Calian language: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Calian | | name = Calian Language | ||
| altname = | | altname = | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = Lloăggia Challăna | ||
| acceptance = | | acceptance = | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
| imagealt = | | imagealt = | ||
| imagecaption = | | imagecaption = | ||
| pronunciation | | pronunciation = {{wpl|IPA chart|[ˈɫo̯ə.ɟ͡ʝä<br>c͡çäˈɫə.nä]}} | ||
| states = | | states = Autonomous region of [[Calia]] | ||
| region = | |||
| creator = | | creator = | ||
| created = | | created = | ||
| setting = | | setting = | ||
| coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} --> | | coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} --> | ||
| ethnicity = | | ethnicity = [[Tengaria#Demographics|Calians]] | ||
| extinct = | | extinct = | ||
| era = | | era = | ||
| speakers = | | speakers = estimated 3.7 million | ||
| date = | | date = 2021 | ||
| dateprefix = | | dateprefix = | ||
| ref = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' --> | | ref = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' --> | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
| revived = | | revived = | ||
| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | | revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | ||
| familycolor | | familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| | | fam1 = [[wikipedia:Indo-European|Euclean]] | ||
| | | fam2 = [[wikipedia:Italic languages|Vespatic]] | ||
| | | fam3 = [[wikipedia:Romance languages|Solarian]] | ||
| | | fam4 = [[wikipedia:Eastern Romance languages|Southern Solarian]] | ||
| protoname = | | protoname = {{wp|Classical Latin|Classical Solarian}} | ||
| | | ancestor2 = {{wp|Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Solarian}} | ||
| | | ancestor3 = [[Old Calian]] | ||
| ancestor4 = [[Middle Calian]] | |||
| standards = | | standards = | ||
| stand1 = | | stand1 = | ||
| Line 41: | Line 42: | ||
| dia1 = | | dia1 = | ||
| dia2 = <!-- up to dia20 --> | | dia2 = <!-- up to dia20 --> | ||
| script = | | script = [[wikipedia:Latin script|Solarian]] (Calian alphabet) | ||
| sign = | | sign = | ||
| posteriori = | | posteriori = | ||
| nation = | | nation = [[File:Korkesflag.png|border|23px]] [[Calia]]<br>{{flagicon|Tengaria}} [[Tengaria]] | ||
| minority = | | minority = {{flagicon|Amathia}} [[Amathia]]<br>{{flagicon|Bistravia}} [[Bistravia]] | ||
| agency = | | agency = Ănstitûto dha Lloăggia Challăna (Calian Language Institute) | ||
| iso1 = | | iso1 = co | ||
| iso1comment = | | iso1comment = | ||
| iso2 = | | iso2 = coa | ||
| iso2b = | | iso2b = | ||
| iso2t = | | iso2t = | ||
| iso2comment = | | iso2comment = | ||
| iso3 = | | iso3 = coa | ||
| iso3comment = | | iso3comment = | ||
| lc1 = | | lc1 = | ||
| Line 91: | Line 92: | ||
| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Calian''' (Calian: ''Challăn'' [[Calian language#phonology|/ˈc͡çä.o̯ən/]], {{wp|Bulgarian language|Tengarian}}: Калийски ''Kalijski'' {{wp|Bulgarian language#phonology|/kɐˈʎiski/}}) also known as the '''Calian Language''' (Calian: ''Lloăggia Challăna'' [[Calian language#phonology|/ˈɫə.ɟ͡ʝä c͡çäˈɫə.nä/]], {{wp|Bulgarian language|Tengarian}}: Калийски Eзик ''Kalijski Ezik'' {{wp|Bulgarian language#phonology|/kɐˈʎiski ɛˈzik/}}) is a {{wpl|Eastern Romance languages|South Solarian}} language spoken by the [[Tengaria#Demographics|Calian people]] in the autonomous region of [[Calia]], in eastern [[Tengaria]]. The language is an official national language, as constitued by the Tengarian Constitution of 1957. The language is spoken by minorities across Tengaria, western [[Amathia]], and southern [[Bistravia]]. Calian is classified as a threatened language, which means that the language is not deeply defused amongst the Calian people, though still used to some degree in regional affairs, education, and households. | |||
The rise of the [[Empire of Arciluco]] marked the rise of [[Calian language#|Old Calian]] in the historical region of the {{wp|Thrace people|Kaloí people}}. The language defused as a vernacular of the {{wp|Classic Latin|Classic Solarian}} spoken by the Empire, and it was only after the fall of the [[Realm of Thorns]], in the 15th century, that the {{wp|Bulgarian language|Tengarian}} and {{wpl|Slavic languages|Marolevian languages}} started to influence Old Calian. [[Calian language#|Middle Calian]] rose as it absorbed a great deal of vocabulary and sounds from {{wp|Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Marolevic}}. The biggest traits of Middle Calian are the series of {{wp|Slavic palatalization|palatalization}} that occurred across the Marolevian languages as well as the adoption of Marolevian vocabulary, and eventually the adoption of the {{wp|Cyrillic alphabet|Pavaric script}}. Up until the late 18th century, the {{wp|Latin script|Solarian script}} was still fairly used amongst Calians, but the push from Tengarian nationalists in between the 18th and 19th century pushed the Calians to reject the Pavaric script and try to reestablish their alphabet as the standard in the region. This period marked Middle Calian to simplify most of its Marolevian sounds, which altogether resulted in the development of the Modern Dialect spoken by the local people today. | |||
Following the fall of the [[Tengarian Empire]] in 1935, the rise of [[Simeon Kovachev]], and the birth of the [[Tengarian Republic]], the Calian language became a target of the Tengarian patriots. For instance, the government enforced the Tengarian script and the Tengarian language as the sole official language of Calia, which rapidly drove the number of speakers to decline. Such oppression led the Calian language to border extinction. The Tengarian Constitution of 1957 established the Calian language as a recognized national language and, from then, schools started to teach the language, and the younger generation started to incorporate the language in their daily lives. Though the language is still not as flourishing as it was once, there are numerous efforts from Calians and Tengarians to preserve the language in households and schools, encouraging people to speak, read, and write in the local language. Calian media has also been increasingly using Calian as opposed to Tengarian, which has also been helping raising the Calian language out of the "threatened languages" category. Local politics has also become a ground for the reflourishing of the Calian language, as the official language of the regional assembly is Calian since 1989. | |||
Calian does not have a great amount of dialect variation, other than the Metropolitan Calian spoken in [[Armidne]], and the Rural Calian, spoken by the remainder of the population living in the other cities and villages of the region. Amatho-Calians and Bistravo-Calians also have slight differences in accent and vocabulary, but not enough to be noticeable and considered as a different dialect. | |||
==History== | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Vowel phonemes | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! {{wp|Front vowel|Front}} !! {{wp|Central vowel|Central}} !! {{wp|Back vowel|Back}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}} | |||
| {{wp|i}} {{wp|y}} || || {{wp|u}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{wp|Close-mid vowel|Close-mid}} | |||
| {{wp|e}} {{wp|ẽ}} || || {{wp|o}} {{wp|õ}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{wp|Middle vowel|Middle}} | |||
| || {{wp|ə}} || | |||
|- | |||
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}} | |||
| || {{wp|ä}} || | |||
|} | |||
Latest revision as of 02:20, 30 August 2023
| Calian Language | |
|---|---|
| Lloăggia Challăna | |
| Native to | Autonomous region of Calia |
| Ethnicity | Calians |
Native speakers | estimated 3.7 million (2021) |
Euclean
| |
Early forms | |
| Solarian (Calian alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Calia Tengaria |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Ănstitûto dha Lloăggia Challăna (Calian Language Institute) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | co |
| ISO 639-2 | coa |
| ISO 639-3 | coa |
Calian (Calian: Challăn /ˈc͡çä.o̯ən/, Tengarian: Калийски Kalijski /kɐˈʎiski/) also known as the Calian Language (Calian: Lloăggia Challăna /ˈɫə.ɟ͡ʝä c͡çäˈɫə.nä/, Tengarian: Калийски Eзик Kalijski Ezik /kɐˈʎiski ɛˈzik/) is a South Solarian language spoken by the Calian people in the autonomous region of Calia, in eastern Tengaria. The language is an official national language, as constitued by the Tengarian Constitution of 1957. The language is spoken by minorities across Tengaria, western Amathia, and southern Bistravia. Calian is classified as a threatened language, which means that the language is not deeply defused amongst the Calian people, though still used to some degree in regional affairs, education, and households.
The rise of the Empire of Arciluco marked the rise of Old Calian in the historical region of the Kaloí people. The language defused as a vernacular of the Classic Solarian spoken by the Empire, and it was only after the fall of the Realm of Thorns, in the 15th century, that the Tengarian and Marolevian languages started to influence Old Calian. Middle Calian rose as it absorbed a great deal of vocabulary and sounds from Old Church Marolevic. The biggest traits of Middle Calian are the series of palatalization that occurred across the Marolevian languages as well as the adoption of Marolevian vocabulary, and eventually the adoption of the Pavaric script. Up until the late 18th century, the Solarian script was still fairly used amongst Calians, but the push from Tengarian nationalists in between the 18th and 19th century pushed the Calians to reject the Pavaric script and try to reestablish their alphabet as the standard in the region. This period marked Middle Calian to simplify most of its Marolevian sounds, which altogether resulted in the development of the Modern Dialect spoken by the local people today.
Following the fall of the Tengarian Empire in 1935, the rise of Simeon Kovachev, and the birth of the Tengarian Republic, the Calian language became a target of the Tengarian patriots. For instance, the government enforced the Tengarian script and the Tengarian language as the sole official language of Calia, which rapidly drove the number of speakers to decline. Such oppression led the Calian language to border extinction. The Tengarian Constitution of 1957 established the Calian language as a recognized national language and, from then, schools started to teach the language, and the younger generation started to incorporate the language in their daily lives. Though the language is still not as flourishing as it was once, there are numerous efforts from Calians and Tengarians to preserve the language in households and schools, encouraging people to speak, read, and write in the local language. Calian media has also been increasingly using Calian as opposed to Tengarian, which has also been helping raising the Calian language out of the "threatened languages" category. Local politics has also become a ground for the reflourishing of the Calian language, as the official language of the regional assembly is Calian since 1989.
Calian does not have a great amount of dialect variation, other than the Metropolitan Calian spoken in Armidne, and the Rural Calian, spoken by the remainder of the population living in the other cities and villages of the region. Amatho-Calians and Bistravo-Calians also have slight differences in accent and vocabulary, but not enough to be noticeable and considered as a different dialect.
History
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u | |
| Close-mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Middle | ə | ||
| Open | ä |