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| The '''Northern Integration Scheme''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''Ukiuqtaqtumi ilaliujjiniq'') was a [[Surrow|Surrowese government]] program that lasted from 1953 until 1977. Instituted by [[President of Surrow|President]] [[Ted Fisher]], the Northern Integration Scheme's stated aims were to "assert Surrowese sovereignty" over [[Great Island]] and to "integrate the {{wp|Inuit people|Itchalnu}} into the body politic." | | The '''Surrowese language question''' ({{wp|Germanic languages|Tyrnican}}: ''die Sprachfrage'') was a linguistic and political controversy in the [[Rythene|Rythenean]] colony of [[Surrow]], which lasted from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, over the status of {{wp|Germanic languages|Tyrnican}} in the colony, and whether or not it should be a co-official language of the colony alongside {{wp|English language|Rythenean}}. |
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| ==Background== | | ==Background== |
| [[File:Native_camp,_Pangnirtung,_Baffin_Island,_N.W.T.,_August_1931..jpg|250px|thumb|left|An Itchalnu camp near [[Port Lochlan]], August 1931]] | | From the late fifteenth century, [[Auressia|Auressian]] fishermen began flocking to the rich fishing waters around Surrow's coast, with most of the fishermen coming from [[Rythene]] and [[Tyrnica]]. As more fishermen established permanent settlements from the middle of the sixteenth century, it led to the creation of a "linguistic and political checkerboard" on [[Holcot Island]] where {{wp|English language|Rythenean}}-speaking and {{wp|Germanic language|Tyrnican}}-speaking {{wp|Newfoundland outports|outports}} would exist next to each other, with the respective outports being under either Rythenean or Tyrnican law depending on who owned the outport. |
| [[Great Island (Surrow)|Great Island]] has been a part of Surrow from the sixteenth century onward: while [[Northland County]] was created in 1563, it lacked any meaningful control over Great Island, with Northland County's seat being at [[Lombelon Bay]]. The first Auressian settlement on Great Island was only established in [[Port Lochlan]] in 1711 by the [[Rythene|Rytheneans]], but Port Lochlan only served as a seasonal settlement until 1733. | |
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| Following the end of the Eleven Years War in 1759, the number of {{wp|Newfoundland outports|outports}} on Great Island increased, although the total Auressian population on the islands were less than 100 people during the summer months, and around 20 during the winter, mostly in Port Lochlan by 1800. In 1823, an official from [[Holcot Inlet]] reported that "outside of the nineteen outports, which depend both on the treacherous seas that we back on [[Holcot Island]] or even [[Kikik Island]] can only fear and on the generosity of the Itchalnu, there is no effective presence on the island."
| | Conflicts between the outports and fishing rights contributed to the [[Eleven Years' War]], during which time Tyrnica briefly controlled the entire Surrowese archipelago from 1750 after its victory at the [[Battle of Holcot Inlet (1750)|first Battle of Holcot Inlet]] until 1758 when Rythenean forces secured two victories at [[Battle of Holcot Inlet (1758)|Holcot Inlet]] and [[Battle of Klinerhaven|Klinerhaven]]. After the end of the Eleven Years' War in 1759, Tyrnican fishermen in Surrow were allowed to continue living in the outports under the condition that they pledged allegiance to the [[Monarchy of Rythene|Rythenean crown]] "with all the same rights as a Rythenean fisherman who lives on the Surrows." |
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| However, efforts to try and assert Rythenean control over the island during the nineteenth century were hampered due to the geography of Great Island, the harsh environment, and costs, which made it very difficult for permanent settlements to be established on the island. However, Kikik Island would be carved out of Northland County in 1869, with the county seat being subsequently moved to Port Lochlan.
| | Although some Tyrnophones, particularly Tyrnican officials and Tyrnican merchants left the colony, most of the Tyrnophone population in Surrow chose to stay on the island and accept Rythenean rule, particularly the fishermen who resided in the outports. |
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| By 1901, the total population of the island according to the Surrowese census was 519 people scattered across twenty settlements, although the enumerators noted that "they were unable to fully count the natives outside of the settlements," and that if they did, "the real population of the island would be twice or thrice as high as it appears on the census."
| | ==Beginnings of the language question== |
| | In the aftermath of the Eleven Years' War, some Tyrnican speakers, particularly Tyrnican officials who ran the settlements and Tyrnican merchants who did most of their trade with Tyrnica's colonies, left Surrow. However, many Tyrnican speakers living on Surrow opted to pledge loyalty to the Rythenean crown, with most of them wanting to maintain access to the fishing grounds around Surrow. |
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| With the outbreak of the [[First Great War (Levilion)|First Great War]], fears that [[Tyrnica]] may try to attack Great Island led to the Surrowese government beginning to draft plans for "reinforcing the island and asserting Rythenean sovereignty over the island," with these plans including "establishing settlements for the natives to gravitate themselves towards." These plans would only begin to be implemented in 1915 after Surrow was granted self-government, with the first settlement under that plan being established in 1923 at [[Tuktooit Inlet]] in what is now [[Stoney County]], and followed by the establishment of [[Arvittiavak]] in 1931, with the intention of providing services to the northern Itchalnu populations, such as a school run by [[Perendism|Perendist]] missionaries and a general store that supplied imported goods from Holcot Island.
| | The colonial government made Rythenean the sole official language of the colony in the aftermath of the war and imposed [[Rythene#Law|Rythenean law]] across the colony, although [[Josiah Yates]] noted in 1762 that there was "very little effort or appetite by the government of these islands to try and promote the Rythenean language" in the newly-acquired settlements, and warned the colonial government that "if no effort is taken to integrate the Tyrnican fishermen into the body politic, they will behave as those they still control the Surrows." |
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| However, these settlements, although modestly successful at attracting some Itchalnu to settle there, did not attract the hoped-for population growth, with the population of both settlements in 1931 being around 27 people who permanently lived in the settlements. This led to newly-elected [[Prime Minister of Surrow|Prime Minister]] [[Ted Fisher]] concluding in 1936 that "all the carrots in the world cannot entice the Natives on Great Island to give up on their way of life," and for Ted Fisher to begin planning the scheme.
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| ==Planning==
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| In 1942, Ted Fisher's government released a {{wp|white paper}} on the state of Northland County and its "complete inability to exert control outside of the string of outports that line its coast." The white paper suggested that Northland County was "inviable" due to it covering "the entire breadth of Great Island" despite its population "only comprising of 650 people who live inside the law, and around five thousand Natives who live outside the laws of Surrow," and proposed abolishing the county in favour of [[Administrative divisions of Surrow#Districts|improvement districts]] that "would better manage those who live in the outports and in the interior than a county."
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| However, the ongoing [[Second Great War (Levilion)|Second Great War]] caused Ted Fisher's government to take little action on the report. Following the war's end in 1943, the Surrowese government began to conduct surveys in Northland County to document the local Itchalnu population and their annual migration patterns, to determine the best sites for new settlements, and to investigate the county government to determine any deficiencies that the existing county had. However, growing calls for Surrowese independence and the government's focus on negotiating with Rythene for full independence meant that these surveys would only be completed by 1951.
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| That year, {{wp|palladium}} was discovered near [[Tulaktarvik|Stoney Harbour]] (present-day [[Tulaktarvik]]) by [[General Armaments]]. This added a greater sense of urgency, as Ted Fisher feared that the "presence of such abundant wealth" and Surrow's lack of effective control over most of Great Island would allow for other countries to establish settlements under the guise of {{wp|terra nullius}}.
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| In response to the perceived threat, Ted Fisher would draft the ''[[Northern Integration Act]]'' in 1952. The {{wp|omnibus bill}} divided Northland County into three improvement districts, pursuant to the 1942 white paper, which had different powers to [[Administrative divisions of Surrow#Counties|counties]], and outlined the components of the [[#Program|Northern Integration Scheme]] in order to ensure that "Surrow can demonstrate its sovereignty over the entire Surrowese archipelago, including Great Island." While this legislation was opposed by [[Wes Anderson]], who left the [[United People's Party (Surrow)|United People's Party]] to create the [[Northern Party (1949)|Northern Party]] to advocate for maintaining the status quo, the UPP majority was able to pass the bill into law, with the bill coming into effect on 1 April, 1953.
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| ==Program==
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| ===Registration===
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| [[File:Man_registered_at_Port_Hentze.jpg|250px|thumb|right|An Itchalnu man holding up his registration number at [[Port Hentze]], 1953]]
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| The first key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''registration''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''atiliurvik''). This would register all the Itchalnu who "lived outside the {{wp|Newfoundland outports|outports}} on Great Island" as a {{wp|disc number|registration number}} ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''ujamiit''), with each number comprised of a letter corresponding to an improvement district, followed by a two digit number indicating the nearest settlement, followed by a three digit number identifying the individual (e.g. [[Central Improvement District|C]]01-043). These registration numbers were required to be displayed at all times by all Itchalnu assigned these numbers, with the Surrowese government providing discs that displayed their registration number to each person.
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| As [[#Settlement|settlement]] progressed, Itchalnu who moved to the settlements and who previously had registration numbers were given Auressian-style names. In most circumstances, first names were based off of school records, while in cases where an Itchalnu person had never attended a school, they were assigned an Auressian-style forename by a bureaucrat. As Itchalnu never had surnames, some bureaucrats assigned Itchalnu Auressian-style surnames, while other bureaucrats would assign Itchalnu names that were rooted in the Itchalnu language. This process of assigning registration numbers was planned to take a period of three to four years, with the Auressian-style names to be given "as the Itchalnu continue to be integrated into the body politic" to replace their registration number.
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| ===Settlement===
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| The second key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''settlement''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''nunaliit''). All Itchalnu who had been registered under the first phase of the Northern Integration Scheme would be encouraged to move to permanent settlements on the coasts of Great Island, with these settlements being designed to resemble {{wp|Newfoundland outports|Surrowese outports}} on [[Holcot Island]] and [[Kikik Island]]. The Itchalnu would be promised government benefits, better food than what they were able to acquire if they continued to live on the land, and better housing.
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| After a one year grace period, if an Itchalnu who was registered under the first phase of the Northern Integration Scheme refused to move to a settlement, the Surrowese government would warn "refusants" that if they continued to refuse to move a settlement, they would have their children taken away from them, their dogs would be slaughtered so that they would not be able to continue living a nomadic existence, and they may be charged with trespassing on state land. After another one year grace period, those deemed refusants would be arrested by an officer from the [[Surrowese Constabulary]], their children taken away from them, and their dogs slaughtered, and transported to a settlement that the arresting officer decided upon.
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| As part of the Northern Integration Scheme, in addition to the twenty-two settlements which existed prior to the Northern Integration Scheme, fourteen more were to be established in order to ensure that Itchalnu can "continue to live close to their ancestral lands as they begin to be integrated into the body politic." These settlements were expected to be built between 1953 and 1960, with four to be built in the Northern Improvement District, seven to be built in the Central Improvement District, and three in the Southern Improvement District.
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| ===Consolidation===
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| The third key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''consolidation''' ({{wp|Inkutitut|Itchalnu}}: ''katiqsuqsimajut''). After all the Itchalnu have been settled into settlements, which was expected to take a six year period between 1954 and 1960, settlements that were deemed to be "prohibitively expensive" for the Surrowese government to provide services to would be declared unsustainable, and residents would be encouraged to move to sustainable settlements, which the government defined as a settlement with more than 150-200 people.
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| The purpose of consolidation was to "avoid the mistakes of early settlement of Surrow" where the number of outports had proliferated, "through consolidating the number of settlements from thirty-six settlements to a more manageable number." Consolidation would also "ensure that when these improvement districts become counties, these settlements will be better able to remain sustainable in not just the final quarter of this century, but throughout the next century."
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| ===Personal integration===
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| The fourth key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''personal integration''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''imminnuungajut ilaliujjiniq''), which would involve heavy investment into education, through the establishment of government-run schools that would replace the [[Perendism|Perendist]] mission schools, and through the establishment of {{wp|adult education}} programs targeting the Itchalnu.
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| Ted Fisher said that "if we want the Natives on Great Island to become as Surrowese as the Tyrnican in [[Tuckamore County]] or the Rythenean in [[Disappointment County]], the government must take over education from the Perendist missionaries so that the Natives may learn how to live in the Surrow of today." The curriculum for the government-run schools would involve teaching the "values and mores of the body politic" and practical skills that were needed in "modern Surrowese society," such as literacy in {{wp|English language|Rythenean}}, mathematics, and science, so that when they graduated, they would become "fully integrated into Surrowese society."
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| Adult education would focus on teaching Itchalnu both the values and mores of the broader Surrowese culture and practical skills so that they would "become a productive part of the modern Surrowese workforce" and allow them to have the skills needed to "function in today's Surrow, rather than the Surrow of yesterday." This would include teaching them Rythenean so that they could fully participate in society.
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| Other parts of personal integration included imposing regulations on housing, with houses in the fourteen settlements being designed to be more like houses in Surrowese outports "to promote assimilation into the body politic"; a crackdown on traditional hunting and fishing practices that would "cause the Natives on Great Island to abandon civilisation," and restricting the number of dogs they could own to a "manageable number."
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| ===Political integration===
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| The fifth and final key component of the Northern Integration Scheme was '''political integration''' ({{wp|Inuktitut|Itchalnu}}: ''gavamalirinirmut ilaliujjiniq''). Due to [[Northland County]]'s lack of ability to exert control over Great Island, the county was to be abolished and divided into three [[Administrative divisions of Surrow#Districts|improvement districts]], which would have power over day-to-day operations of trial courts and determining whether a given settlement was sustainable or unsustainable. Each district would receive one member of [[Parliament of Surrow|Parliament]] from the [[Elections of Surrow#1954|1954 election]] onward.
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| The improvement districts were planned to last for a minimum of twenty-one years from when the bill went into effect, with the ''Northern Integration Act'' saying that if any of the improvement districts reached a population over 5,000 people by the 1971 census, the relevant district(s) would be "considered fully integrated and should be given county status no later than 1 April, 1975, with all the responsibilities thereof." Government officials from the early 1950s expected that both the [[Central Improvement District]] and [[Iqittiniq District|Southern Improvement District]] would become counties by 1975, while it was expected that the [[Ukiuqtaqtuq District|Northern Improvement District]] "will never reach the population threshold to become a county."
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| ==Implementation==
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| ===Registration, settlement and consolidation===
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| [[File:Settlement_at_Berentson_Harbour_1954.jpg|250px|thumb|left|An Itchalnu family being allocated a home in [[Berentson Harbour]], 1954]]
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| Following the passage of the ''[[Northern Integration Act]]'', the Surrowese government began immediately on registering the Itchalnu population living outside the settlements, even before the act went into effect. By 1956, the Ministry of Northern Integration "successfully registered every native who did not previously reside in any settlement," with 4,983 Itchalnu registered as part of the first component of the Northern Integration Scheme.
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| In 1953, the second component of the Northern Integration Scheme began to be implemented, with the fourteen settlements outlined in the Northern Integration Scheme beginning to be constructed. The houses built in the fourteen settlements proved to be ill-suited to the local climate, partially due to the houses being {{wp|prefabricated housing}} that were built as cheaply as possible in order to settle the Itchalnu into the settlements as quickly as possible, and because of the architecture of the Surrowese-style houses was perceived by the Itchalnu to be ill-suited to the Breuvician climate on Great Island. In addition, the stores established in the settlements sold imported low-quality [[Albrennia|Albrennian]] food at what [[Charles Acklack]] said was "extortionate prices," with prices being "at least three times as high as in Holcot Inlet, and six times as in [[Sherborn]].
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| These factors, in addition to fears among the Itchalnu that they would lose their culture, meant that while the number of refusants only comprised 5%-10% of those who were resettled in 1953 and 1954, by 1959 and 1960, the proportion of refusants grew to around 60%-70% of those resettled in both of those years. Despite the proportion of refusants who wound up being forcefully resettled, the second component of the Northern Integration Scheme was completed by 1960, with the Ministry of Northern Integration reporting that of the 5,219 registered people, 3,243 "voluntarily moved to settlements," while 1,976 refusants were relocated, either to Tulaktarvik, Port Lochlan, or Holcot Inlet.
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| In 1960, the third component of the Northern Integration Scheme began, with two settlements in the Southern Improvement District being declared unsustainable. From the 1960s until the mid-1980s, all of the fourteen settlements built under the scheme, in addition to eighteen of the twenty-two settlements built prior to the scheme's inception were declared unsustainable, and residents of those settlements were encouraged to move to a sustainable settlement by closing schools, clinics, stores, and community centres in those settlements and refusing to provide more than basic emergency services to unsustainable settlement. Although the Surrowese government expected that most of those in the unsustainable settlements would "funnel down to the administrative centres of the improvement districts," most would move to Tulaktarvik due to economic opportunities.
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| ===Integration===
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| *heavy investment into education programs to try and assimilate the Itchalnu population, mass slaughter of dogs to keep Itchalnu from hunting under the guise of "managing the pet population"
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| *Central Improvement District grows quite a lot, Southern Improvement District doesn't grow as quickly as hoped because [[Tulaktarvik]] is growing so damn rapidly, CID becomes a county in 1975
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| (TBC) | | (TBC) |
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| ==End of the program==
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| ==Legacy==
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The Surrowese language question (Tyrnican: die Sprachfrage) was a linguistic and political controversy in the Rythenean colony of Surrow, which lasted from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, over the status of Tyrnican in the colony, and whether or not it should be a co-official language of the colony alongside Rythenean.
Background
From the late fifteenth century, Auressian fishermen began flocking to the rich fishing waters around Surrow's coast, with most of the fishermen coming from Rythene and Tyrnica. As more fishermen established permanent settlements from the middle of the sixteenth century, it led to the creation of a "linguistic and political checkerboard" on Holcot Island where Rythenean-speaking and Tyrnican-speaking outports would exist next to each other, with the respective outports being under either Rythenean or Tyrnican law depending on who owned the outport.
Conflicts between the outports and fishing rights contributed to the Eleven Years' War, during which time Tyrnica briefly controlled the entire Surrowese archipelago from 1750 after its victory at the first Battle of Holcot Inlet until 1758 when Rythenean forces secured two victories at Holcot Inlet and Klinerhaven. After the end of the Eleven Years' War in 1759, Tyrnican fishermen in Surrow were allowed to continue living in the outports under the condition that they pledged allegiance to the Rythenean crown "with all the same rights as a Rythenean fisherman who lives on the Surrows."
Although some Tyrnophones, particularly Tyrnican officials and Tyrnican merchants left the colony, most of the Tyrnophone population in Surrow chose to stay on the island and accept Rythenean rule, particularly the fishermen who resided in the outports.
Beginnings of the language question
In the aftermath of the Eleven Years' War, some Tyrnican speakers, particularly Tyrnican officials who ran the settlements and Tyrnican merchants who did most of their trade with Tyrnica's colonies, left Surrow. However, many Tyrnican speakers living on Surrow opted to pledge loyalty to the Rythenean crown, with most of them wanting to maintain access to the fishing grounds around Surrow.
The colonial government made Rythenean the sole official language of the colony in the aftermath of the war and imposed Rythenean law across the colony, although Josiah Yates noted in 1762 that there was "very little effort or appetite by the government of these islands to try and promote the Rythenean language" in the newly-acquired settlements, and warned the colonial government that "if no effort is taken to integrate the Tyrnican fishermen into the body politic, they will behave as those they still control the Surrows."
(TBC)