Ziba: Difference between revisions
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Ziba originated in southwest Dezevau several millennia ago, possibly as a {{wp|contact language}}. It spread by trade and diplomacy among the region's city-states and other polities, as well as through migration, and association with [[Badi]]. In the medieval period, it is believed that in large areas of northern Southeast Coius, Ziba was used in public, commercial, political, religious and diplomatic life, but coexisted with a variety of languages which were spoken natively at home. At least in southwest Dezevau and among some classes, however, it was also a domestic language. | Ziba originated in southwest Dezevau several millennia ago, possibly as a {{wp|contact language}}. It spread by trade and diplomacy among the region's city-states and other polities, as well as through migration, and association with [[Badi]]. In the medieval period, it is believed that in large areas of northern Southeast Coius, Ziba was used in public, commercial, political, religious and diplomatic life, but coexisted with a variety of languages which were spoken natively at home. At least in southwest Dezevau and among some classes, however, it was also a domestic language. | ||
The Aguda Empire, founded in 1476, established Ziba as the official language throughout its territories, using it in administration, spreading it through commerce, deepening its Badist usage, and generally promoting it as part of its assimilative policies. The situation of Ziba-home language dualism collapsed across much of the Aguda Empire's territory, in favour of Ziba monolingualism. Ziba took on more of an ethnic-political implication as a result of the empire's policies. The Aguda Empire also conducted early efforts at language reform and standardisation, with Agudan Ziba becoming the basis for virtually all later prestige dialects of Ziba. During the colonial and post-colonial periods, Ziba lost much of its status and reach outside of present-day Dezevau and Lavana, as colonial or national languages were promoted instead. It remains an important world language, with many of its neighbours retaining loanwords from it, and it being the working language of the [[Brown Sea Community]]. | The Aguda Empire, founded in 1476, established Ziba as the official language throughout its territories, using it in administration, spreading it through commerce, deepening its Badist usage, and generally promoting it as part of its assimilative policies. The situation of Ziba-home language dualism collapsed across much of the Aguda Empire's territory, in favour of Ziba monolingualism. Ziba took on more of an ethnic-political implication as a result of the empire's policies. The Aguda Empire also conducted early efforts at language reform and standardisation, with the Ziba dialect continuum converging considerably, and Agudan Ziba becoming the basis for virtually all later prestige dialects of Ziba. During the colonial and post-colonial periods, Ziba lost much of its status and reach outside of present-day Dezevau and Lavana, as colonial or national languages were promoted instead. It remains an important world language, with many of its neighbours retaining loanwords from it, and it being the working language of the [[Brown Sea Community]]. | ||
Ziba is an {{wp|agglutinative language}}, with a great deal of suffixation to create new nouns and adjectives, sharing similarities in this with the neighbouring !Austronesian languages. Verbs, in comparison, exist simply within a SVO or SOV sentence structure. Ziba's possible roots as a contact language, and its storied use as a second language in the public sphere may be linked to its simple grammar and small phonemic inventory; it has twelve consonants and five vowels (which can form further diphthongs). Its inventory is unusual, however, in not having any rounded vowels, unvoiced consonants/voicing distinction, and a number of other features which are very cross-linguistically common. Virtually all Ziba is written in the Ziba script, which is somewhere between an {{wp|alphabet}} and an {{wp|abugida}}; it has had a very close phonetic correspondence since the orthographic reforms of the Aguda Empire. | Ziba is an {{wp|agglutinative language}}, with a great deal of suffixation to create new nouns and adjectives, sharing similarities in this with the neighbouring !Austronesian languages. Verbs, in comparison, exist simply within a SVO or SOV sentence structure. Ziba's possible roots as a contact language, and its storied use as a second language in the public sphere may be linked to its simple grammar and small phonemic inventory; it has twelve consonants and five vowels (which can form further diphthongs). Its inventory is unusual, however, in not having any rounded vowels, unvoiced consonants/voicing distinction, and a number of other features which are very cross-linguistically common. Virtually all Ziba is written in the Ziba script, which is somewhere between an {{wp|alphabet}} and an {{wp|abugida}}; it has had a very close phonetic correspondence since the orthographic reforms of the Aguda Empire. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Old Ziba=== | |||
===Agudan Ziba=== | |||
===Harmonisation=== | |||
===Contemporary=== | |||
==Geographic distribution== | ==Geographic distribution== | ||
===Official status=== | |||
===Dialects=== | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Ziba has twelve consonants, being not altogether dissimilar in size or selection to some of the !Austronesian languages which Ziba is a neighbour to. There are, however, some cross-linguistically unusual features, namely: that all the consonants are voiced, or that there is no voicing distinction; that cross-linguistically common voiced consonants such as the {{wp|voiced alveolar lateral approximant}} ({{IPA link|l}}) or the voiced labial–velar approximant ({{IPA link|w}}), and that there is a distinction between a {{wp|sibilant consonant|sibilant}} and non-sibilant {{wp|fricative}}. | Ziba has twelve consonants, being not altogether dissimilar in size or selection to some of the !Austronesian languages which Ziba is a neighbour to. There are, however, some cross-linguistically unusual features, namely: that all the consonants are voiced, or that there is no voicing distinction; that cross-linguistically common voiced consonants such as the {{wp|voiced alveolar lateral approximant}} ([{{IPA link|l}}]) or the voiced labial–velar approximant ([{{IPA link|w}}]), and that there is a distinction between a {{wp|sibilant consonant|sibilant}} and non-sibilant {{wp|fricative}}. | ||
The "regular" articulatory distribution of Ziba consonants may be regarded as a form of systematic phonemic differentiation, though it may also have been influenced by intentional prescriptive language reform in the Aguda Empire. The collapsing of voicing may also be a relatively recent and related feature. | The "regular" articulatory distribution of Ziba consonants may be regarded as a form of systematic phonemic differentiation, though it may also have been influenced by intentional prescriptive language reform in the Aguda Empire. The collapsing of voicing may also be a relatively recent and related feature. | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Noun and adjective morphology=== | |||
===Sentence structure=== | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Initialisms=== | |||
==Writing system== | ==Writing system== | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[List of languages (Kylaris)|List of languages]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:41, 19 September 2022
| Ziba | |
|---|---|
 ziba | |
| Pronunciation | IPA: [ziba] |
| Region | Northern Southeast Coius |
| Ethnicity | Dezevauni people, Dhavoni people, Gowsas |
Native speakers | ~200,000,000 |
Zibaic | |
Standard forms | Harmonised Ziba (Dezevau)
|
| Dialects |
|
| Ziba script | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Dezevau Lavana |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | Ziba Harmonisation Agency (Dezevau) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 Countries where Ziba is an official or national language Countries where Ziba is a recognised or regional language but not an official or national language | |
Ziba is the only extant language of the eponymous Zibaic language family. It originated in and is the main language in Dezevau and northern Lavana, and it also has legal recognition in Hacyinia and Carucere. It is spoken by over 200 million people worldwide, making it one of the most spoken languages in the world.
Ziba originated in southwest Dezevau several millennia ago, possibly as a contact language. It spread by trade and diplomacy among the region's city-states and other polities, as well as through migration, and association with Badi. In the medieval period, it is believed that in large areas of northern Southeast Coius, Ziba was used in public, commercial, political, religious and diplomatic life, but coexisted with a variety of languages which were spoken natively at home. At least in southwest Dezevau and among some classes, however, it was also a domestic language.
The Aguda Empire, founded in 1476, established Ziba as the official language throughout its territories, using it in administration, spreading it through commerce, deepening its Badist usage, and generally promoting it as part of its assimilative policies. The situation of Ziba-home language dualism collapsed across much of the Aguda Empire's territory, in favour of Ziba monolingualism. Ziba took on more of an ethnic-political implication as a result of the empire's policies. The Aguda Empire also conducted early efforts at language reform and standardisation, with the Ziba dialect continuum converging considerably, and Agudan Ziba becoming the basis for virtually all later prestige dialects of Ziba. During the colonial and post-colonial periods, Ziba lost much of its status and reach outside of present-day Dezevau and Lavana, as colonial or national languages were promoted instead. It remains an important world language, with many of its neighbours retaining loanwords from it, and it being the working language of the Brown Sea Community.
Ziba is an agglutinative language, with a great deal of suffixation to create new nouns and adjectives, sharing similarities in this with the neighbouring !Austronesian languages. Verbs, in comparison, exist simply within a SVO or SOV sentence structure. Ziba's possible roots as a contact language, and its storied use as a second language in the public sphere may be linked to its simple grammar and small phonemic inventory; it has twelve consonants and five vowels (which can form further diphthongs). Its inventory is unusual, however, in not having any rounded vowels, unvoiced consonants/voicing distinction, and a number of other features which are very cross-linguistically common. Virtually all Ziba is written in the Ziba script, which is somewhere between an alphabet and an abugida; it has had a very close phonetic correspondence since the orthographic reforms of the Aguda Empire.
History
Old Ziba
Agudan Ziba
Harmonisation
Contemporary
Geographic distribution
Official status
Dialects
Phonology
Consonants
Ziba has twelve consonants, being not altogether dissimilar in size or selection to some of the !Austronesian languages which Ziba is a neighbour to. There are, however, some cross-linguistically unusual features, namely: that all the consonants are voiced, or that there is no voicing distinction; that cross-linguistically common voiced consonants such as the voiced alveolar lateral approximant ([l]) or the voiced labial–velar approximant ([w]), and that there is a distinction between a sibilant and non-sibilant fricative.
The "regular" articulatory distribution of Ziba consonants may be regarded as a form of systematic phonemic differentiation, though it may also have been influenced by intentional prescriptive language reform in the Aguda Empire. The collapsing of voicing may also be a relatively recent and related feature.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Stop | b | b̪ | d | ɟ | g | |
| Fricative | sibilant | z | ||||
| non-sibilant | ð̠ | |||||
Vowels
For monophthongs, Ziba has a fairly straightforward five vowel system. Notably, however, it lacks rounded vowels in most dialects.
Ziba has diphthongs, which occupy the same phonotactic position as monophthongs. A diphthong can be formed from any two monophthongs other than the mid central vowel (ə). This formula means there are twelve possible diphthongs.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɯ | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open | a | ɒ |
Phonotactics
Ziba prescribes a syllable structure of CV. This somewhat unusual strictness can be a cause of difficulty when transcribing into Ziba from other languages.
The abugida or abugida-like and cursive Ziba script corresponds to the phonotactics, inasmuch as there is no usual way to write consonant clusters, consonantless vowels or triphthongs.