Louzen language: Difference between revisions
m (Fixed pronunciation IPA) |
m (Added phonology) |
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| D d | | D d | ||
| D d | | D d | ||
|{{Audio| | |{{Audio|Voiced_retroflex_stop.oga|/ɖ/|help=no}} | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: | | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_retroflex_stop.oga '''D'''one] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 | | 9 | ||
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| T t | | T t | ||
| T t | | T t | ||
|{{Audio| | |{{Audio|Voiceless_retroflex_stop.oga|/ʈ/|help=no}} | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: | | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_retroflex_stop.oga '''T'''ime] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 36 | | 36 | ||
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| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolo-palatal_sibilant.ogg Vi'''s'''ion] | | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolo-palatal_sibilant.ogg Vi'''s'''ion] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Phonology== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | |||
!style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] → | |||
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]] | |||
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] | |||
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓ | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Linguolabial consonant|Linguolabial]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Platal]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|ʦ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|ʣ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ʨ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ʥ]]</big> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular trill|ʀ̥]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big> | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"| | |||
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"| | |||
|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|<big>[[wikipedia:]]</big>--> | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%" | |||
!style="border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|{{Hover title|Tongue position|Front-back}} → | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]] | |||
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''{{Hover title|Tongue position|Up-down}} ↓ | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]] | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]</big> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big> | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|''' | |||
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big> | |||
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]] | |||
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> | |||
|- | |||
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]] | |||
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big>''' | |||
|} | |||
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation |
Revision as of 13:32, 13 February 2021
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Louzen language | |
---|---|
Louzenish, Nordulevan | |
Lúzinŝina | |
Pronunciation | /luːzinɕʧina/ |
Region | Slavic Belt in Thuadia |
Ethnicity | Louzeni Slavs |
Native speakers | L1: 5,812,000 L2: 2,317,000 FL: 520,000 |
Thuado-Thrismaran languages
| |
Standard forms | Louzen language great wordbook
|
Dialects | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Gadorien └→ Duchy of Louzeni |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | LI |
ISO 639-2 | LOI |
ISO 639-3 | LOI |
Distribution of the language Absolute majority >30% of native speakers | |
Louzeni language is a Slavic language out of Kento-Polyash language group, which is a official language of the autonomous Duchy of Louzeni in Gadorien and is a recognized minority language in Zhousheng, Gadorien and Qazhshava
Introduction
The language has a slavic root and grammar, but has developed along with strong germanic influences, which shaped the grammar of the language. Unlike most of other slavic languages, Louzen maintained use of Dual as a grammatical number.
Alphabet
Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used Protopolyash script, the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards Latin script, which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.
Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only Graphemes to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of diacritic marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter.
Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and syllabic consonants. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.
Official diacritic version | Digraph version | IPA Symbol | Example of a common word with the sound | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A a | A a | /a/ | After |
2 | Á á | Aa aa | /aː/ | |
3 | Ä ä | Ae ae | /ɛ/ /ɛː/ |
Bed (General American accent) |
4 | Â â | Ja ja | /ʲa/~/j͡a/ | Not in common. Example: "Яблоко/Âbloko" in Tiskai language |
5 | B b | B b | /b/ | Label |
6 | C c | C c | /ʦ/ | Its |
7 | Ċ ċ | Cz cz | /ʧ/ | Check |
8 | D d | D d | /ɖ/ | Done |
9 | Ḋ ḋ | D' d' | /ɟ/ | Voiced palatal plosive (not in common) |
10 | E e | E e | /e/ | Bed (Australian accent) |
11 | É é | E e | /eː/ | |
12 | Ê ê | Je je | /ʲe/~/j͡e/ | Belarus |
13 | F f | F f | /f/ | Fine |
14 | G g | G g | /g/ | Game |
15 | H h | H h | /ɦ/ /h/ |
Hello |
16 | Ḣ ḣ | Ch ch | /x/ | Loch Ness |
17 | I i | I i | /i/ | Free |
18 | Í í | Ie ie | /iː/ | |
19 | J j | J j | /j/ | You |
20 | K k | K k | /k/ | Key |
21 | L l | L l | /l/ | Later |
22 | Ŀ ŀ | L' l' | /lʲ/ | Million |
23 | M m | M m | /m/ | Mother |
24 | N n | N n | /n/ | Month |
25 | Ṅ ṅ | N' n' | /ɲ/ | New |
26 | O o | O o | /o/ /ɔ/ |
Yawn / Not |
27 | Ó ó | Oo oo | /oː/ /ɔː/ | |
28 | Ö ö | Oe oe | /œ/ /œː/ |
Bird |
29 | P p | P p | /p/ | Play |
30 | Q q | Q q | /p/ | Caught |
31 | R r | R r | /ʀ/ | Red |
32 | S s | S s | /s/ | Surprise |
33 | Ṡ ṡ | Sz sz | /ɕ/ | Show |
34 | Ŝ ŝ | Sx sx | /ɕ͡ʧ/ | Not in common. Example: "Щенок/Ŝenok" in Tiskai language |
35 | T t | T t | /ʈ/ | Time |
36 | Ṫ ṫ | T' t' | /c/ | Voiceless palatal plosive (not in common) |
37 | U u | U u | /u/ | Boot |
38 | Ú ú | Uu uu | /uː/ | |
39 | Ü ü | Ue ue | /ɨ/ /ɨː/ |
Lip (London accent) |
40 | Û û | Ju ju | /ʲu/~/j͡u/ | Not in common. Example: "Любить/Lûbitʹ" in Tiskai language |
41 | V v | V v | /v/ | Valve |
42 | W w | W w | /w/ /ʋ/ |
Weep |
43 | X x | X x | /k͡s/ | A bigram of /k/ and /s/, for example in Maximal |
44 | Y y | Y y | /ɪ/ | Bit (General American) |
45 | Ý ý | Yy yy | /ɪː/ | |
46 | Z z | Z z | /z/ | Zoo |
47 | Ż ż | Z' z' | /ʑ/ | Vision |
Phonology
Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manner ↓ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postal-veolar | Retroflex | Platal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||||||||
Nasal | m̥ | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | |||||||||||||||||||
Plosive | p | b | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | g | q | |||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | ʦ | ʣ | ʧ | ʤ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ | ʨ | ʥ | ||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | ||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f | v | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | h | ɦ | ||||||||||||||||
Approximant | ʋ | j | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tap/Flap | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | r̥ | r | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar fricative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar approximant | l | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar tap/flap |
Front-back → | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Up-down ↓ | ||||||||||
Close | i | ɨ | u | |||||||
Near-close | ɪ | |||||||||
Close-mid | e | o | ||||||||
Mid | ə | |||||||||
Open-mid | ɛ | œ | ɔ | |||||||
Near-open | ɐ | |||||||||
Open | a | ɑ | ɒ | |||||||
Diphthong | a͡u | |||||||||
Long vowels | aː ~ ɛː ~ eː ~ iː ~ ɪː ~ oː ~ ɔː ~ œː ~ uː ~ ɨː |
Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
- ↑ Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.