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[[Category:Zohism]]
[[Category:Zohism]]


'''Zohism''' ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 鄒家''Zōujiā'' {{literal translation}} 'School of Zou'), also known as '''Shan''' ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 禪 ''Shàn'') is the [[Aeia|world's]] [[List of religions in Aeia|largest religion]], and one of the world's oldest continuously practiced {{wp|religion|religions}}. Zohism is a {{wp|Monism|monistic}} faith, with elements of {{wp|henotheism}} and {{wp|atheism}}, centered on an eschatological cosmology dealing with self-salvation and spiritual liberation. It also encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on the original teachings of [[Soucius]]. It originated in ancient [[Tuchan]] in the 8th century BCE, and, after a period of intense suppression, spread through much of [[Catai]], [[Sifhar]] and [[Majula]]. Three major extant branches of Zohism are generally recognized: [[Towko]] ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 透過镜子''Tòuguò jìngzi''; {{literal translation}} ''Seeing through the Mirror''), [[Changdaw]] ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 長道 ''Zhǎngdào'';{{literal translation}} ''Elder Way''), and [[Porsouta]] ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 婆娑塔 ''Pósuōtǎ'' {{literal translation}} ''Dancing on the Tower'')
'''Zohism''' ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 鄒家 ''Zōujiā''; {{literal translation}} 'School of Zou'), also known as '''Shan''' ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 禪 ''Shàn'') is the [[Aeia|world's]] [[List of religions in Aeia|largest religion]], and one of the world's oldest continuously practiced {{wp|religion|religions}}. Zohism is a {{wp|Monism|monistic}} faith, with elements of {{wp|henotheism}} and {{wp|atheism}}, centered on an eschatological cosmology dealing with self-salvation and spiritual liberation. It also encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on the original teachings of [[Soucius]]. It originated in ancient [[Tuchan]] in the 8th century BCE, and, after a period of intense suppression, spread through much of [[Catai]], [[Sifhar]] and [[Majula]]. Three major extant branches of Zohism are generally recognized: [[Towko]] ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 透過镜子 ''Tòuguò jìngzi''; {{literal translation}} ''Seeing through the Mirror''), [[Changdaw]] ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 長道 ''Zhǎngdào''; {{literal translation}} ''Elder Way''), and [[Porsouta]] ({{wp|Chinese language|Tuchanese}}: 婆娑塔 ''Pósuōtǎ''; {{literal translation}} ''Dancing on the Tower'')


All Zohist schools share the goal of overcoming the cycle of death and rebirth, through the processes of [[Daduan]] (''fracturing'') and [[Hsuyeuh]] (''renewal''), though they differ on the specifics and rites performed. They also vary in their interpretation of the path to self-liberation, and importance and canonicity ascribed to the various Zohist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include chanting the [[Gohavi]], [[Sorud|communal incantation]], acts of [[Zohism#Contrition|penance and contrition]], purging of [[Razilat|razilats]] (vices, or sins), and cultivation of the [[Hoziri]] (virtues, or perfections)
All Zohist schools share the goal of overcoming the cycle of death and rebirth, through the processes of [[Daduan]] (''fracturing'') and [[Hsuyeuh]] (''renewal''), though they differ on the specifics and rites performed. They also vary in their interpretation of the path to self-liberation, and importance and canonicity ascribed to the various Zohist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include chanting the [[Kaoshu]], [[Chowyu|communal incantation]], acts of [[Zohism#Contrition|penance and contrition]], purging of [[Tsui|tsuis]] (vices, or sins), and cultivation of the [[Meite]] (virtues, or perfections)


Navdarism is believed to have began in the 11th century BCE as a sect of the [[Sed Khanewadh]], the Hundred Schools of Belief. Despite intense persecution, [[Nawdhar]] and his [[Peykan|followers]] were able to establish hidden and underground communities across [[Greater Poumeran|Poumeran]]. It soon attracted [[Shetayna#Dissidents|temple dissidents]] and capitalised upon its message of salvation for all, not just the few. The fall of the [[Varasdatid empire|Varasdatid]] in the 3rd century BCE saw the adoption of Navdarism as a state religion by several [[Poumeranian Intermezzo|successor states]]. By the 8th century CE the Navdarist world extended from the western tip of [[Arabekh]] to the Chinghe river in [[Catai]]. The expansion of Navdarism involved the expansion of various polities such as the [[Tomirisid empire|Tomyrisids]], [[Sabirid dynasty|Sabirids]], and the [[Tumenid confederation|Tumenids]], as well as through trade and conversion to Navdarism by missionary activities (''hosn-e-niyyat'').
Zohism is believed to have began in the 11th century BCE as a sect of the [[Paichia]], the Hundred Schools. Despite intense persecution, [[Soucius]] and his [[Titzu|followers]] were able to establish hidden and underground communities across [[Tuchan]]. It soon attracted [[Ichi#Dissidents|dissidents]]  


Navdarism and Navdari ethics played a prominent role in the development of civilization in Arabekh, Majula, and Catai. Navdari are the majority in [[Sifhar]], [[Majula]], and [[Arabekh]], and also have widespread following in [[Catai]], and [[Savai]]. Significant Navdari communities can also be found in [[Vestrim]], [[Rennekka]], and [[Asura]].
Zohism and Zohist ethics played a prominent role in the development of civilization in Arabekh, Majula, and Catai. Zohists are the majority in [[Catai]] and [[Sifhar]], and also have widespread following in [[Majula]], and [[Savai]]. Significant Zohist communities can also be found in [[Vestrim]], [[Rennekka]], and [[Asura]].


==Terminology==
==Terminology==
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===Abyss===
===Abyss===
{{main|Abuna}}
{{main|Hsukung}}
[[File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_Carte_de_l'Enfer.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''The Climb Down'' by [[Vassilis Scafidakos]]]]
[[File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_La_Carte_de_l'Enfer.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''The Climb Down'' by [[Vassilis Scafidakos]]]]


===Tower===
===Tower===
{{main|Babarahan}}
{{main|Kaota}}
{{See also|Attalak|Sarat}}
[[File:Confusion of Tongues.png|thumb|right|200px|''Base of the Babaraan'' by [[Iason Ganas]]]]
[[File:Confusion of Tongues.png|thumb|right|200px|''Base of the Babaraan'' by [[Iason Ganas]]]]


===Paradise===
===Paradise===
{{main|Pairidaeza}}
{{main|Tientang}}


===Charakvartan===
===Bright Soul===
{{main|Charakvartan}}
{{main|Chakela}}
{{See also|Sepide Farmânravâ|Nawdhar Buzdah}}
{{See also|Zhuming|Soucius}}


===Deep Soul===
===Deep Soul===
{{main|Arwan}}
{{main|Hunshen}}


==Practices==
==Practices==


===Avowal===
===Avowal===
{{main|Govahi}}
{{main|Kaoshu}}


The avowal, or [[Govahi]], is the basic creed of Navdarism that should be recited under oath with the specific statement:  
The avowal, or [[Kaoshu]], is the basic creed of Zohism that should be recited under oath with the specific statement:  
{{Poemquote
{{Poemquote
|text=<!-- or: 1= -->"The World is a lie, there is only the Abyss.
|text=<!-- or: 1= -->"The World is a lie, there is only the Abyss.
Line 52: Line 51:
}}
}}


The Govahi is not necessary for conversion to Navdarism, but it is an essential step for beginning one's journey into the Abyss. To become a ''Govahju'', one who has recited the creed, it must be witnessed, and attested for, by a monk. It may be recited in any language, though for attestation it is expected to be recited in {{wp|Avestan|Liturgical Poumeranian}}
The Kaoshu is not necessary for conversion to Zohism, but it is an essential step for beginning one's journey into the Abyss. To become a ''Kaoche'', one who has recited the creed, it must be witnessed, and attested for, by a monk. It may be recited in any language, though for attestation it is expected to be recited in {{wp|Classical Chinese|Liturgical Tuchanese}}


===Incantation===
===Incantation===
{{Main|Sorud}}
{{Main|Chowyu}}


===Ablution===
===Ablution===
{{Main|Paludan}}
{{Main|Muyu}}
[[File:NavdarismWater.png|thumb|200px|The cleansing pool in [[Mihrab Shah Navos]]]]
[[File:NavdarismWater.png|thumb|200px|The cleansing pool in [[Mihrab Shah Navos]]]]


Ablution, known as Paludan, is both a necessary facet of Navdari life and one of its most sacred rituals. It is a process of ritual purification by which a person cleanses themselves of impurities. It is divided into two components, the [[Rayej]] (ordinary), and the [[Vizha]] (special). The Rayej Paludan, a partial wash involving washing the face, hands, and feet, is divided into the [[Ruzane]] (diurnal), and the [[Sabane]] (vespertine). The Ruzane is performed at {{wp|dawn}} or {{wp|noon}}, while the Sabane is at {{wp|dusk}} or {{wp|midnight}}. Barring a context that makes perfoming it impossible, it is compulsory for one ordinary ablution to be performed per day. The water used must have dwelt in light, either from the sun or moon, for an hour.
Ablution, known as Muyu, is both a necessary facet of Zohist life and one of its most sacred rituals. It is a process of ritual purification by which a person cleanses themselves of impurities. It is divided into two components, the [[Putong]] (ordinary), and the [[Tebie]] (special). The Putong Muyu, a partial wash involving washing the face, hands, and feet, is divided into the [[Rijian]] (diurnal), and the [[Huanghun]] (vespertine). The Rijian is performed at {{wp|dawn}} or {{wp|noon}}, while the Huanghun is at {{wp|dusk}} or {{wp|midnight}}. Barring a context that makes perfoming it impossible, it is compulsory for one ordinary ablution to be performed per day. The water used must have dwelt in light, either from the sun or moon, for at least an hour.


The Vizha Paludan is performed once every year, on the [[Rawaz Tashkar]], and is commonly performed at holy pool inside a [[Navos]]. It is also performed for newborns three months after birth, and as a {{wp|coming of age}} ceremony for girls at 12 and boys at 14. It is a full wash, involving complete submersion for five to ten seconds, and may be performed several times. The water used for the ceremony must include a drop from the [[Sefadaba Cave]], and must have a source of constant natural light. It is compulsory to have performed it at least once.
The Tebie Muyu is performed once every year, on the [[Huantian]], and is commonly performed at holy pool inside a [[Zousi]]. It is also performed for newborns three months after birth, and as a {{wp|coming of age}} ceremony for girls at 12 and boys at 14. It is a full wash, involving complete submersion for five to ten seconds, and may be performed several times. The water used for the ceremony must include a drop from the [[Shuideng Cave]], and must have a source of constant natural light. It is compulsory to have performed it at least once in a lifetime.


===Contrition===
===Contrition===
{{main|Jenjal}}
{{main|Fengxian}}




===Concatenation===
===Concatenation===
{{main|Peshraft}}
{{main|Jilian}}


==Scriptures==
==Scriptures==
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==History==
==History==


===Life of Nawdhar===
===Life of Soucius===
{{main|Nawdhar}}
{{main|Soucius}}
[[File:AwfulPoumeranTopographicMap.png|thumb|right|230px|Ancient [[Wasyāravâyi|states]] and peoples of Poumeran during the time of Nawdhar (circa 1100 BCE)]]


===Early Navdarism===
===Early Zohism===


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
Line 86: Line 84:
==Schools==
==Schools==


===Benayine===
===Towko===
{{main|Benayine}}
{{main|Towko}}


===Mehtaraina===
===Changaw===
{{main|Mehtaraina}}
{{main|Changdaw}}


===Vasborya===
===Porsouta===
{{main|Vasborya}}
{{main|Porsouta}}


==Society==
==Society==
Line 103: Line 101:
<center>
<center>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:The_Monastery%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan8.jpg|[[Old Temple of Murash|The Old Temple]], in the [[Sifharan]] country of [[Saria]]
File:Xuanyuan_Temple_in_Huangling,_Yan'an,_Shaanxi.png|[[Laomiao Temple]], in the [[Cataian]] country of [[Tuchan]]
File:Sefadaba.png|[[Sefadaba Cave]], in the [[Sifharan]] country of [[Saria]]
File:Sefadaba.png|[[Shuideng Cave]], in the [[Cataian]] country of [[Tuchan]]
</gallery>
</gallery>
</center>
</center>

Revision as of 19:33, 20 May 2020

stone relief of Nawdhar with halo and staff
Late 7th-century woodcut of Soucius

Zohism (Tuchanese: 鄒家 Zōujiā; lit. 'School of Zou'), also known as Shan (Tuchanese: 禪 Shàn) is the world's largest religion, and one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. Zohism is a monistic faith, with elements of henotheism and atheism, centered on an eschatological cosmology dealing with self-salvation and spiritual liberation. It also encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on the original teachings of Soucius. It originated in ancient Tuchan in the 8th century BCE, and, after a period of intense suppression, spread through much of Catai, Sifhar and Majula. Three major extant branches of Zohism are generally recognized: Towko (Tuchanese: 透過镜子 Tòuguò jìngzi; lit. Seeing through the Mirror), Changdaw (Tuchanese: 長道 Zhǎngdào; lit. Elder Way), and Porsouta (Tuchanese: 婆娑塔 Pósuōtǎ; lit. Dancing on the Tower)

All Zohist schools share the goal of overcoming the cycle of death and rebirth, through the processes of Daduan (fracturing) and Hsuyeuh (renewal), though they differ on the specifics and rites performed. They also vary in their interpretation of the path to self-liberation, and importance and canonicity ascribed to the various Zohist texts, and their specific teachings and practices. Widely observed practices include chanting the Kaoshu, communal incantation, acts of penance and contrition, purging of tsuis (vices, or sins), and cultivation of the Meite (virtues, or perfections)

Zohism is believed to have began in the 11th century BCE as a sect of the Paichia, the Hundred Schools. Despite intense persecution, Soucius and his followers were able to establish hidden and underground communities across Tuchan. It soon attracted dissidents

Zohism and Zohist ethics played a prominent role in the development of civilization in Arabekh, Majula, and Catai. Zohists are the majority in Catai and Sifhar, and also have widespread following in Majula, and Savai. Significant Zohist communities can also be found in Vestrim, Rennekka, and Asura.

Terminology

Beliefs

Abyss

The Climb Down by Vassilis Scafidakos

Tower

Base of the Babaraan by Iason Ganas

Paradise

Bright Soul

Deep Soul

Practices

Avowal

The avowal, or Kaoshu, is the basic creed of Zohism that should be recited under oath with the specific statement:

"The World is a lie, there is only the Abyss.
I must descend.
Through the descent, I am broken.
The Abyss is a lie, there is only the Tower.
I must ascend
Through the ascent, I am anew.
The Tower is a lie, there is only me.
When the lie is rejected, my chains are broken.
I am free."

The Kaoshu is not necessary for conversion to Zohism, but it is an essential step for beginning one's journey into the Abyss. To become a Kaoche, one who has recited the creed, it must be witnessed, and attested for, by a monk. It may be recited in any language, though for attestation it is expected to be recited in Liturgical Tuchanese

Incantation

Ablution

The cleansing pool in Mihrab Shah Navos

Ablution, known as Muyu, is both a necessary facet of Zohist life and one of its most sacred rituals. It is a process of ritual purification by which a person cleanses themselves of impurities. It is divided into two components, the Putong (ordinary), and the Tebie (special). The Putong Muyu, a partial wash involving washing the face, hands, and feet, is divided into the Rijian (diurnal), and the Huanghun (vespertine). The Rijian is performed at dawn or noon, while the Huanghun is at dusk or midnight. Barring a context that makes perfoming it impossible, it is compulsory for one ordinary ablution to be performed per day. The water used must have dwelt in light, either from the sun or moon, for at least an hour.

The Tebie Muyu is performed once every year, on the Huantian, and is commonly performed at holy pool inside a Zousi. It is also performed for newborns three months after birth, and as a coming of age ceremony for girls at 12 and boys at 14. It is a full wash, involving complete submersion for five to ten seconds, and may be performed several times. The water used for the ceremony must include a drop from the Shuideng Cave, and must have a source of constant natural light. It is compulsory to have performed it at least once in a lifetime.

Contrition


Concatenation

Scriptures

History

Life of Soucius

Early Zohism

Demographics

Schools

Towko

Changaw

Porsouta

Society

Culture

Architecture

Ancient

Medieval

Modern

Art

Music

Poetry

Calendar

Criticism, persecution, and apologetics

Criticism

Persecution

Apologetics