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{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix  =  
|honorific-prefix  =  
|name              = Jiāng Zhōngyǔ
|name              = Jiāng Zhōngyú
|native_name        = 江终于
|native_name        = 江钟余
|native_name_lang   =  
|native_name_lang   =  
|honorific-suffix  =  
|honorific-suffix  =  
|image              =Xi Jinping October 2015.jpg
|image              =Xi Jinping October 2015.jpg
Line 9: Line 9:
|smallimage        = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
|smallimage        = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->
|caption            = Jiang in May 2008
|caption            = Jiang in May 2008
|office            = [[State Chairman of Xiaodong]]
|office            = Minister of International Relations
|term_start        = 21<sup>st</sup> May 2006
|premier          =  [[Wen Kezhi]]
|term_end           = 19<sup>th</sup> November 2016
|term_start        =   8<sup>th</sup> March 2022
|premier            = [[Han Guanzheng]]<br>[[Yuan Xiannian]]
|premier2           = [[Xi Yaotang]]
|predecessor        = [[Yang Zhengming]]
|term_start2        =  30<sup>th</sup>March 2007
|successor          = [[Yuan Xiannian]]
|term_end2          = 19<sup>th</sup> June 2014
|office2           = [[Vice Premier of Xiaodong]]
|predecessor2      = Qin Baoming
|premier2          = [[Han Guanzheng]]
|successor2        = Xu Bangguo
|term_start2       = 18<sup>nd</sup> May 2002
|office3           = [[Premier of Shangea]]
|term_end2         = 21<sup>st</sup> May 2006
|term_start3       = 19<sup>th</sup> June 2014
|predecessor2      = [[Qiao Jianxing]]
|term_end3         = 8<sup>th</sup> March 2022
|successor2         = [[Luo Wenjing]]
|president3          =[[Yuan Xiannian]]
|office3           = Member of the [[State Presidium of Xiaodong|State Presidium]]
|deputy3            = [[Jiang Shaohong]]<br>[[Yuan Qinqin]]
|term_start3       = 18<sup>nd</sup> May 2002
|predecessor3        = [[Xi Yaotang]]
|term_end3         = 19<sup>th</sup> November 2016
|successor3         = [[Wen Kezhi]]  
|birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1950|04|27}}
|office4           = Member of the [[State Presidium of Shangea|State Presidium]]
|birth_place        = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] Kuoqing, Luoyuan Province, [[Xiaodong]]
|term_start4       = 30<sup>th</sup>March 2007
|term_end4         =  
|birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1956|04|27}}
|birth_place        = [[File:Flag of Xiaodong.png|22x20px]] Baiqiao, [[Shangea]]
|death_date        = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) -->
|death_date        = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) -->
|death_place        =  
|death_place        =  
Line 33: Line 36:
|citizenship        =  
|citizenship        =  
|nationality        =  
|nationality        =  
|party = [[Constitutional Protection Society]]<br>[[Righteous Harmony Association]]
|party = [[Constitutional Protection Society]]<br>[[Society for Restoring Benevolence]]
|otherparty        =
|otherparty        =
|spouse            = Peng Xuehong
|spouse            = Peng Xuehong
Line 40: Line 43:
|children          = 2
|children          = 2
|residence          =  
|residence          =  
|alma_mater = Kuoqing Technical College
|alma_mater = University of Baiqiao
|occupation         =  
|occupation         =  
|profession        =  
|profession        =  
Line 50: Line 53:
|signature_alt      =  
|signature_alt      =  
|website            =  
|website            =  
| footnotes          = {{Collapsible list
| footnotes          =  
| titlestyle = background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;
| title = Other offices held
| bullets = on
| 1997-2002: Governor of Luoyuan
| 1990-1997: Mayor of Kuoqing
| 2011-2017: Chairman of the Righteous Harmony Society
}}
}}
}}
'''Jiang Zhongyu''' (''{{Wp|Mandarin Chinese|Shangean}}'': '''江钟余'''; ''{{wp|Pinyin|fuhao}}'': ''Jiāng Zhōngyú'') is a [[Shangea|Shangean]] politician who has been theInternational Relations Minister from March 2022 having previously served from 2007 to 2014. He was previously [[Premier of Shangea]] from 2014 to 2022 and Governor of the Nanqing province from 2000 to 2007.  
'''Jiang Zhongyu''' (''{{Wp|Mandarin Chinese|Xiaodongese}}'': '''江终于'''; ''{{wp|Pinyin|fuhao}}'': ''Jiāng Zhōngyǔ'') is a former [[Xiaodong|Xiaodongese]] politician. He previously served as [[State Chairman of Xiaodong]] from 2006 to his resignation in 2016, Vice Premier from 2002 to 2006, Governor of Luoyuan from 1997 to 2002 and Mayor of Kuoqing from 1990 to 1997.


Jiang was one of the young technocrats that came to prominence during economic and political reform in the 1980's as a member of conservative [[Constitutional Protection Society]]. He rose rapidly in politics when he was appointed as Mayor of Kuoqing, Xiaodong's third largest city, in 1990 a position he used to ascend to the position of Governor of Luoyuan in 1997 which remains Xiaodong's largest province. Becoming on the more prominent leaders on a provincial level in 2002 [[Premier of Xiaodong|Premier]] [[Han Guanzheng]] appointed him as vice-premier due to his expertise in financial and management affairs.  
Jiang was one of the young technocrats that came to prominence during economic and political reform in the 1980's as a member of conservative [[Constitutional Protection Society]]. Jiang served as a career bureaucrat within the Shangean diplomatic service being Shangea's representative at the [[Community of Nations]] from 2002 to 2007. In 2007 he was appointed as Minister of International Relations under the government of [[Xi Yaotang]]. As International Relations Minister he became closely allied with the State Chairman Yuan Xiannian and played a core role in promoting shifts in Shangean foreign policy to a more assertive role in south [[Coius]] and relying on the [[International Forum for Developing States]] to project Shangean influence.


In 2006 Jiang succeeded longtime State Chairman [[Yang Zhengming]] in the role, with his ascent being due to factional manoeuvrings by Yang and conservative forces that sought to prevent Han from ascending to the position. Jiang upon coming to power alongside Han and new vice-premier [[Luo Wenjing]] implemented the world's largest stimulus package in response to the 2005 financial crisis alongside a series of economically liberal practices that aimed to modernise the Xiaodongese economy. However as a response of these policies inequality and unemployment increased. Shortly after coming to power Jiang bolstered his influence by merging the ruling coalition government into a single party, the [[Righteous Harmony Association]], in 2007. The same year Jiang removed Han from the position of Premier replacing him with [[Yuan Xiannian]].
Following the 2014 Shangean elections premier Xi resigned due to poor results for the governing [[Society for Restoring Benevolence]] with Jiang being appointed his successor. In October 2016 Jiang was implicated in the Dianfu Banking Scandal which triggered the [[2016-17 Shangean Protests]]. Jiang kept his post following the repression of the protests and became a key player in the enforcement of [[Normalisation (Shangea)|Normalisation]]. In 2022 he became International Relations Minister again being replaced as premier by Wen Keizi.


In domestic policy Jiang was seen as a "conservative reformist", supporting greater free-market reforms in the economy but being more conservative in regards to political reform. Under his tenure Jiang largely focused on the effects of the 2005 crisis pursuing {{Wp|demand-side economics}} to maintain growth whilst continuing the economic reform agenda of privatisation and deregulation. Under Jiang Xiaodong enjoyed record economic growth continuing the so-called "supply side miracle" during the entirety of the 2000's. Jiang also expanded the [[Shujichu]] and was seen to introduce stricter surveillance over civil society.  
Jiang has been identified with the relatively hardline Yuan Xiannian throughout his career, combing economic modernisation with nationalism. Under his premiership during the Normalisation programme Jiang was seen as the unofficial leader of the government's "scientific clique" advocating an authoritarian technocracy. He has also been a strong advocate for {{wp|south–south cooperation}} and has placed more emphasis on ties with developing countries through the International Forum for Developing States. Jiang has been described as "''one of Shangea's foremost political operators''" due to his "''ruthless pragmatism'', and has been identified as the Shangean regime's chief foreign policy operator.


As State Chairman Jiang took a renewed interest in foreign policy, distancing Xiaodong from strategic arms negotiations with [[Senria]] and instead promoted much stronger ties between ROSPO nations. Jiang did however support a strong role for Xiaodong in multilateral institutions and maintained cordial relations with [[Gaullica]] and [[Narozalica]] in his term. Jiang supported a two pronged approach to increasing Xiaodong's presence in the global south whilst also expanding its relations with Euclean and Asterian nations. This latter policy was opposed by Yuan and some conservatives who called for more independence from Euclea.
==Early life==
Jiang Zhongyu was born in 1956 in the city of [[Baiqiao]] in a working class family of dock workers’, the first of four children. He grew up in the dock workers’ district in Baiqiao which was notable at the time for extreme poverty and disease. Jiang was able to get an adequate primary education before at the age of 12 being sent to be a runner at the docks, but nevertheless continued to attend school. He was able to pass selective exams at the age of 17 to enter higher education which enabled him to attend university albeit on a loan from the government.  


Jiang was initially hesitant to approve [[Operation Eastern Protection]] which led to a decline in his popularity. He was seen to lose influence following the operation as Yuan, foreign minister [[Xi Yao-tong]] and general [[Ren Shaokun]] stacked the government with Yuan's allies in the Righteous Harmony Association over Jiang's faction. As a result Jiang was active in opposing the policies of the Yuan government leading to conflict between the Premier's Office and the State Chairman with Jiang vetoing more legislation than any prior State Chairman.
Jiang attended the University of Baiqiao where he studied {{wp|international relations}}. Whilst at the University of Baiqiao Jiang met his future wife Peng Xuehong. Jiang graduated from the University of Baiqiao in 1977 and subsequently went to work for the Shangean foreign ministry.
==Early Career==
==Foreign Ministry first term==
==Premier==
==Foreign Ministry second term==
==Views==
Jiang has been identified as being a moderate, being less authoritarian and anti-Senrian than his predecessor [[Yuan Xiannian]]. Jiang has called himself a {{wp|pragmatism|pragmatist}} who is "''only concerned with the welfare of Shangea and the Shangean people''".  


Jiang's response to the 2013 avian flu outbreak was considered largely to be a failure due to what was seen as misinformation at the start of the crisis and allowing the disease to move through to other countries in Coius. Although the government was able to deal with the crisis Jiang was seen as largely having done a poor job and to have communicated poorly, leading to his popularity to decline. As a result the ruling party lost its supermajority in the 2014 elections.
However some political commentators have accused Jiang of being a {{wp|populism|populist}} who has "''shifted his views based on the situation''". Shangean political scientist Hu Guxiang has stated "''Jiang has few fixed principles. His ideological flexibility means he can convince [[Shangean nationalism|nationalists]], {{wp|Socialism|socialists}} and {{wp|Liberalism|liberals}} that he is one their side''. Hu stated however that his record generally points him as being in favour of centralising power within the regime whilst using propaganda as a tool for legitimisation rather then force.  


In October 2016 Jiang was implicated in the Dianfu Banking Scandal which triggered the [[2016-17 Xiaodongese Protests]]. Initially sending police units to repress the protests Jiang's actions led to a backlash and a greater expansion of the protests undermining Jiang's public image. After his political support in the government and the military collapsed on the 19th November 2016 Jiang announced he would resign from all state positions, handing power over to premier Yuan Xiannian. He continued as Chairman of the Steering Committee of the Righteous Harmony Association but was forced to relinquish that post as well when the organisation was dissolved by the Judicial Council in December 2019.  
Jiang has been called as the Shangean regime's chief ideologist and crucial in shaping Shangean politics into {{wp|managed democracy}}.  
===Historical revisionism===
Jiang has held contradictory positions in regards to historical revisionism. In 2002, Jiang stated that "''there is no proof Shangea conducted a genocide, or indeed any form of mass killing, in the 1930's in [[Senria]].''" However in 2007 following several comments by [[Yuan Xiannian]] over the genocide that were widely seen as denying its existence, Jiang stated "''whilst not supporting the idea that there was a policy of genocide - there wasn't - there were some instances of mass killing by rogue units under the command of [[Qiu Hanjie]]. We recognise these mass killings as a tragedy and will continue to recognise that fact''".  


In 2017, as part of [[Normalisation (Xiaodong)|Normalisation]] Jiang was implicated by some in the so-called [[Lotus Group Conspiracy]], an alleged attempted coup d'état by members of the military and the Yundong religious sect. Jiang has denied knowledge of the conspiracy and has not been formally accused by legal authorities of any wrong doing, although has since 2018 retired entirely from politics. Jiang is said to live under ''de facto'' house arrest in his home in Kuoqing.  
In 2013, Jiang called the [[Senrian Genocide]] "''an issue of history...historical acts of aggression by Senria will not impact current Shangean policy''".
===Social welfare===
Jiang has been a prominent proponent to a more balanced model of Shangean development, believing that Shangea as a nation must be "''as concerned for the social welfare of the Shangean people as economic growth''", stating social welfare entails "''a sense of nationhood and that Shangean people are an undivided people''". Jiang says however that social welfare must not disrupt entrepreneurship and the aspirational potential of the Shangean people.
==Personal life==
===Family===
Jiang has been married three times. He married his first wife, Xie Shaogong, in 1976 at the age of 20. Xie had been a childhood friend and together they had one child, a boy called Jiang Wancang who was born in 1978. However, the relationship did not last with Xie divorcing Jiang in 1984. In 1985 Jiang married Jiang Liewen, a colleague of his at the foreign ministry. The two had two children together, a boy named Jiang Chusheng and a girl named Jiang Mei, born in 1989 and 1992 respectively. Personal differences however meant in 1994 the relationship broke down with the two divorcing that year.  


Jiang's tenure is mainly remembered for large-scale economic reforms especially from 2005-2008 that continued the privatisation and liberalisation policies of the [[Economic Reorganising Programme]]. The high economic growth Jiang presided over has led to some to comment that under his stewardship Xiaodong significantly increased in wealth as well as seeing large-scale technological modernisation especially after the more national-security focused atmosphere of the 1990's. However he has been accused of overseeing massive corruption and after initial reforms largely maintained the same political structures of his predecessors. His response to the 2013 avian flu outbreak has also been widely criticised. Recent critics have also stated that Jiang's government saw an expansion of the {{Wp|deep state}} which helped lead to [[Normalisation (Xiaodong)|Normalisation]].
In 1994 shortly after his divorce he married Peng Xuehong, who had been his principal private secretary for a little over three years. Since marrying Deng Jiang has had three more children, two girls named Jiang Chen and Jiang Xun, and a boy named Jiang Junzhuo, who were born in 1996, 1998 and 2003 respectively. Jiang is said to pay a "''substantial amount''" of money to his former wives and other children.  
==Early life==
Jiang was born in the city of Heping the first son of Jiang Xingjian and Ma Ling in 1949. Jiang Xingjin was a veteran of the [[Senrian-Xiaodongese War]] prominent politician serving variously as Mayor of Kuoqing from 1940-1946, Minister of Development and Energy 1947-1958 and as Minister of Defence and Military Planning from 1958-1966 in the governments of [[Chen Xuechang]]. His mother Ma Ling worked as the deputy editor for the ''East Sea Daily'', one of the propaganda outlets for the regime.
==Luoyuan Career==
==Vice Premier==
==State Chairman==
==Post-leadership==
==Views==
Jiang is seen as a conservative politician in Xiaodong being supportive of {{wp|economic liberalism}}, {{wp|managed democracy}} and a foreign policy focused around the [[International Forum for Developing States]]. Political scientist Hu Guxiang identified him with the {{wp|nationalism|nationalist}}, anti-[[Senria|Senrian]] and pro-market wing of the Regeneration Society.  
===Democracy===
Jiang has supported the idea of a "''Xiaodongese approach to democracy''". According to Jiang, Xiaodongese democracy differs from {{wp|liberal democracy}} in that citizens have "''fundamental responsibilities to the state just as the state grants them fundamental rights.''" The concept of "Xiaodongese democracy" that Jiang promotes has also been promoted by former First Ministers [[Qian Xingwen]], [[Han Guanzheng]] and [[Yuan Xiannian]].
 
In a speech made upon becoming State Chairman in 2005, Jiang explicitly ruled out the emergence of a western style democracy in Xiaodong, rejecting {{wp|constitutionalism|constitutional}} {{wp|republicanism}}, a {{wp|presidential system}} and {{wp|separation of powers}}. Instead, Jiang proposed an {{wp|Elected dictatorship|strong government that requires the approval of the people}} and approved the idea of a form of "{{wp|democratic centralism}}" as an efficient way of conducting Xiaodongese politics.
===Senrian Genocide===
Unlike other prominent Xiaodongese officials Jiang has not denied the deaths of many Senrians during the [[Senrian Genocide]]. Jiang stated in 2013 that the "''actions of units in the [[Imperial Authority of Senrian Territories|Senrian territories]] could be seen to constitute a form of {{wp|mass murder}}''" and that Xiaodong "''apologises profusely to the Senrian people''" over the actions of the 1930's. However, Jiang said that there was "''no policy of genocide''" and that the massacres were the brainchild of occupation authorities rather than the central government at the time. Jiang later clarified this statement by saying accusations of {{wp|ethnic cleansing}} were overexaggerated.
 
==Personal life==
[[Category:Xiaodong]][[Category:Xiaodong people]]
[[Category:Xiaodong]][[Category:Xiaodong people]]

Latest revision as of 00:08, 20 October 2023

Jiāng Zhōngyú
江钟余
Xi Jinping October 2015.jpg
Jiang in May 2008
Minister of International Relations
Assumed office
8th March 2022
PremierWen Kezhi
In office
30thMarch 2007 – 19th June 2014
PremierXi Yaotang
Preceded byQin Baoming
Succeeded byXu Bangguo
Premier of Shangea
In office
19th June 2014 – 8th March 2022
PresidentYuan Xiannian
DeputyJiang Shaohong
Yuan Qinqin
Preceded byXi Yaotang
Succeeded byWen Kezhi
Member of the State Presidium
Assumed office
30thMarch 2007
Personal details
Born (1956-04-27) April 27, 1956 (age 68)
Flag of Xiaodong.png Baiqiao, Shangea
Political partyConstitutional Protection Society
Society for Restoring Benevolence
SpousePeng Xuehong
Children2
Alma materUniversity of Baiqiao

Jiang Zhongyu (Shangean: 江钟余; fuhao: Jiāng Zhōngyú) is a Shangean politician who has been theInternational Relations Minister from March 2022 having previously served from 2007 to 2014. He was previously Premier of Shangea from 2014 to 2022 and Governor of the Nanqing province from 2000 to 2007.

Jiang was one of the young technocrats that came to prominence during economic and political reform in the 1980's as a member of conservative Constitutional Protection Society. Jiang served as a career bureaucrat within the Shangean diplomatic service being Shangea's representative at the Community of Nations from 2002 to 2007. In 2007 he was appointed as Minister of International Relations under the government of Xi Yaotang. As International Relations Minister he became closely allied with the State Chairman Yuan Xiannian and played a core role in promoting shifts in Shangean foreign policy to a more assertive role in south Coius and relying on the International Forum for Developing States to project Shangean influence.

Following the 2014 Shangean elections premier Xi resigned due to poor results for the governing Society for Restoring Benevolence with Jiang being appointed his successor. In October 2016 Jiang was implicated in the Dianfu Banking Scandal which triggered the 2016-17 Shangean Protests. Jiang kept his post following the repression of the protests and became a key player in the enforcement of Normalisation. In 2022 he became International Relations Minister again being replaced as premier by Wen Keizi.

Jiang has been identified with the relatively hardline Yuan Xiannian throughout his career, combing economic modernisation with nationalism. Under his premiership during the Normalisation programme Jiang was seen as the unofficial leader of the government's "scientific clique" advocating an authoritarian technocracy. He has also been a strong advocate for south–south cooperation and has placed more emphasis on ties with developing countries through the International Forum for Developing States. Jiang has been described as "one of Shangea's foremost political operators" due to his "ruthless pragmatism, and has been identified as the Shangean regime's chief foreign policy operator.

Early life

Jiang Zhongyu was born in 1956 in the city of Baiqiao in a working class family of dock workers’, the first of four children. He grew up in the dock workers’ district in Baiqiao which was notable at the time for extreme poverty and disease. Jiang was able to get an adequate primary education before at the age of 12 being sent to be a runner at the docks, but nevertheless continued to attend school. He was able to pass selective exams at the age of 17 to enter higher education which enabled him to attend university albeit on a loan from the government.

Jiang attended the University of Baiqiao where he studied international relations. Whilst at the University of Baiqiao Jiang met his future wife Peng Xuehong. Jiang graduated from the University of Baiqiao in 1977 and subsequently went to work for the Shangean foreign ministry.

Early Career

Foreign Ministry first term

Premier

Foreign Ministry second term

Views

Jiang has been identified as being a moderate, being less authoritarian and anti-Senrian than his predecessor Yuan Xiannian. Jiang has called himself a pragmatist who is "only concerned with the welfare of Shangea and the Shangean people".

However some political commentators have accused Jiang of being a populist who has "shifted his views based on the situation". Shangean political scientist Hu Guxiang has stated "Jiang has few fixed principles. His ideological flexibility means he can convince nationalists, socialists and liberals that he is one their side. Hu stated however that his record generally points him as being in favour of centralising power within the regime whilst using propaganda as a tool for legitimisation rather then force.

Jiang has been called as the Shangean regime's chief ideologist and crucial in shaping Shangean politics into managed democracy.

Historical revisionism

Jiang has held contradictory positions in regards to historical revisionism. In 2002, Jiang stated that "there is no proof Shangea conducted a genocide, or indeed any form of mass killing, in the 1930's in Senria." However in 2007 following several comments by Yuan Xiannian over the genocide that were widely seen as denying its existence, Jiang stated "whilst not supporting the idea that there was a policy of genocide - there wasn't - there were some instances of mass killing by rogue units under the command of Qiu Hanjie. We recognise these mass killings as a tragedy and will continue to recognise that fact".

In 2013, Jiang called the Senrian Genocide "an issue of history...historical acts of aggression by Senria will not impact current Shangean policy".

Social welfare

Jiang has been a prominent proponent to a more balanced model of Shangean development, believing that Shangea as a nation must be "as concerned for the social welfare of the Shangean people as economic growth", stating social welfare entails "a sense of nationhood and that Shangean people are an undivided people". Jiang says however that social welfare must not disrupt entrepreneurship and the aspirational potential of the Shangean people.

Personal life

Family

Jiang has been married three times. He married his first wife, Xie Shaogong, in 1976 at the age of 20. Xie had been a childhood friend and together they had one child, a boy called Jiang Wancang who was born in 1978. However, the relationship did not last with Xie divorcing Jiang in 1984. In 1985 Jiang married Jiang Liewen, a colleague of his at the foreign ministry. The two had two children together, a boy named Jiang Chusheng and a girl named Jiang Mei, born in 1989 and 1992 respectively. Personal differences however meant in 1994 the relationship broke down with the two divorcing that year.

In 1994 shortly after his divorce he married Peng Xuehong, who had been his principal private secretary for a little over three years. Since marrying Deng Jiang has had three more children, two girls named Jiang Chen and Jiang Xun, and a boy named Jiang Junzhuo, who were born in 1996, 1998 and 2003 respectively. Jiang is said to pay a "substantial amount" of money to his former wives and other children.

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