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=Seanad=
{{Infobox legislature
{{Infobox legislature
|name              = Seanad Glaíteann
|name              = Comhthionól Náisiúnta
|legislature        =  
|legislature        =  
|coa_pic            = Seanad Logo.png
|coa_pic            = Seanad Logo.png
|coa_res            = 150px
|coa_res            = 150px
|session_room      = SeanadChamber.jpg
|session_room      = Plenisalen.jpg
|house_type        = Upper House
| session_res        = 150px
|body              = Tionól
|house_type        = {{wp|Lower house}}
|body              =
|leader1_type      =  
|leader1_type      =  
|leader1            =  
|leader1            =  
|party1            =  
|party1            =  
|members            = 60
|members            =  
|structure1        =  
|structure1        =  
|structure1_res    =  
|structure1_res    =  
|term_length        = 5 years
|term_length        =  
|established    = 1812
|established    = 1857
|disbanded    = 2021
|disbanded    = 2021
|voting_system1    =
|voting_system1    =
|redistricting      =  
|redistricting      =  
|meeting_place      = Seanad Chamber<br />[[Carrowdun Palace]], [[Spálgleann]]
|meeting_place      = Comhthionól Chamber<br />[[Carrowdun Palace]], [[Spálgleann]]
|website            =  
|website            =  
}}
}}


'''Seanad Glaíteann''' (literally ''{{wp|Senate}} of Caldia'') was the upper house of the {{wp|Bicameralism|bicameral}} [[Tionól]] of [[Caldia]] from 1857 until 2021. During the bicameral period, the lower house was the [[Comhthionól Náisiúnta]] (literally "National Assembly").
The '''Comhthionól Náisiúnta''' (literally "National Assembly") was the {{wp|lower house}} of the {{wp|Bicameralism|bicameral}} [[Tionól (Bicameral)|Tionól]] of [[Caldia]] from 1857 until 2021. It was also the principal chamber. During the bicameral period, the {{wp|upper house}} was the [[Seanad Glaíteann]] (literally "{{wp|Senate}} of Caldia").


It was commonly referred to as the Seanad and its members senators (seanadóirí in {{wp|Irish|Ghaillish}}, singular: seanadóir). At the time of its abolition, it had 60 members. 26 of its members were directly elected while the rest were chosen through various methods, typically rooted in appointment.  
The chamber's powers were similar to those of lower houses under many other bicameral parliamentary systems. It became the dominant chamber of the Tionól starting in 1965. It had the power to pass any law it wishes. It was also responsible for nominating nominate and removing the [[Taoiseach of Caldia|taoiseach]], who had to belong to the chamber.


Its powers were more limited compared to those of the Comhthionól. Prior to 1965, the chamber had considerably more power. 50 of its members were directly elected, two representing each county, while the other 10 were appointed through various means. The chamber had less control over legislation due to the status of the Comhthionól, but did have say over the budget. If the two chambers were in disagreement, issues had to be re-addressed through the submission of a new joint proposal. These proposals were facilitated by standing committees consisting of members from both chambers. After 1965, the chamber only had the power to delay laws with which it disagreed. It did not have the authority to veto them outright
It had 399 members who were directly elected every five years. 200 of its members were elected from multi-member constituencies and the remaining 199 members were elected using a party list proportional method.  


The chamber effectively became the {{wp|unicameralism|unicameral}} [[Tionól]] starting on 12 May 2021.
==Historical origins==
==Composition==
==Composition==
At the time of its abolition, the Seanad had a total of sixty members. Only twenty six were elected, with each county of Caldia electing one senator. Fifteen of the senators were directly appointed by the [[Taoiseach of Caldia|taoiseach]] and served at his or her pleasure. First starting in 2008, one third of the taoiseach's appointments were required to come from ethnic and minority backgrounds.The [[Comhthionól Náisiúnta|Leader of the Opposition]] appointed four senators.
The remaining 15 senators were selected from five special constituencies. These constituencies represented agricultural groups, {{wp|employers' organizations}}, the six main national universities, {{wp|trade unions}}, and religious and cultural organizations. They were required to sit as independents. Each constituency elected three members to the chamber.
==Leadership==
==Leadership==
The chairperson, or presiding member, of Seanad Glaíteann was known as the Cathaoirleach (Ghaillish for "chairperson"). The Cathaoirleach was chosen from among the 26 elected seanadóirí but was expected to observe strict impartiality. Despite this, the government often selected one of its own for the position, if its numbers allowed. Unlike the Ceann Comhairle of the lower house, the Cathaoirleach stood for reelection. The Cathaoirleach also voted as any member of the Seanad would. The last person to serve as Cathaoirleach was Úna Ní Muilleoir, who held the office from 2019 until 2021.

Revision as of 18:03, 15 June 2021

Comhthionól Náisiúnta
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
History
Established1857
Disbanded2021
Meeting place
Plenisalen.jpg
Comhthionól Chamber
Carrowdun Palace, Spálgleann

The Comhthionól Náisiúnta (literally "National Assembly") was the lower house of the bicameral Tionól of Caldia from 1857 until 2021. It was also the principal chamber. During the bicameral period, the upper house was the Seanad Glaíteann (literally "Senate of Caldia").

The chamber's powers were similar to those of lower houses under many other bicameral parliamentary systems. It became the dominant chamber of the Tionól starting in 1965. It had the power to pass any law it wishes. It was also responsible for nominating nominate and removing the taoiseach, who had to belong to the chamber.

It had 399 members who were directly elected every five years. 200 of its members were elected from multi-member constituencies and the remaining 199 members were elected using a party list proportional method.

The chamber effectively became the unicameral Tionól starting on 12 May 2021.

Historical origins

Composition

Leadership