against Episemialists. This ended the era of persecution against Episemialists, although Catholics would remain politically dominant in the Miersan Commonwealth.
In response to the perceived threat, Ted Fisher would draft the ''[[Northern Integration Act]]'' in 1952. The {{wp|omnibus bill}} divided Northland County into three improvement districts, pursuant to the 1942 white paper, which had different powers to [[Administrative divisions of Surrow#Counties|counties]], and outlined the components of the [[#Program|Northern Integration Scheme]] in order to ensure that "Surrow can demonstrate its sovereignty over the entire Surrowese archipelago, including Great Island." While this legislation was opposed by [[Wes Anderson]], who left the [[United People's Party (Surrow)|United People's Party]] to create the [[Northern Party (1949)|Northern Party]] to advocate for maintaining the status quo, the UPP majority was able to pass the bill into law, with the bill coming into effect on 1 April, 1953.


===Partition of Miersa===
==Program==
[[File:Warsaw-Pilsudski-Square-1900s.jpg|250px|thumb|left|View of [[Cathedral of Sotirias the Saviour]] and its surroundings, 1919]]
===Registration===
With the [[Partition of Miersa|First Partition]] in 1638 between the [[Soravian Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Gaullica]], with a rump [[Duchy of Żobrodź]], the Miersan Episemialist Church only remained ''{{wp|de-facto}}'' independent within the Duchy of Żobrodź, with this independence being short lived, since after the [[First Miersan Revolt]] in 1687, the Duchy of Żobrodź was annexed by Soravia, which led to the effective end of a fully independent Miersan Episemialist Church.
[[File:Man_registered_at_Port_Hentze.jpg|250px|thumb|right|An Itchalnu man holding up his registration number at [[Port Hentze]], 1953]]
The first key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''registration''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''atiliurvik''). This would register all the Itchalnu who "lived outside the {{wp|Newfoundland outports|outports}} on Great Island" as a {{wp|disc number|registration number}} ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''ujamiit''), with each number comprised of a letter corresponding to an improvement district, followed by a two digit number indicating the nearest settlement, followed by a three digit number identifying the individual (e.g. [[Central Improvement District|C]]01-043). These registration numbers were required to be displayed at all times by all Itchalnu assigned these numbers, with the Surrowese government providing discs that displayed their registration number to each person.


In the areas annexed by Gaullica, Episemialism would fall into decline, exacerbated by Gaullican policies of promoting [[Solarian Catholic Church|Solarian Catholicism]]. This was helped by the fact that most elites in the eastern regions of Miersa were already Catholic, in addition to immigration from Gaullica itself into Gaullican Miersa. Despite some efforts to resist Gaullican policy, (TBC). Furthermore, during Gaullican rule, a {{wp|uniate church}} was created, with those seeking to follow their traditional rites while maintaining loyalty to the Pope in Solaria.
As [[#Settlement|settlement]] progressed, Itchalnu who moved to the settlements and who previously had registration numbers were given Auressian-style names. In most circumstances, first names were based off of school records, while in cases where an Itchalnu person had never attended a school, they were assigned an Auressian-style forename by a bureaucrat. As Itchalnu never had surnames, some bureaucrats assigned Itchalnu Auressian-style surnames, while other bureaucrats would assign Itchalnu names that were rooted in the Itchalnu language. This process of assigning registration numbers was planned to take a period of three to four years, with the Auressian-style names to be given "as the Itchalnu continue to be integrated into the body politic" to replace their registration number.


In the areas annexed by Soravia, Episemialism would flourish under Soravian rule, although the Soravian Empire sought to impose the [[Soravian Episemialist Church]] upon the [[Miersan Governate]]. This was helped by an influx of Soravian immigrants into the Miersan Governate, who brought the Soravian Episemialist Church with them and their practices, while the Soravian Empire sought to institute tighter controls on the Miersan Episemialist Church. To this end, the Soravians revoked the autocephaly of the Miersan Episemialist Church, and reduced its Metropolitan to being a part of the Soravian Episemialist Church. This was met with significant resistance by Miersan Episemialists, particularly in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, with many clergy and peasants opposing the imposition of the Soravian Episemialist Church and its structures upon the existing Miersan Episemialist Church, which forced the Soravian Episemialist Church to grant the Miersan Metropolitan autonomy in (some date in the eighteeneth or nineteenth century), in exchange for acknowledging the supremacy of [[Patovatra]] over the Miersan church.
===Settlement===
The second key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''settlement''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''nunaliit''). All Itchalnu who had been registered under the first phase of the Northern Integration Scheme would be encouraged to move to permanent settlements on the coasts of Great Island, with these settlements being designed to resemble {{wp|Newfoundland outports|Surrowese outports}} on [[Holcot Island]] and [[Kikik Island]]. The Itchalnu would be promised government benefits, better food than what they were able to acquire if they continued to live on the land, and better housing.  


At the same time, with emigration of {{wp|Polish people|Miersans}} to Gaullican and Soravian colonies in the [[Asterias]], Episemialists sought to maintain their religious traditions abroad, which led to the creation of churches to serve the Miersan Episemialist community in the {{wp|Polish diaspora|Miersan diaspora}}.
After a one year grace period, if an Itchalnu who was registered under the first phase of the Northern Integration Scheme refused to move to a settlement, the Surrowese government would warn "refusants" that if they continued to refuse to move a settlement, they would have their children taken away from them, their dogs would be slaughtered so that they would not be able to continue living a nomadic existence, and they may be charged with trespassing on state land. After another one year grace period, those deemed refusants would be arrested by an officer from the [[Surrowese Constabulary]], their children taken away from them, and their dogs slaughtered, and transported to a settlement that the arresting officer decided upon.


===Modern era===
As part of the Northern Integration Scheme, in addition to the twenty-two settlements which existed prior to the Northern Integration Scheme, fourteen more were to be established in order to ensure that Itchalnu can "continue to live close to their ancestral lands as they begin to be integrated into the body politic." These settlements were expected to be built between 1953 and 1960, with four to be built in the Northern Improvement District, seven to be built in the Central Improvement District, and three in the Southern Improvement District.
With the implementation of the [[Godfredson Plan]] in 1936 to partition [[Miersa]] between a [[East Miersa|socialist republic]] and a [[West Miersa|Soravian client state]], the Miersan Episemialist Church would become ''{{wp|de-jure}}'' autocephalous in 193X, thereby officially separating from the [[Soravian Episemialist Church]], although it would in practice remain extensively influenced by the Soravian Episemialist Church to this day. This restoration of autocephaly was marked by the Miersan Episemialist Church being elevated into a Patriarchate.


Under Patriarch Szymon VII, in 1942, {{wp|Polish language|Miersan}} became a {{wp|liturgical language}} alongside {{wp|Church Slavonic|Church Marolevic}}, with the Holy Synod justifying the decision as making the Miersan Episemialist Church more accessible to the ordinary Miersan layperson. This move, although controversial among more conservative members of the Church, was largely supported among Miersan Episemialists. However, during this period, the Miersan Episemialist Church would be cracked down in [[East Miersa]] as a result of anti-religious policies made by the then-governing [[Miersan Section of the Workers' International]], which led to many religious people fleeing into [[West Miersa]].
===Consolidation===
The third key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''consolidation''' ({{wp|Inkutitut|Itchalnu}}: ''katiqsuqsimajut''). After all the Itchalnu have been settled into settlements, which was expected to take a six year period between 1954 and 1960, settlements that were deemed to be "prohibitively expensive" for the Surrowese government to provide services to would be declared unsustainable, and residents would be encouraged to move to sustainable settlements, which the government defined as a settlement with more than 150-200 people.


The Miersan Episemialist Church would experience a {{wp|schism}} in 1980, when {{wp|Basque language|Lemovician}}-speaking priests, with the blessing of the breakaway [[Lemovicia|Lemovician]] government, set up the [[Lemovician Episemialist Church]], which claimed the territory of the Metropolitanate of Małomiersa within the borders of Lemovicia. The Lemovician government has, in the years since independence, and particularly since the end of the [[Lemovician War]], cracked down on the Miersan Episemialist Church and its activites within the territory. Despite an agreement with the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Arciluco|Ecumenical Patriarch]] that the Lemovician Episemialists would be placed under temporary Arcilucan administration until a final agreement is made on its status, the Miersan Episemialist Church still claims the territory of the Lemovician Episemialist Church to fall under the jurisdiction of the Miersan Episemialist Church.
The purpose of consolidation was to "avoid the mistakes of early settlement of Surrow" where the number of outports had proliferated, "through consolidating the number of settlements from thirty-six settlements to a more manageable number." Consolidation would also "ensure that when these improvement districts become counties, these settlements will be better able to remain sustainable in not just the final quarter of this century, but throughout the next century."


(TBC).
===Personal integration===
The fourth key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''personal integration''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''imminnuungajut ilaliujjiniq''), which would involve heavy investment into education, through the establishment of government-run schools that would replace the [[Perendism|Perendist]] mission schools, and through the establishment of {{wp|adult education}} programs targeting the Itchalnu.


==Organisation==
Ted Fisher said that "if we want the Natives on Great Island to become as Surrowese as the Tyrnican in [[Tuckamore County]] or the Rythenean in [[Disappointment County]], the government must take over education from the Perendist missionaries so that the Natives may learn how to live in the Surrow of today." The curriculum for the government-run schools would involve teaching the "values and mores of the body politic" and practical skills that were needed in "modern Surrowese society," such as literacy in {{wp|English language|Rythenean}}, mathematics, and science, so that when they graduated, they would become "fully integrated into Surrowese society."
===Patriarch===
The head of the Miersan Episemialist Church is the '''patriarch''' ({{wp|Polish language|Miersan}}: ''patriarcha''), officially the Archbishop of Żobrodź and the Patriarch of All Miersa. Until 193X, he was the Archbishop of Żobrodź and Metropolitan of All Miersa. Since 2017, the current Patriarch of the Miersan Episemialist Church is [[Teodor Furmański|Teodor VI]].


Historically, the primate wielded extensive power alongside an {{wp|endemic synod}}: however, with growing influence from the [[Soravian Episemialist Church]], in 1889, under Metropolitan Tomasz IV (then the head of the Miersan Episemialist Church), the Endemic Synod was replaced with a [[#Holy Synod|Holy Synod]], with all the day-to-day powers of the primate being subsumed under the holy synod. Since 1889, the Patriarch has served as a "symbolic figurehead representing the Church in All Miersa," with the Patriarch serving as a ''{{wp|primus inter pares}}'' of the [[#Holy Synod|Holy Synod]], and of the Miersan Episemialist Church.  
Adult education would focus on teaching Itchalnu both the values and mores of the broader Surrowese culture and practical skills so that they would "become a productive part of the modern Surrowese workforce" and allow them to have the skills needed to "function in today's Surrow, rather than the Surrow of yesterday." This would include teaching them Rythenean so that they could fully participate in society.


Today, the duties of the Patriarch, besides chairing the Holy Synod, involve representing the Miersan Episemialist Church "at home and abroad," serving as a "pious role model" for all Miersans, and issuing {{wp|anathema}} against those who have committed "serious and unrepetent heresy" against the Episemialist Church.
Other parts of personal integration included imposing regulations on housing, with houses in the fourteen settlements being designed to be more like houses in Surrowese outports "to promote assimilation into the body politic"; a crackdown on traditional hunting and fishing practices that would "cause the Natives on Great Island to abandon civilisation," and restricting the number of dogs they could own to a "manageable number."


===Holy Synod===
===Political integration===
The governing body of the Miersan Episemialist Church is the '''Holy Synod''' ({{wp|Polish language|Miersan}}: ''święty synod''). Originally the '''endemic synod''' ({{wp|Polish language|Miersan}}: ''synod endemiczny''), the {{wp|endemic synod}} was replaced by a permanent {{wp|Holy Synod}} in 1889 under Metropolitan Tomasz IV, due to increasing [[Soravia|Soravian]] influence on the Miersan church brought on as a result of its closer integration with the [[Soravian Episemialist Church]].
The fifth and final key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''political integration''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''gavamalirinirmut ilaliujjiniq''). Due to [[Northland County]]'s lack of ability to exert control over Great Island, the county was to be abolished and divided into three [[Administrative divisions of Surrow#Districts|improvement districts]], which would have power over day-to-day operations of trial courts and determining whether a given settlement was sustainable or unsustainable. Each district would receive one member of [[Parliament of Surrow|Parliament]] from the [[Elections of Surrow#1954|1954 election]] onward.


The Holy Synod of the Miersan Episemialist Church's main duties is to "supervise the day-to-day operations of the Episemialist Church within All Miersa," including matters of religious doctrine, church property, and funding of the TBD churches under the Miersan Episemialist Church, as well as decisions to create new dioceses, archdioceses, and metropolitanates, in addition to dissolving them.
The improvement districts were planned to last for a minimum of twenty-one years from when the bill went into effect, with the ''Northern Integration Act'' saying that if any of the improvement districts reached a population over 5,000 people by the 1971 census, the relevant district(s) would be "considered fully integrated and should be given county status no later than 1 April, 1975, with all the responsibilities thereof." Government officials from the early 1950s expected that both the [[Central Improvement District]] and [[Iqittiniq District|Southern Improvement District]] would become counties by 1975, while it was expected that the [[Ukiuqtaqtuq District|Northern Improvement District]] "will never reach the population threshold to become a county."


As of 2021, the members of the Holy Synod include the [[#Patriarch|Patriarch]], the four metropolitans of [[Miersa]], and (TBC).
==Implementation==
===Registration, settlement and consolidation===
[[File:Settlement_at_Berentson_Harbour_1954.jpg|250px|thumb|left|An Itchalnu family being allocated a home in [[Berentson Harbour]], 1954]]
Following the passage of the ''[[Northern Integration Act]]'', the Surrowese government began immediately on registering the Itchalnu population living outside the settlements, even before the act went into effect. By 1956, the Ministry of Northern Integration "successfully registered every native who did not previously reside in any settlement," with 4,983 Itchalnu registered as part of the first component of the Northern Integration Scheme.


===Structure===
In 1953, the second component of the Northern Integration Scheme began to be implemented, with the fourteen settlements outlined in the Northern Integration Scheme beginning to be constructed. The houses built in the fourteen settlements proved to be ill-suited to the local climate, partially due to the houses being {{wp|prefabricated housing}} that were built as cheaply as possible in order to settle the Itchalnu into the settlements as quickly as possible, and because of the architecture of the Surrowese-style houses lacked the necessary insulation to keep the interior warm during the cold Great Island winters. In addition, the stores established in the settlements sold imported low-quality [[Albrennia|Albrennian]] food at what [[Charles Aklack]] said was "extortionate prices," with prices being "at least three times as high as in Holcot Inlet, and six times as in [[Sherborn]]."
The Miersan Episemialist Church is organised into TBD metropolitanates within the territory of [[Miersa]], who in turn oversee TBD archdioceses and TBA dioceses. As the Miersan diaspora spread, the Miersan Episemialist Church also operates metropolitanates in areas where there is extensive settlement by Episemialist Miersans, particularly in countries with no Episemialist patriarchate available to serve them.


*Patriarchate of All Miersa and Archbishop of Żobrodź
These factors, in addition to fears among the Itchalnu that they would lose their culture, meant that while the number of refusants only comprised 5%-10% of those who were resettled in 1953 and 1954, by 1959 and 1960, the proportion of refusants grew to around 60%-70% of those resettled in both of those years. Despite the proportion of refusants who wound up being forcefully resettled, the second component of the Northern Integration Scheme was completed by 1960, with the Ministry of Northern Integration reporting that of the 5,119 registered people, 3,143 "voluntarily moved to settlements," while 1,976 refusants were relocated, either to Tulaktarvik, Port Lochlan, or Holcot Inlet.
**Metropolitanate of Firencia
***Archbishopric of Gdawiec
***Bishopric of Dąmyśl
***Bishopric of Tarcław
***Bishopric of Zieruń
**Metropolitanate of Małomiersa
***Archbishopric of Sechia
***Bishopric of Gorgard
***Bishopric of Krada
***Bishopric of Mistózburó
**Metropolitanate of Wybrzeże
***Archbishopric of Dyńsk
***Bishopric of Kordyn
***Bishopric of Łószcław
***Bishopric of TBD
**Metropolitanate of Zachódnia
***Archbishopric of Podgórzyca
***Bishopric of Nowyburg
***Bishopric of TBD
***Bishopric of Zanica


==List of Bishops, Archbishops and Patriarchs==
In 1960, the third component of the Northern Integration Scheme began, with two settlements in the Southern Improvement District being declared unsustainable. From the 1960s until the mid-1980s, all of the fourteen settlements built under the scheme, in addition to eighteen of the twenty-two settlements built prior to the scheme's inception were declared unsustainable, and residents of those settlements were encouraged to move to a sustainable settlement by closing schools, clinics, stores, and community centres in those settlements and refusing to provide more than basic emergency services to unsustainable settlement. Although the Surrowese government expected that most of those in the unsustainable settlements would "funnel down to the administrative centres of the improvement districts," most would move to Tulaktarvik due to economic opportunities.
===Bishop of Gdawiec===
# [[Iwon of Gdawiec]] (736-755)
# Michal I (755-766)
# Jerzy I (766-772)
# Tomasz I (772-783)
# Szymon I (783-790)
# Lukasz I (790-806)
# Lukasz I (798-806)
# Teodor I (806-819)
# Jozef I (819-838)
# Maurycy I (838-842)
# Benedykt I (842-853)
# Cyryl I (853-861)
# Pawel I (861-869)
# Mikolaj I (869-877)
# Iwon II (877-883)
# Feliks I (883-895)
# Andrzej I (895-901)
# Teodor II (901-904)
# Szymon II (904-908)
# Lukasz II (904-911)
# Ignacy I (911-913)
# Cyryl II (913-917)


===Archbishop of Gdawiec===
===Integration===
# Cyryl II (917-928)
The Northern Integration Scheme would bring about a radical change in education: from 1953 onward, the national government took control of all schools on Great Island from the Perendist missions, and began building new schools across the island. Most schools that were built as part of the Northern Integration Scheme were designed to only be {{wp|primary school|primary schools}}, with {{wp|secondary school|secondary schools}} only being built in [[Port Lochlan]] and [[Tulaktarvik]] to "further the integration of Native children into the body politic" and to save money. In order to further integration, virtually all schools on the island banned the use of {{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}} and the practice of Itchalnu culture. By 1964, virtually all children on Great Island attended school, although most children on Great Island were taught a basic vocational education.
# Szczepana the Great (928-947)
# Metodego (947-972)
# Jerzy II (972-983)
# Tomasz II (983-997)
# Maurycy II (997-1008)
# Lukasz III (1008-1013)
# Mikolaj II (1013-1024)
# Jerzy III (1024-1026)
# Pawel II (1026-1030)
# Lukasz IV (1030-1043)
# Iwon III (1043-1046)
# Cyryl III (1046-1056)
# Piotr the Incompetent (1056-1058)
# Jozef II (1058-1066)
# Szymon III (1066-1078)
# Mikolaj III (1078-1086)
# Michal II (1086-1092)
# Feliks II (1092-1101)
# Tomasz III (1101-1111)
# Teodor III (1111-1117)
# Pawel III (1117-1124)
# Jerzy IV (1124-1130)
# Maurycy III (1130-1136)
# Jozef III (1136-1149)
# Ignacy II (1149-1155)
# Iwon IV (1155-1177)
# Boguslaw II (1177-1185)
# Borys I (1185-1186)
# Fabian I (1186-1197)
# Konstantyn II (1197-1203)
# Feliks III (1203-1214)
# Michal III (1214-1229)
# Wasilij I (1229-1241)
# Pawel IV (1241-1258)
# Lukasz V (1258-1264)
# Szymon IV (1264-1276)
# Jozef IV (1276-1284)
# Teodor IV (1284-1287)


===Archbishop of Żobrodź===
Although children's education was well-funded, adult education was rudimentary in comparison, with [[Charles Aklack]] saying that "all we were taught were how to speak Rythenean, how to maintain a 'modern home,' and how to use modern industrial equipment." Statistics from the Ministry of Northern Integration in 1970 reported that middle-aged Itchalnu and old-aged Itchalnu "lacked the skills necessary to participate in the Surrowese economy, even among those who entered the adult education programs," although it praised the increasing use of Rythenean as a "day-to-day language" among the Itchalnu in all three improvement districts.
# Teodor IV (1287-1303)
# Franciszek I (1303-1316)
# Jerzy V (1316-1327)
# Benedykt II (1327-1352)
# Konstantyn III (1352-1368)
# Pawel V (1368-1371)


===Metropolitan of All Miersa===
Other major policies designed to promote "personal integration" included the mass slaughter of dogs between 1954 and 1974 to prevent Itchalnu from using dogs to either hunt or for transportation, which Ted Fisher justified in 1956 as being "in the best interests of animal welfare;" forcing Itchalnu fishermen to get fishing licenses in order to fish in the seas surrounding Great Island, with these licenses conditional on Itchalnu fishermen adopting Surrowese fishing techniques, and instituting building codes for all housing that was similar to the building codes in other Surrowese communities.
# Pawel V (1371-1377)
# Cyryl IV (1377-1386)
# Lucjan (1386-1394)
# Franciszek II (1394-1406)
# Boguslaw III (1406-1422)
# Jerzy VI (1422-1435)
# Konstantyn IV (1435-1452)
# Szymon V (1452-1484)
# Lukasz VI (1484-1495)
# Fabian II (1495-1498)
# Sylwester II (1498-1517)
# Iwon V (1517-1535)
# Ignacy III (1535-1541)
# Maurycy IV (1541-1569)
# Mikolaj IV (1569-1593)
# Wasilij II (1593-1598)
# Michal IV (1598-1606)
# Jerzy VII (1606-1610)
# Cyryl V (1610-1624)
# Borys II (1624-1631)
# Benedykt III (1631-1647)
# Feliks IV (1647-1662)
# Jozef V (1662-1673)
# Lukasz VII (1673-1689)
# Konstantyn V (1689-1710)
# Jerzy VIII (1710-1734)
# Fabian III (1734-1758)
# Teodor V (1758-1781)
# Maurycy V (1781-1783)
# Pawel VI (1783-1799)
# Szymon VI (1799-1829)
# Borys III (1829-1842)
# Lukasz VIII (1842-1866)
# Iwon VI (1866-1888)
# Tomasz IV (1888-1896)
# Andrzej II (1896-1918)
# Borys IV (1918-1929)
# Pawel VII (1929-193?)


===Patriarch of Miersa===
Politically, Northland County was dissolved in 1953 as was scheduled, with the three improvement districts being established. Although it was envisaged by the Surrowese government that the Central and Southern Improvement Districts would become counties by 1975, the development of the Tulaktarvik palladium mine and the establishment of government offices led to rapid population growth for the Central Improvement District due to more economic opportunities, while the Southern Improvement District's population declined between 1951 and 1971. Thus, as the Central Improvement District was the only improvement district to exceed 5,000 people by the 1971 census, the ''Stoney County Act'', passed in 1974, promoted the Central Improvement District to county status on 1 April, 1975, with the county adopting the name [[Stoney County]] on that date.
# Pawel VII (193?-1940)
 
# Szymon VII (1940-1953)
==End of the program==
# Jozef VI (1953-1979)
[[File:Crosbie_1983-2.jpg|250px|thumb|right|President [[Griffith Davidson]], 1980]]
# [[Bogusław Wojdyla|Boguslaw IV]] (1979-1991)
While the Northern Integration Scheme had wide support in its early years from the United People's Party and from both the Workers' Party and the Fishermen's Protective Union, which merged into the [[Alliance of Cooperativists and Trade Unionists]] in 1965, after President [[Ian Withers]] lost the [[Elections in Surrow#1971|1971 general election]], [[Isaac Rosenhain]] commissioned a report on the Northern Integration Scheme's successes and shortcomings.
# Konstantyn VI (1991-1999)
 
# Borys V (1999-2017)
In 1975, the report was released: although it praised the Northern Integration Scheme for "extending Surrowese sovereignty onto Great Island in a time when the discovery of palladium deposits made the island vulnerable to foreign intrigues," the process of settling the Itchalnu into communities, and the process of consolidating unsustainable settlements, the report noted that:
# [[Teodor Furmański|Teodor VI]] (2017-present)
 
<blockquote>"''Certain aspects of the Northern Integration Scheme, such as forcing Itchalnu to adopt registration numbers because administrators could not or were unwilling to understand and pronounce Itchalnu names; prohibiting Itchalnu from hunting and fishing in accordance with their traditional customs; prohibiting the Itchalnu language from being spoken in educational institutions; constructing buildings that are poorly designed for the local climate, and charging imported food at an extortionate markup, call into question whether or not the methods used to integrate the Itchalnu into the body politic were heavy-handed''."</blockquote>
 
The report concluded that despite those flaws, the Northern Integration Scheme "accomplished virtually all of its goals," and recommended that the program be "gradually wound down" while keeping the existing improvement districts with their powers as they are.
 
President Isaac Rosenhain would begin the process of ending the Northern Integration Scheme, by passing legislation in late 1975 that permitted Itchalnu to be used in radio and television broadcasts for "up to an hour per day," and permitted schools to teach Itchalnu as a subject. However, Rosenhain's proposal to replace Surrowese outports with more centralised towns led to Rosenhain's ouster, with his successor, [[Griffin Davidson]], saying that Rosenhain "sought to end the Northern Integration Scheme on one hand, he sought to use one of its precepts to destroy the traditional Surrowese way of life."
 
In 1977, Griffin Davidson abolished the Ministry of Northern Integration, declaring that "the Itchalnu on Great Island have become an integral part of the Surrowese nation, and it is unjust to continue to treat the Itchalnu as children unable to decide their futures." Although the Ministry of Northern Integration was abolished, and the Northern Integration Scheme officially ended, certain aspects of the program continued under the guidance of the Ministry of Northern Development, namely the processes of political integration and consolidation, with one settlement, [[Kippenburg Inlet]] in present-day Iqittiniq District, declared to be unsustainable in 1998.
 
Most of the final vestiges of the Northern Integration Scheme were abolished in 2015 under President [[Wyatt Martel]] as part of his vision to improve relations with the indigenous peoples of Surrow. The two improvement districts were renamed to districts, with the districts receiving increased powers over their own governance, and the district councils being mostly elected instead of being appointed by the central government. However, the districts still have the power to declare settlements unsustainable.
 
==Legacy==
As a result of the Northern Integration Scheme, poverty rates among the Itchalnu population have exceeded the national average: While in the 2021 census, the national poverty rate was at 8.1% of the population, the [[United Itchalnu Organisation]] reported that 41.5% of all Itchalnu lived in poverty as of 2021, meaning that 26.5% of all people in poverty in Surrow were Itchalnu. [[Charles Aklack]] said in 1982 that "the cause of poverty among our people" were the resettlement programs and the education system which "deprived Itchalnu of the ability to live with dignity" and "made the Itchalnu into a perpetual underclass like our {{wp|Innu people|Chequan}} brothers to the south."
 
The Northern Integration Scheme has been blamed for the destruction of traditional Itchalnu culture, both through the introduction of Western lifestyles that Itchalnu had generally not been exposed to, and through government policies that destroyed Itchalnu culture, such as banning the use of Itchalnu in schools, slaughtering dogs owned by Itchalnu, and cracking down on traditional hunting and fishing practices. In 2003, linguist [[Mark Harris]] noted that prior to the 1950s, the {{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu language}} had "significant dialectal variation across Great Island and Kikik Island," but because of the Northern Integration Scheme exposing Itchalnu to those who spoke different dialects of Itchalnu, combined with the standardisation of Itchalnu from the 1960s onward, "younger Itchalnu who speak the language sound more alike than their grandparents."
 
However, the Northern Integration Scheme led to the development of Itchalnu political movements. The first Itchalnu political organisation to emerge was the [[Northern Party (1971)|Northern Party]], founded by [[Boyd Shields]] in 1971, which advocated for greater autonomy to Great Island, for indigenous rights, and to end the Northern Integration Scheme. However, the Northern Party was supplanted by [[Nangiqpugut Utessit]] in 1979, which was explicitly pro-indigenous rights and advocated for {{wp|democratic socialism|democratic socialist}} policies. In 1982, the [[United Itchalnu Organisation]] was formed to advocate for the interests of Itchalnu people.

Latest revision as of 05:56, 27 May 2024

The Northern Integration Scheme (Itchalnu: Ukiuqtaqtumi ilaliujjiniq) was a Surrowese government program that lasted from 1953 until 1977. Instituted by President Ted Fisher, the Northern Integration Scheme's stated aims were to "assert Surrowese sovereignty" over Great Island and to "integrate the Itchalnu into the body politic." The program saw the relocation of around 5,000 Itchalnu to fixed settlements, where they faced substantial pressure to abandon their Itchalnu way of life and adopt Surrowese customs.

(TBC)

Background

An Itchalnu camp near Port Lochlan, August 1931

Great Island has been a part of Surrow from the sixteenth century onward: while Northland County was created in 1563, it lacked any meaningful control over Great Island, with Northland County's seat being at Lombelon Bay. The first Auressian settlement on Great Island was only established in Port Lochlan in 1711 by the Rytheneans, but Port Lochlan only served as a seasonal settlement until 1733.

Following the end of the Eleven Years War in 1759, the number of outports on Great Island increased, although the total Auressian population on the islands were less than 100 people during the summer months, and around 20 during the winter, mostly in Port Lochlan by 1800. In 1823, an official from Holcot Inlet reported that "outside of the nineteen outports, which depend both on the treacherous seas that we back on Holcot Island or even Kikik Island can only fear and on the generosity of the Itchalnu, there is no effective presence on the island."

However, efforts to try and assert Rythenean control over the island during the nineteenth century were hampered due to the geography of Great Island, the harsh environment, and costs, which made it very difficult for permanent settlements to be established on the island. However, Kikik Island would be carved out of Northland County in 1869, with the county seat being subsequently moved to Port Lochlan.

By 1901, the total population of the island according to the Surrowese census was 519 people scattered across twenty settlements, although the enumerators noted that "they were unable to fully count the natives outside of the settlements," and that if they did, "the real population of the island would be twice or thrice as high as it appears on the census."

With the outbreak of the First Great War, fears that Tyrnica may try to attack Great Island led to the Surrowese government beginning to draft plans for "reinforcing the island and asserting Rythenean sovereignty over the island," with these plans including "establishing settlements for the natives to gravitate themselves towards." These plans would only begin to be implemented in 1915 after Surrow was granted self-government, with the first settlement under that plan being established in 1923 at Tuktooit Inlet in what is now Stoney County, and followed by the establishment of Arvittiavak in 1931, with the intention of providing services to the northern Itchalnu populations, such as a school run by Perendist missionaries and a general store that supplied imported goods from Holcot Island.

However, these settlements, although modestly successful at attracting some Itchalnu to settle there, did not attract the hoped-for population growth, with the population of both settlements in 1931 being around 27 people who permanently lived in the settlements. This led to newly-elected Prime Minister Ted Fisher concluding in 1936 that "all the carrots in the world cannot entice the Natives on Great Island to give up on their way of life," and for Ted Fisher to begin planning the scheme.

Planning

In 1942, Ted Fisher's government released a white paper on the state of Northland County and its "complete inability to exert control outside of the string of outports that line its coast." The white paper suggested that Northland County was "inviable" due to it covering "the entire breadth of Great Island" despite its population "only comprising of 650 people who live inside the law, and around five thousand Natives who live outside the laws of Surrow," and proposed abolishing the county in favour of improvement districts that "would better manage those who live in the outports and in the interior than a county."

However, the ongoing Second Great War caused Ted Fisher's government to take little action on the report. Following the war's end in 1943, the Surrowese government began to conduct surveys in Northland County to document the local Itchalnu population and their annual migration patterns, to determine the best sites for new settlements, and to investigate the county government to determine any deficiencies that the existing county had. However, growing calls for Surrowese independence and the government's focus on negotiating with Rythene for full independence meant that these surveys would only be completed by 1951.

That year, palladium was discovered near Stoney Harbour (present-day Tulaktarvik) by General Armaments. This added a greater sense of urgency, as Ted Fisher feared that the "presence of such abundant wealth" and Surrow's lack of effective control over most of Great Island would allow for other countries to establish settlements under the guise of terra nullius.

In response to the perceived threat, Ted Fisher would draft the Northern Integration Act in 1952. The omnibus bill divided Northland County into three improvement districts, pursuant to the 1942 white paper, which had different powers to counties, and outlined the components of the Northern Integration Scheme in order to ensure that "Surrow can demonstrate its sovereignty over the entire Surrowese archipelago, including Great Island." While this legislation was opposed by Wes Anderson, who left the United People's Party to create the Northern Party to advocate for maintaining the status quo, the UPP majority was able to pass the bill into law, with the bill coming into effect on 1 April, 1953.

Program

Registration

An Itchalnu man holding up his registration number at Port Hentze, 1953

The first key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was registration (Itchalnu: atiliurvik). This would register all the Itchalnu who "lived outside the outports on Great Island" as a registration number (Itchalnu: ujamiit), with each number comprised of a letter corresponding to an improvement district, followed by a two digit number indicating the nearest settlement, followed by a three digit number identifying the individual (e.g. C01-043). These registration numbers were required to be displayed at all times by all Itchalnu assigned these numbers, with the Surrowese government providing discs that displayed their registration number to each person.

As settlement progressed, Itchalnu who moved to the settlements and who previously had registration numbers were given Auressian-style names. In most circumstances, first names were based off of school records, while in cases where an Itchalnu person had never attended a school, they were assigned an Auressian-style forename by a bureaucrat. As Itchalnu never had surnames, some bureaucrats assigned Itchalnu Auressian-style surnames, while other bureaucrats would assign Itchalnu names that were rooted in the Itchalnu language. This process of assigning registration numbers was planned to take a period of three to four years, with the Auressian-style names to be given "as the Itchalnu continue to be integrated into the body politic" to replace their registration number.

Settlement

The second key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was settlement (Itchalnu: nunaliit). All Itchalnu who had been registered under the first phase of the Northern Integration Scheme would be encouraged to move to permanent settlements on the coasts of Great Island, with these settlements being designed to resemble Surrowese outports on Holcot Island and Kikik Island. The Itchalnu would be promised government benefits, better food than what they were able to acquire if they continued to live on the land, and better housing.

After a one year grace period, if an Itchalnu who was registered under the first phase of the Northern Integration Scheme refused to move to a settlement, the Surrowese government would warn "refusants" that if they continued to refuse to move a settlement, they would have their children taken away from them, their dogs would be slaughtered so that they would not be able to continue living a nomadic existence, and they may be charged with trespassing on state land. After another one year grace period, those deemed refusants would be arrested by an officer from the Surrowese Constabulary, their children taken away from them, and their dogs slaughtered, and transported to a settlement that the arresting officer decided upon.

As part of the Northern Integration Scheme, in addition to the twenty-two settlements which existed prior to the Northern Integration Scheme, fourteen more were to be established in order to ensure that Itchalnu can "continue to live close to their ancestral lands as they begin to be integrated into the body politic." These settlements were expected to be built between 1953 and 1960, with four to be built in the Northern Improvement District, seven to be built in the Central Improvement District, and three in the Southern Improvement District.

Consolidation

The third key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was consolidation (Itchalnu: katiqsuqsimajut). After all the Itchalnu have been settled into settlements, which was expected to take a six year period between 1954 and 1960, settlements that were deemed to be "prohibitively expensive" for the Surrowese government to provide services to would be declared unsustainable, and residents would be encouraged to move to sustainable settlements, which the government defined as a settlement with more than 150-200 people.

The purpose of consolidation was to "avoid the mistakes of early settlement of Surrow" where the number of outports had proliferated, "through consolidating the number of settlements from thirty-six settlements to a more manageable number." Consolidation would also "ensure that when these improvement districts become counties, these settlements will be better able to remain sustainable in not just the final quarter of this century, but throughout the next century."

Personal integration

The fourth key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was personal integration (Itchalnu: imminnuungajut ilaliujjiniq), which would involve heavy investment into education, through the establishment of government-run schools that would replace the Perendist mission schools, and through the establishment of adult education programs targeting the Itchalnu.

Ted Fisher said that "if we want the Natives on Great Island to become as Surrowese as the Tyrnican in Tuckamore County or the Rythenean in Disappointment County, the government must take over education from the Perendist missionaries so that the Natives may learn how to live in the Surrow of today." The curriculum for the government-run schools would involve teaching the "values and mores of the body politic" and practical skills that were needed in "modern Surrowese society," such as literacy in Rythenean, mathematics, and science, so that when they graduated, they would become "fully integrated into Surrowese society."

Adult education would focus on teaching Itchalnu both the values and mores of the broader Surrowese culture and practical skills so that they would "become a productive part of the modern Surrowese workforce" and allow them to have the skills needed to "function in today's Surrow, rather than the Surrow of yesterday." This would include teaching them Rythenean so that they could fully participate in society.

Other parts of personal integration included imposing regulations on housing, with houses in the fourteen settlements being designed to be more like houses in Surrowese outports "to promote assimilation into the body politic"; a crackdown on traditional hunting and fishing practices that would "cause the Natives on Great Island to abandon civilisation," and restricting the number of dogs they could own to a "manageable number."

Political integration

The fifth and final key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was political integration (Itchalnu: gavamalirinirmut ilaliujjiniq). Due to Northland County's lack of ability to exert control over Great Island, the county was to be abolished and divided into three improvement districts, which would have power over day-to-day operations of trial courts and determining whether a given settlement was sustainable or unsustainable. Each district would receive one member of Parliament from the 1954 election onward.

The improvement districts were planned to last for a minimum of twenty-one years from when the bill went into effect, with the Northern Integration Act saying that if any of the improvement districts reached a population over 5,000 people by the 1971 census, the relevant district(s) would be "considered fully integrated and should be given county status no later than 1 April, 1975, with all the responsibilities thereof." Government officials from the early 1950s expected that both the Central Improvement District and Southern Improvement District would become counties by 1975, while it was expected that the Northern Improvement District "will never reach the population threshold to become a county."

Implementation

Registration, settlement and consolidation

An Itchalnu family being allocated a home in Berentson Harbour, 1954

Following the passage of the Northern Integration Act, the Surrowese government began immediately on registering the Itchalnu population living outside the settlements, even before the act went into effect. By 1956, the Ministry of Northern Integration "successfully registered every native who did not previously reside in any settlement," with 4,983 Itchalnu registered as part of the first component of the Northern Integration Scheme.

In 1953, the second component of the Northern Integration Scheme began to be implemented, with the fourteen settlements outlined in the Northern Integration Scheme beginning to be constructed. The houses built in the fourteen settlements proved to be ill-suited to the local climate, partially due to the houses being prefabricated housing that were built as cheaply as possible in order to settle the Itchalnu into the settlements as quickly as possible, and because of the architecture of the Surrowese-style houses lacked the necessary insulation to keep the interior warm during the cold Great Island winters. In addition, the stores established in the settlements sold imported low-quality Albrennian food at what Charles Aklack said was "extortionate prices," with prices being "at least three times as high as in Holcot Inlet, and six times as in Sherborn."

These factors, in addition to fears among the Itchalnu that they would lose their culture, meant that while the number of refusants only comprised 5%-10% of those who were resettled in 1953 and 1954, by 1959 and 1960, the proportion of refusants grew to around 60%-70% of those resettled in both of those years. Despite the proportion of refusants who wound up being forcefully resettled, the second component of the Northern Integration Scheme was completed by 1960, with the Ministry of Northern Integration reporting that of the 5,119 registered people, 3,143 "voluntarily moved to settlements," while 1,976 refusants were relocated, either to Tulaktarvik, Port Lochlan, or Holcot Inlet.

In 1960, the third component of the Northern Integration Scheme began, with two settlements in the Southern Improvement District being declared unsustainable. From the 1960s until the mid-1980s, all of the fourteen settlements built under the scheme, in addition to eighteen of the twenty-two settlements built prior to the scheme's inception were declared unsustainable, and residents of those settlements were encouraged to move to a sustainable settlement by closing schools, clinics, stores, and community centres in those settlements and refusing to provide more than basic emergency services to unsustainable settlement. Although the Surrowese government expected that most of those in the unsustainable settlements would "funnel down to the administrative centres of the improvement districts," most would move to Tulaktarvik due to economic opportunities.

Integration

The Northern Integration Scheme would bring about a radical change in education: from 1953 onward, the national government took control of all schools on Great Island from the Perendist missions, and began building new schools across the island. Most schools that were built as part of the Northern Integration Scheme were designed to only be primary schools, with secondary schools only being built in Port Lochlan and Tulaktarvik to "further the integration of Native children into the body politic" and to save money. In order to further integration, virtually all schools on the island banned the use of Itchalnu and the practice of Itchalnu culture. By 1964, virtually all children on Great Island attended school, although most children on Great Island were taught a basic vocational education.

Although children's education was well-funded, adult education was rudimentary in comparison, with Charles Aklack saying that "all we were taught were how to speak Rythenean, how to maintain a 'modern home,' and how to use modern industrial equipment." Statistics from the Ministry of Northern Integration in 1970 reported that middle-aged Itchalnu and old-aged Itchalnu "lacked the skills necessary to participate in the Surrowese economy, even among those who entered the adult education programs," although it praised the increasing use of Rythenean as a "day-to-day language" among the Itchalnu in all three improvement districts.

Other major policies designed to promote "personal integration" included the mass slaughter of dogs between 1954 and 1974 to prevent Itchalnu from using dogs to either hunt or for transportation, which Ted Fisher justified in 1956 as being "in the best interests of animal welfare;" forcing Itchalnu fishermen to get fishing licenses in order to fish in the seas surrounding Great Island, with these licenses conditional on Itchalnu fishermen adopting Surrowese fishing techniques, and instituting building codes for all housing that was similar to the building codes in other Surrowese communities.

Politically, Northland County was dissolved in 1953 as was scheduled, with the three improvement districts being established. Although it was envisaged by the Surrowese government that the Central and Southern Improvement Districts would become counties by 1975, the development of the Tulaktarvik palladium mine and the establishment of government offices led to rapid population growth for the Central Improvement District due to more economic opportunities, while the Southern Improvement District's population declined between 1951 and 1971. Thus, as the Central Improvement District was the only improvement district to exceed 5,000 people by the 1971 census, the Stoney County Act, passed in 1974, promoted the Central Improvement District to county status on 1 April, 1975, with the county adopting the name Stoney County on that date.

End of the program

President Griffith Davidson, 1980

While the Northern Integration Scheme had wide support in its early years from the United People's Party and from both the Workers' Party and the Fishermen's Protective Union, which merged into the Alliance of Cooperativists and Trade Unionists in 1965, after President Ian Withers lost the 1971 general election, Isaac Rosenhain commissioned a report on the Northern Integration Scheme's successes and shortcomings.

In 1975, the report was released: although it praised the Northern Integration Scheme for "extending Surrowese sovereignty onto Great Island in a time when the discovery of palladium deposits made the island vulnerable to foreign intrigues," the process of settling the Itchalnu into communities, and the process of consolidating unsustainable settlements, the report noted that:

"Certain aspects of the Northern Integration Scheme, such as forcing Itchalnu to adopt registration numbers because administrators could not or were unwilling to understand and pronounce Itchalnu names; prohibiting Itchalnu from hunting and fishing in accordance with their traditional customs; prohibiting the Itchalnu language from being spoken in educational institutions; constructing buildings that are poorly designed for the local climate, and charging imported food at an extortionate markup, call into question whether or not the methods used to integrate the Itchalnu into the body politic were heavy-handed."

The report concluded that despite those flaws, the Northern Integration Scheme "accomplished virtually all of its goals," and recommended that the program be "gradually wound down" while keeping the existing improvement districts with their powers as they are.

President Isaac Rosenhain would begin the process of ending the Northern Integration Scheme, by passing legislation in late 1975 that permitted Itchalnu to be used in radio and television broadcasts for "up to an hour per day," and permitted schools to teach Itchalnu as a subject. However, Rosenhain's proposal to replace Surrowese outports with more centralised towns led to Rosenhain's ouster, with his successor, Griffin Davidson, saying that Rosenhain "sought to end the Northern Integration Scheme on one hand, he sought to use one of its precepts to destroy the traditional Surrowese way of life."

In 1977, Griffin Davidson abolished the Ministry of Northern Integration, declaring that "the Itchalnu on Great Island have become an integral part of the Surrowese nation, and it is unjust to continue to treat the Itchalnu as children unable to decide their futures." Although the Ministry of Northern Integration was abolished, and the Northern Integration Scheme officially ended, certain aspects of the program continued under the guidance of the Ministry of Northern Development, namely the processes of political integration and consolidation, with one settlement, Kippenburg Inlet in present-day Iqittiniq District, declared to be unsustainable in 1998.

Most of the final vestiges of the Northern Integration Scheme were abolished in 2015 under President Wyatt Martel as part of his vision to improve relations with the indigenous peoples of Surrow. The two improvement districts were renamed to districts, with the districts receiving increased powers over their own governance, and the district councils being mostly elected instead of being appointed by the central government. However, the districts still have the power to declare settlements unsustainable.

Legacy

As a result of the Northern Integration Scheme, poverty rates among the Itchalnu population have exceeded the national average: While in the 2021 census, the national poverty rate was at 8.1% of the population, the United Itchalnu Organisation reported that 41.5% of all Itchalnu lived in poverty as of 2021, meaning that 26.5% of all people in poverty in Surrow were Itchalnu. Charles Aklack said in 1982 that "the cause of poverty among our people" were the resettlement programs and the education system which "deprived Itchalnu of the ability to live with dignity" and "made the Itchalnu into a perpetual underclass like our Chequan brothers to the south."

The Northern Integration Scheme has been blamed for the destruction of traditional Itchalnu culture, both through the introduction of Western lifestyles that Itchalnu had generally not been exposed to, and through government policies that destroyed Itchalnu culture, such as banning the use of Itchalnu in schools, slaughtering dogs owned by Itchalnu, and cracking down on traditional hunting and fishing practices. In 2003, linguist Mark Harris noted that prior to the 1950s, the Itchalnu language had "significant dialectal variation across Great Island and Kikik Island," but because of the Northern Integration Scheme exposing Itchalnu to those who spoke different dialects of Itchalnu, combined with the standardisation of Itchalnu from the 1960s onward, "younger Itchalnu who speak the language sound more alike than their grandparents."

However, the Northern Integration Scheme led to the development of Itchalnu political movements. The first Itchalnu political organisation to emerge was the Northern Party, founded by Boyd Shields in 1971, which advocated for greater autonomy to Great Island, for indigenous rights, and to end the Northern Integration Scheme. However, the Northern Party was supplanted by Nangiqpugut Utessit in 1979, which was explicitly pro-indigenous rights and advocated for democratic socialist policies. In 1982, the United Itchalnu Organisation was formed to advocate for the interests of Itchalnu people.

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