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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name      = Valimian Hesuurinormi
|name      = Auroran
|nativename = ''Heſuurinormi''
|nativename = ''Fearlainth nCeáil''
|pronunciation = <small>IPA:</small> {{wp|Help:IPA/Finnish|[hesuːrinormi]}}
|pronunciation = <small>IPA:</small> {{wp|Help:IPA|[ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]}}
|states  = [[Valimia]]
|states  = [[Aurora Islands]]
|speakers = none
|speakers = 128 453 L1
|speakers2 = (written only)
|speakers2 = 23 900 L2
|familycolor = Uralic
|familycolor = Uralic
|fam1  =  {{wp|Uralic|Emic}}
|fam1  =  {{wp|Uralic|Kireno-Kantemoshan}}
|fam2  = {{wp|Finnic languages|Gollic}}
|fam2  = {{wp|Finnic languages|East Kireno-Kantemoshan}}
|fam3  = {{wp|Northern Finnic languages|South Gollic}}
|fam3  = {{wp|Northern Finnic languages|Kantemoshic}}
|fam4  = {{wp|Finnish|Valimian}}
|fam4  =  
|fam5  = ''{{wp|Finnish dialects|Valimian dialects}}''
|fam5  =  
|ancestor      =  
|ancestor      =  
|ancestor2    =  
|ancestor2    =  
Line 17: Line 17:
|ancestor4    =  
|ancestor4    =  
|ancestor5    =  
|ancestor5    =  
|stand1 = Hesuurinormi (official)
|stand1 =  
|stand2 = [[Ylänormi]] (unofficial)
|stand2 =  
|stand3 = [[Tasakieli]] (unofficial)
|stand3 =  
|script = {{wp|Latin alphabet|Cambran script}} ({{wp|Finnish alphabet|Valimian alphabet}})
|script = {{wp|Latin alphabet|Solarian alphabet}} ({{wp|Irish alphabet|Ghaillish alphabet}})
|nation = {{flagicon|Valimia}} [[Valimia]]
|nation = {{flagicon|Aurora Islands}} [[Aurora Islands]]
|agency = [[Paavalpori Language Council]]
|agency = [[Niedkirch Language Council]]
|iso1  = hn
|iso1  = au
|iso2  = vhn
|iso2  = aul
|iso3  = vhn
|iso3  = aul
}}
}}


'''Hesuurinormi''' ({{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}}: {{wp|Help:IPA/Finnish|[hesuːrinormi]}}; literally "''Hesurian norm''") or '''Valimian Hesuurinormi''' is one of the two official written standards of the {{wp|Finnish language|Valimian language}}. Hesuurinormi is largely based on the {{wp|Finnish_language#Western_dialects|Gulf Valimian dialect}}. Although Yleiskieli ({{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}}: {{wp|Help:IPA/Finnish|[ylei̯skie̯li]}}; literally common/standard language) is the overall prefered written standard of Valimian, Hesuurinormi remains used by around 24% of all Valimian speakers as their primary standard mostly in and round the [[Gulf of Valimia]]. Hesuurinormi is characterised by its Hesurian influences in spelling, grammar and punctuation.  
'''Auroran''' (Auroran: ''Fearlainth nCeáil'' {{wp|Help:IPA|[ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]}}; often simply called ''Ceáil'' {{wp|Help:IPA|[ˈkʲaːlʲ]}}) is a {{wp|Uralic|Kireno-Kantemoshan}} language spoken in the [[Aurora Islands]] where it is the second official language alongside {{wp|German language|Weranian}}.
 
Auroran was first brought to the Aurora Islands by {{wp|Uralic|Kireno-Kantemoshan}} settlers in the 700s CE where it began a gradual shift away from its continental counterparts. During the [[Marauder Age]], the Aurora Islands were effectively conquered by Ghaillish marauders who also settled on the islands.  


== History ==
== History ==


==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
!Unrounded
!Rounded
|-
! Close
| i iː
| y yː
|u uː
|-
! Mid
| e eː
| ø øː
|o oː
|-
! Open
| a aː<ref group=note>/æ/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/ in the standard language but are still differentiated in some dialects.</ref> (æ æː)
|
| (ɑ ɑː)
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}


Valimian is written using a modified version of the {{wp|Latin alphabet|Cambran Alphabet}}. Both Yleiskieli and Hesuurinormi use the same alphabet. The Valimian Alphabet has 33 letters.
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
! {{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|dental consonant|Dental}}
! {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
! {{wp|glottal consonant|Glottal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|nasal stop|Nasal}}
! {{small|Plain}}
| {{IPA|m}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|n}}
| {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
! {{small|Palatlized}}
| {{IPA|mʲ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|Nʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;nʲ}}
| {{IPA|ŋʲ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|plosive consonant|Plosive}}
! {{small|broad}}
| {{IPA|p&nbsp;&nbsp;b}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|t&nbsp;&nbsp;d}}
| {{IPA|k&nbsp;&nbsp;ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|slender}}
| {{IPA|pʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;bʲ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|tʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;dʲ}}
| {{IPA|kʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;ɡʲ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|broad}}
| {{IPA|f&nbsp;&nbsp;v}}
| {{IPA|θ&nbsp;&nbsp;ð}}
| {{IPA|s}}
| {{IPA|x&nbsp;&nbsp;ɣ}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
! {{small|slender}}
| {{IPA|fʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;vʲ}}
| {{IPA|θʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;ðʲ}}
| {{IPA|sʲ}}
| {{IPA|xʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;ɣʲ}}
| {{IPA|hʲ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasalization|Nasalized]] <br/>fricative
! {{small|broad}}
| {{IPA|ṽ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|slender}}
| {{IPA|ṽʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
! {{small|broad}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|R&nbsp;&nbsp;r}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|slender}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|Rʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;rʲ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! {{small|broad}}
|
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|L&nbsp;&nbsp;l}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|slender}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|Lʲ&nbsp;&nbsp;lʲ}}
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Secret Hush
! rowspan="3" |Neashdea
Nähđä
Nähdä
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" |Singular
! colspan="6" |Plural
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Passive
|-
! colspan="2" |1st
! colspan="2" |2nd
! colspan="2" |3rd
! colspan="2" |1st
! colspan="2" |2nd
! colspan="2" |3rd
|-
!Positive
!Negative
!Positive
!Negative
!Positive
!Negative
!Positive
!Negative
!Positive
!Negative
!Positive
!Negative
!Positive
!Negative
|-
! rowspan="4" |Indicative
!Present
|Neachen
'''Nä(j)en'''
Näen
|E (n)neache
'''En''' '''näje'''
En näe
|Neacheat
'''Näjet'''
Näet
|Et neache
'''Et Näje'''
Et näe
|Neaccaé
'''Näkkee'''
Näkee
|Ei neache
'''Ei näje'''
Ei näe
|Neachemea
'''Näjemä'''
Näemme
|Emea neache
'''Emmä näje'''
Emme näe
|Neachettea
'''Näjettä'''
Näette
|Etea neache
'''Että näje'''
Ette näe
|Neacebeat
'''Näkevät/Nähđhään'''
Näkevät
|Ei neache
'''Ei näje'''
Eivät näe
|Neashdheán
'''Nähđhään'''
Nähdään
|Ei neashdea
'''Ei nähđä'''
Ei nähdä
|-
!Past
|Neain
'''Näjin'''
Näin
|E neachniut
'''En nähnyt'''
En nähnyt
|'''Näjit'''Näit
|'''Et''' '''nähnyt'''
Et nähnyt
|'''Näki'''Näki
|'''Ei''' '''nähnyt'''
Ei nähnyt
|'''Näjimä'''Näimme
|'''Emmä nähnheet'''Emme nähneet
|'''Näjittä'''
Näitte
|'''Että nähnheet'''Ette nähneet
|'''Nähthiin'''Näkivät
|'''Ei''' '''nähnheet'''
Eivät nähneet
|'''Nähthiin'''Nähtiin
|'''Ei nähty'''Ei nähty
|-
!Perfect
|'''Olen nähny(t)'''Olen nähnyt
|'''En ole''' '''nähnyt'''
En ole nähnyt
|'''Olet''' '''nähny(t)'''
Olet nähnyt
|'''Et ole''' '''nähnyt'''
Et ole nähnyt
|'''Oon''' '''nähny(t)'''
On nähnyt
|'''Ei ole''' '''nähnyt'''
Ei ole nähnyt
|'''Olema''' '''nähnheet'''
Olemme nähneet
|'''Emmä ole''' '''nähnheet'''
Emme ole nähneet
|'''Oletta''' '''nähnheet'''
Olette nähneet
|'''Että ole''' '''nähnheet'''
Ette ole nähneet
|'''Oon''' '''nähnheet'''
Ovat nähneet
|'''Ei ole''' '''nähnheet'''
Eivät ole nähneet
|'''Oon''' '''nähty'''
On nähty
|'''Ei ole nähty'''Ei ole nähty
|-
!Pluperfect
|'''Olin''' '''nähnyt'''
Olin nähnyt
|'''En ollut''' '''nähnyt'''
En ollut nähnyt
|'''Olit''' '''nähnyt'''
Olit nähnyt
|'''Et ollut''' '''nähnyt'''
En ollut nähnyt
|'''Oli''' '''nähnyt'''
Oli nähnyt
|'''Ei ollut''' '''nähnyt'''
Ei ollut nähnyt
|'''Olima''' '''nähnheet'''
Olimme nähneet
|'''Emmä olheet''' '''nähnheet'''
Emme olleet nähneet
|'''Olitta''' '''nähnheet'''
Olitte nähneet
|'''Että''' '''olheet''' '''nähnheet'''
Ette olleet nähneet
|'''Olthiin/oli''' '''nähnheet'''
Olivat nähneet
|'''Ei olheet''' '''nähnheet'''
Eivät olleet nähneet
|'''Oli nähty'''Oli nähty
|'''Ei ollut nähty'''Ei ollut nähty
|-
! rowspan="2" |Conditional
!Present
|'''Näkisin'''Näkisin
|'''En näkis'''En näkisi
|'''Näkisit'''Näkisit
|'''Et näkis'''Et näkisi
|'''Näkis'''Näkisi
|'''Ei näkis'''Ei näkisi
|'''Näkisimmä'''Näkisimme
|'''Emmä näkis'''Emme näkisi
|'''Näkisittä'''Näkisitte
|'''Että näkis'''Ette näkisi
|'''Näkisi'''Näkisivät
|'''Ei näkis/nähtäis'''Eivät näkisi
|'''Nähtäis'''Nähtäisiin
|'''Ei nähtäis'''Ei nähtäisi
|-
!Perfect
|Olisin nähnyt
|En olisi nähnyt
|Olisit nähnyt
|Et olisi nähnyt
|Olisi nähnyt
|Ei olisi nähnyt
|Olisimme nähneet
|Emme olisi nähneet
|Olisitte nähneet
|Ette olisi nähneet
|Olisivat nähneet
|Eivät olisi nähneet
|Olisi nähty
|Ei olisi nähty
|-
! rowspan="2" |Imperative
!Present
| -
| -
|Näe
|'''Älä näje'''Älä näe
|'''Nähkhöön'''Nähköön
|Älköön nähkö
|Nähkäämme
|Älkäämme nähkö
|'''Nähkää'''Nähkää
|Älkää nähkö
|Nähkööt
|Älkööt nähkö
|'''Nähtäkhöön'''Nähtäköön
|Älköön nähtäkö
|-
!Perfect
| -
| -
| -
| -
|Olkoon nähnyt
|Älköön olko nähnyt
| -
| -
| -
| -
|Olkoon nähneet
|Älkööt olko nähneet
|Olkoon nähty
|Älköön olko nähty
|-
! rowspan="2" |Potential
!Present
|Nähnen
|En nähne
|Nähnet
|Et nähne
|Nähnee
|Ei nähne
|Nähnemme
|Emme nähne
|Nähnette
|Ette nähne
|Nähnevät
|Eivät nähne
|Nähtäneen
|Ei nähtäne
|-
!Perfect
|Lienen nähnyt
|En liene nähnyt
|Lienet nähnyt
|Et liene nähnyt
|Lienee nähnyt
|Ei liene nähnyt
|Lienemme nähneet
|Emme liene nähneet
|Lienette nähneet
|Ette liene nähneet
|Lienevät nähneet
|Eivät liene nähneet
|Lienee nähty
|Ei liene nähty
|-
! rowspan="2" |Participle forms
!Present
| colspan="12" |'''Näkkeevä/Näkevä'''
| colspan="2" |'''Nähtävä'''
|-
!Perfect
| colspan="12" |'''Nähny(t)'''
| colspan="2" |'''Nähty'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Nominal forms
!Infinitive
| colspan="14" |'''Nähđä'''
|-
!Inf. Elative
| colspan="14" |'''Näkemästä'''
|-
!Inf. Illative
| colspan="14" |'''Näkemhään'''
|-
! colspan="16" |
|}
 
==Grammar==
 
== Sample ==
 
 
 
 
 
=Mito Stuff=
{{Short description|Language family}}
{{Infobox language family
|name= South Thalassan Languages
|region= [[Thalassa|Southern Thalassa]]
|familycolor= Austronesian
|fam1= {{wp|Austronesian}}
|fam2= {{wp|Malayo-Polynesian languages|Kerto-Multimarei}}
|fam3= {{wp|Oceanic languages|Marenesian}}
|fam4= {{wp|Central Pacific languages|Central Marenesian}}
|fam5= {{wp|Polynesian languages|Multimarei}}
|protoname= [[Proto-South Thalassan]]
|child1= [[Havonic]]
|child2= [[Kākō-Hame]]
|glotto=
|glottorefname=
|map= STLMAP.png
|mapcaption= '''The South Thalassan languages'''<br />Ocher is Havonic; pink is Kākō-Hame
}}
 
The '''Southern Thalassan Languages''' are a group of {{wp|polynesian languages|Multimarei languages}} spoken by the {{wp|polynesian people|Multimarei people}} in [[Thalassa|Southern Thalassa]] in the Thalassan territories of [[Mito|Benau]] and the [[Mito|South Thalassan Circuits]] of the [[Mito|Five Provinces]]. Most Southern Thalassan languages are extinct or moribund with the four most prominent ones being: Hame, Havo, Koele and Kākō. They all currently use a modified {{wp|japanese language|Mitonese}} katakana syllabry as a writing system though the {{wp|Greek alphabet|Laimiaic}} and {{wp|Latin alphabet|Aroman alphabets}} have also been used to write the languages.  
==History==
==Sound Correspondence==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" |Proto-Multimarei
! width=30|{{IPA|*p}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*t}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*k}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*ʔ}}
! width=30|{{IPA|*m}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*n}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*ŋ}}
! width=30|{{IPA|*w}}
! width=30|{{IPA|*f}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*s}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*h}}
! width=30|{{IPA|*l}} !! width=30|{{IPA|*r}}
|-
| colspan=3| Proto-South-Thalassan
| {{IPA|*p}} || {{IPA|*ʔ}} || {{IPA|*k}} || {{IPA|*Ø}}
| {{IPA|*m}} || {{IPA|*n}} || {{IPA|*k}}
| {{IPA|*w}} || {{IPA|*v}} || {{IPA|*h}} || {{IPA|*Ø}} || colspan=2| {{IPA|*l}}
|-
| rowspan=13 width=8|
| colspan=2| [[Kākō]]
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|p}}
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|ʔ/Ø}}
 
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|k}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|Ø}}
 
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|m}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|n}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|k}}
|rowspan=2 | {{IPA|w}}
|rowspan=1 | {{IPA|h}}
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|k}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|Ø}}
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| {{IPA|l}}
|-
| colspan=2| [[Hame]]
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|l}}
 
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|v/f}}
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|h}}


{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Č č
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F f
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| colspan=2| Proto-Havonic
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| {{IPA|*p}} || {{IPA|*ʔ}} || {{IPA|*k}} || {{IPA|*Ø}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| {{IPA|*m}} || {{IPA|*n}} || {{IPA|*k}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| {{IPA|*w}} || {{IPA|*v}} || {{IPA|*ʔ}} || {{IPA|*Ø}} || colspan=2|{{IPA|*l}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Š š
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | W w
| rowspan=8 width=8|
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x
| [[Havo]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|p}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|ʔ/n}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ž ž
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|k}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|Ø}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|m}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ſ
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|n}}
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|k}}
| rowspan=2|{{IPA|w}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|v}}
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|ʔ}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|Ø}}
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | {{IPA|l}}
|-
| colspan=2| [[Koele]]
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|w/k}}
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|h}}
| rowspan=1|{{IPA|h}}
| rowspan=1| {{IPA|w/k}}
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ß
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|}
|}


*The letter Č only appears in yleiskieli in foreign words with the voiceless postalveolar affricate /tʃ/. Hesuurinormi uses "tsch".
==Subgrouping==
*The letter S represents a voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in Hesuurinormi. The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ is written using the short s (Yleiskieli: ''lyhyt ässä'') "ſ"  and the double s (Yleiskieli: ''tuppla ässä'') "ß".
The South Thalassan languages are grouped into two groups: Kākō-Hame and Havonic.
*Yleiskieli does not distinguish between /z/, /s/, /tʃ/ and /dz/ whereby it only uses the letter S.
 
*Both ß and ſ only appear in lowercase form and are written as "SS" and "S" respectively when capitalized.
† = extinct; ()= moribund
==Grammar==
* Kākō-Hame
== Differences from Yleiskieli ==
** Kākō
Similar to {{wp|German language|Hesurian}}, Hesuurinormi capitalizes all nouns.
** Hame
***North Hame †
***Gamejima Leo


*YK: Minä ostin Ruokaa edellisenä päivänä marketista
*Havonic
*HM: Mä ostisin Kissan erellisen P
** West Havonic (†)
*** Lōtesquan †
*** Umanese †
*** lårelei (†)
** East Havonic
*** Havo
*** Kuepoe'e †
*** Koele
**** Lapēlaone (†)
==Orthography==


{| class="wikitable"
{| align=right style="margin-left:1em;"
|-
|
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; padding:2px; text-align:center;"
|+ Katakana used in Venuan writing
|-
!
! ''a'' !! ''i'' !! ''u'' !! ''e'' !! ''o''
|-
! title="No onset" | ∅
| <big>ア</big> || <big>イ</big> ||<big>ウ</big>||<big>エ</big>||<big>オ</big>
|-
! ''k''
|<big>カ</big>||<big>キ</big>||<big>ク</big>||<big>ケ</big>||<big>コ</big>
|-
! ''t''
|<big>タ</big>||<big>ティ</big>||<big>トゥ</big>||<big>テ</big>||<big>ト</big>
|-
|-
! Hesuurinormi !! IPA !! Yleiskieli !! IPA !! Translation
! ''n''
|<big>ナ</big>||<big>ニ</big>||<big>ヌ</big>||<big>ネ</big>||<big>ノ</big>
|-
|-
| Oekeoſ || [oe̯keo̯s] || oikeus || [oi̯keu̯s] || justice
! ''h''
|<big>ハ</big>||<big>ヒ</big>||<big>ホゥ</big>||<big>ヘ</big>||<big>ホ</big>
|-
|-
| Mettä || [metːæ] || metsä || [metsæ] || forest
! ''f*''
| {{N/A| }} || <big>フィ</big> ||<big>フ</big>|| {{N/A| }} || {{N/A| }}
 
|-
|-
| tasane || [tɑsɑnʲe] || tasainen || [tasai̯nen] || even
! ''p''
|<big>パ</big>||<big>ピ</big>||<big>プ</big>||<big>ペ</big>||<big>ポ</big>
|-
|-
| uſotela || Example || uskotella || Example || believe/sell
! ''m''
|<big>マ</big>||<big>ミ</big>||<big>ム</big>||<big>メ</big>||<big>モ</big>
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
! ''l**''
|<big>ラ</big>||<big>リ</big>||<big>ル</big>||<big>レ</big>||<big>ロ</big>
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
! ''w''
|<big>ワ</big>||<big>ウィ</big>||ウゥ||<big>ウェ</big>||<big>ヲ</big>
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
! ''v''
|<big>ヴァ</big>||<big>ヴィ</big>||||<big>ヴェ</big>||<big>ヴォ</big>
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
! ''ʔ''
|<big>ッア</big>||<big>ッイ</big>||ッウ||<big>ッエ</big>||<big>ッオ</big>
 
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
! colspan="6" | Functional marks <br>and diacritics
|-
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|colspan="2" | <big>ヽ</big>|| |<big>゛</big>|| |<big>゜</big>|| colspan="2" |<big>ー</big>
|}
|}
|-
| '''*''' [f] only appears in [[Kākō]]<br/>
| '''**''' [ɾ] in {{wp|Japanese language|Mitonese}}
|}
==Grammar==




== Sample ==
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Hesuurinormi and Ylesikieli with transcriptions into the {{wp|IPA}}:


<blockquote>"Kaik Ichmißet sntüwät wapaen ja tasawerttaſin Arvolttan ja Eukeochsilttan. Heil on annettu Järk ja Omatunt, ja heirä on toemittava toissia kohtta Weljeören Henges." <br>  /kɑi̯k içmisːet sntyʋæt ʋapɑe̯n jɑ tɑsɑʋertːɑsin ɑrʋoltːan jɑ oi̯keo̯ksiltːɑn hei̯l on ɑnːetːu jærk jæ omɑtunt jæ hei̯ræ on toe̯mitːɑʋɑ toi̯sːiɑ koxtːɑ ʋeljey̯ren heŋes/</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ colspan="10" |South Thalassan vocabulary
|-
!Proto-Multimarei
!Kākō
!Hame
!Havo
!Koele
!Translation
|-
|{{IPA|*motu}}
|mo'u
|molu
|monu
|mowu
|island
|-
|{{IPA|*taŋata}}
|aka'a
|lakala
|'akana
|wahake
|person
|-
|{{IPA|*fenua}}
|henua
|finau
|venao
|venau
|land/world
|-
|{{IPA|*qariki}}
|aliki
|aliki
|aliki
|aelihi
|chief
|-
|{{IPA|*tapu}}
|apu
|lapu
|'apu
|kēpu
|taboo
|-
|{{IPA|*faa}}
|hā
|vā
|vua
|voa
|to split
|-
|{{IPA|*leo}}
|leo
|leo
|leo
|lō
|language
|-
|{{IPA|*tiale}}
|iale
|liale
|'aele
|kele
|flower
|-
|{{IPA|*ma(a)qoli}}
|maoli
|maoli
|maole
|maole
|true, genuine
|-
|{{IPA|*sawaiki}}
|kawaiki
|hawaiki
|'awaeki
|kawaeke
|homeland
|-
|{{IPA|*katoa}}
|ka'ā
|kaloa
|ka'oe
|hakoe
|all
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!
! {{wp|Labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|Alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|Velar consonant|Velar}}
! {{wp|Glottal consonant|Glottal}}
|-
!{{wp|Voiceless consonant|Voiceless}} {{wp|Stop consonant|stop}}
| {{wp|IPA|p}}
| {{wp|IPA|t}}
| {{wp|IPA|k}}
| {{wp|IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!{{wp|Nasal stop|Nasal}}
| {{wp|IPA|m}}
| {{wp|IPA|n}}
|
|
|-
!{{wp|Fricative consonant|Fricative}}
| {{wp|IPA|v}} {{wp|IPA|f}}
|
|{{wp|IPA|h}}
|-
!{{wp|Lateral consonant|Lateral}}
|
| {{wp|IPA|l}}
|
|
|-
!{{wp|Semivowel|Glide}}
| {{wp|IPA|w}}
|
|
|
|}
=Haonic 2.0=


<blockquote>"Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä."</blockquote>
{{Infobox language
| name            = Haonic
| nativename      = [[Image:Hao we itale.png|140px]] <br> Hao we itâle ({{wp|Romanization|Ecclesiastical}}) <br> Hao wə itälə ({{wp|Romanization|Schnitter-Reuler}})
| states          = [[Mito]]
| pronunciation    = <small>IPA:</small> {{wp|Help:IPA|[hao wə ˈitælə]}}
| region          = [[Thalassa|Southern Thalassa]]
| ethnicity        = [[Haoan]]
| speakers        = 351,500
| date            = 2018
| speakers2        = 140,000 {{wp|passive speaker (language)|passive speakers}}
| familycolor      = Isolate
| family          = {{wp|Language isolate}}
| ancestor        = {{wp|Proto-language|Proto-Haonic}}
| ancestor2        = {{wp|Proto-language|Kalakala}}
| ancestor3        = {{wp|Proto-language|Nitséwale}}
| dia1            = {{wp|Dialect|Upper Tiskwai}}
| dia2            = {{wp|Dialect|Lower Tiskwai}}
| dia3            = {{wp|Dialect|Ânâisiitsé Dialect}}
| dia4            = {{wp|Dialect|Kaako-Hame Dialect}}
| dia5            = {{wp|Dialect|Linea Dialect}}
| script          = {{plainlist|
*[[Hao alphabet]]
*{{wp|Latin alphabet|Aroman alphabet}}
*({{wp|Romanization|Ecclesiastical romanisation}})
*({{wp|Romanization|Schnitter-Reuler romanisation}})
}}
| nation          = Mito
*Wenau
*Maloka
*Chūnankaidō
*Kawaeke
| minority        = Five Provinces (Mito)
*Gamejima
*Kauhime
| agency          = {{wp|prescriptivism|South Thalassa Language Authority}}
| iso1            = ha
| iso2b            = hao
| iso2t            = wen
| iso3            = hao
| lingua          = 12-HAA-a
| map              = STLMAP.png
| mapcaption      = Map of Haonic dialects
|map2              = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
| notice          = IPA
}}


== Controversy ==
'''Haonic''' ({{wp|Help:IPA/English|/hɑːoʊnɪk/}}; Haonic: [[Image:Hao we itale.png|90px]] ''Hao we itâle'' ({{wp|Romanization|Ecclesiastical romanisation}}), ''Hao wə itälə'' ({{wp|Romanization|Schnitter-Reuler romanisation}}) "Language of the Hao"), alternatively '''Hao''', is a {{wp|language isolate}} spoken primarily in [[Thalassa|southern Thalassa]]. It has approximately 410,000 speakers spread throughout southern Thalassa with significant Haophone communities in the Five Provinces.


Haonic does not have a single written or spoken standard. Instead, speakers of the language often use their local dialect even when communicating with speakers of another dialect. Several written standards have been created based on dialects for use in education and entertainment. The largest dialects are Lower Tiskwai and the Linea dialect in Wenau. All Haonic varieties are primarily written in the [[Hao alphabet]]. There also exists two romanised standards for Haonic: {{wp|Romanization|Ecclesiastical romanisation}} created in the 17th century by Lysian missionaires and the {{wp|Romanization|Schnitter-Reuler romanisation}} created in 1862 by Rhodellian linguists Alfred Reuler and Karl Schnitter. In addition to traditional dialects, the existence of Inter-Haonic has been campaigned for by certain researchers as when speakers of two dialects with a low degree mutual inteligibility communicate words and grammatical structures from larger dialects are used to facilitate communication. However, many have pushed back on the notion stating that a varied series of apropos changes in vocabulary and grammar is more indicative of accomodation than it is of a dialect.


The use of "Haonic language" as opposed to "Haonic languages" has been subject to considerable debate: there exists a Haonic {{wp|dialect continuum}} spanning southern Thalassa and outer Hao communities the furthest points of which are unintelligible with each other. Despite this, the unity of the Hao as an ethnic group, the use of larger dialects as lingua francas and the well recorded history of Haonic support its classification as a single language.


==History==
[[File:Rongorongo Schrift.jpg|400px|thumb|left|A wooden Hao ancestral tablet with {{wp|Rongorongo|Ronorono}} glyphs ]]
The Haonic language was brought to southern Thalassa by the Hao people who settled the islands. The exact date of Hao settlement and by extension the arrival of Haonic is not known. The migration of the Hao has traditionally been seen as having coincided or followed the migration of {{wp|polynesian people|Marenesian peoples}} between the 400s CE to the 1300s CE. However, genetic evidence has linked the Hao to early [[Aurelia|Aurelia people groups]] which has been taken to mean that their migration predates that of the [[Marenesia|Marenesians]]. Most historians now put the earliest possible point of settlement in the 500s CE while others believe that Hao settlement took place later in the 10th century. Attempts to reconstruct proto-Haonic have been made. However the lack of linguistic variation in settlement-era Haonic have impeded most efforts.


=Meharian language=
Unlike the [[Marenesia|Marenesians]] with whom the Hao had extensive contact from the 11th century onwards, the Hao did not have a great oral tradition. Instead, they relied on the written word in the form of {{wp|Rongorongo|Ronorono glyphs}} most often written on wooden tablets called ''touyi'' ({{wp|Romanization|Schnitter-Reuler}}: tuji). The creation of Ronorono glyphs bewteen the 10th and 12th centuries is one of the few independent inventions of writing in history. Pre-Marenesian contact texts of Ronorono are scarce. This is partly due to natural decay as most texts were written on perishable banana leaves or wooden tablets and also due to the cultural practise of ''Ruœsitïœ'' ({{wp|Romanization|Schnitter-Reuler}}: Rüösityö) where wooden tablets were burned or thrown to the sea as a result of military defeat between clans. The practise is well documented in Hao sources and was considered the ultimate form of victory where the defeated were quite literally wiped from history. As a result, Ronorono inscriptions dating from before the 15th century are extremely rare. Despite this, certain inscriptions have survived be it because they were carved on stone or were transported to islands where ritual burnings were not common.


{{Infobox language
Enough pre-1600s inscriptions have survived that an early pre-Marenesian state of Haonic has been able to be recorded. This was largely done in the late 1800s and early 1900s when a significant number of Ronorono tablets were discovered from shipwrecks and burial sites. This form of Haonic is called {{wp|Ancient language|Kalakala}} meaning ''lost far'' or ''lost greatly''. The language is believed to have existed in this form from the start of settlement in 500s or 900s CE to the beginning of significant Marenesian contact in the 1300s CE. Kalakala showed extensive use of declension in case and number only a small part of which has survived in certain modern Haonic dialects. Although the knowledge of how to read Ronorono was never completely lost to the Hao, elements of Kalakala had begun to be lost starting from the 14th century onwards as the glyphs were used less and less. Historical linguists from the mid-1800s onwards have been able to rediscover more and more of the lost aspects in Kalakala.
|name      = Meharian
[[File:Hao Letters 2.png|900px|frameless|center|Development of Ronorono glyphs into Hao letters]]
|nativename = ''מעהיירי or מהיר, mehiiri''
The oldest common form of all Haonic dialects is {{wp|Ancient language|Nitséwale}} ({{wp|Romanization|Schnitter-Reuler}}: Nizewalə) also commonly referred to as Old Hao. Inscriptions show that Kalakala began to lose much of its grammatical declension especially in nouns as case endings were replaced by head-final particles. This has been attributed to the extensive contact the Hao had with Marenesians which is evident from the deluge of loanwords of Marenesian origin that entered the language at the time. The language also lost many of its consonant clusters. Nitséwale is understood to have existed from the 1300s CE until the beginning of modern Hao in the 1600s CE. From the small number of Ronorono tablets that have survived the test of time, only relatvely few of them are written in Nitséwale. Instead by the time Marenesians began to interact with the Hao, the complex system of glyphs had simplified into the  {{wp|Semi-syllabary|Hao semi-syllabary}}. This simplification of the writing system led to a considerable increase in literacy and the production of Old Hao texts.
|pronunciation = <small>IPA:</small> {{wp|Help:IPA/Finnish|[mehiːri]}}
|states  = [[Valimia]]
|speakers = 2,1 million
|speakers2 =
|familycolor = Uralic
|fam1  =  {{wp|Uralic|Emic}}
|fam2  = {{wp|Finnic languages|Gollic}}
|fam3  = {{wp|Northern Finnic languages|South Gollic}}
|fam4  = {{wp|Finnish|Valimian}}
|ancestor      =
|ancestor2    =
|ancestor3    =
|ancestor4    =
|ancestor5    =
|stand1 = ווסהאַכּאַתייבי, ''uushakatiivi''
|stand2 = ישן, ''jesan''
|stand3 =
|script = {{wp|Hebrew Script|Shapah script}} ([[Meharian orthography]])
|nation = {{flagicon|Valimia}} [[Valimia]]
|agency = [[Paavalpori Language Council]]
|iso1  = mh
|iso2  = meh
|iso3  = meh
}}


'''Meharian''' (Mehearian: מעהיירי, ''mehiiri'' {{wp|IPA|[mehiːri]}}, {{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}}: Mehaari, {{wp|german language|Hesurian}}: ''Mehärisch'') is an {{wp|uralic languages|Emic}} {{wp|language}} spoken in [[Valimia]] and [[Berea|East Berea]]. The status of Meharian as a separate language has historically been contested, but it is recognized as an official language in [[Valimia]]. It was considered a dialect of {{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}} until the 19th century and is still today its closest relative.
Towards the beginning of Old Hao, the [[Pearl Road]] extended to the point that it encompassed southern Thalassa. Around the same time, [[Mito|Mitonese]] traders began to trade with the islands. This new cultural contact brought many innovations in writing to the islands which caused the already simplified writing of the Hao to become a true alphabet. The vast majority of Old Hao texts that survive to the modern day are written in Nitséwale and in the modern {{wp|alphabet|Hao alphabet}}. Of significant interests to historical linguists is the fact that this increased cultural contact with both sides of the Oriental ocean did not result in major change in the language unlike contact with the Marenesians. Conversely, modern Haonic as it developped became averse to new loanwords preferring to coin new words from existing ones. As such, the development of an extensive system of word deriviation is a key feature of modern Haonic.


Meharian is divided into two main dialect groups, [[Urban Meharian]] and [[Kaukais Meharian]] both of which are mutually intelligible. It is written using an adapted form of the {{wp|Hebrew script|Shapah}}. Meharian is characterised by its conservative development and extensive lexical borrowing from {{wp|Hebrew language|Shapah}} and {{wp|german language|Hessurian}}. Phonologically, Meharian is the closest language to {{wp|Finnish langauge|Old Valimian}}.
==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! <small>unrounded</small>
! <small>rounded</small>
! <small>unrounded</small>
! <small>rounded</small>
|-
! Close
| /{{IPAlink|i}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic i.png|20px]]<br>'''i'''
| /{{IPAlink|y}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic ü.png|20px]]<br>'''u/ü'''
|
|
| /{{IPAlink|u}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic u.png|20px]]<br>'''ou/u'''
|-
! Mid
| /{{IPAlink|e}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic e.png|20px]]<br>'''é/e'''
| /{{IPAlink|ø}}/, /{{IPAlink|œ}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic ö.png|20px]]<br>'''œ/ö'''
| /{{IPAlink|ə}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic ê.png|20px]]<br>'''ë/ə'''
| /{{IPAlink|ɤ}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic y.png|20px]]<br>'''ï/y'''
| /{{IPAlink|o}}/, /{{IPAlink|ɔ}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic o.png|20px]]<br>'''o'''
|-
! Open
| /{{IPAlink|æ}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic â.png|20px]]
<br>'''â/ä'''
|
|
| /{{IPAlink|ɑ}}/<br>
[[File:Haonic a.png|20px]]
<br>'''a'''
|
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Meharian consonants
|+ Haonic diphthongs
! Vowel
! {{IPA|ɑ}}
! {{IPA|e}}
! {{IPA|i}}
! {{IPA|o}}
! {{IPA|u}}
!y
!{{IPA|ø}}
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| &nbsp;
! {{IPA|ɑ}}
![[labial consonant|Labial]]
|
![[interdental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| {{IPA|ɑe}}
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|ɑə
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
| {{IPA|ɑi}}
![[glottal consonant|glottal]]
| {{IPA|ɑo}}
| {{IPA|ɑu}}
|
|
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|[[nasal stop|Nasals]]
! {{IPA|e}}
| m
| {{IPA|eɑ}}
| n
|
|
| {{IPA|ei}}
| {{IPA|eo}}
| eu
|
|
|
| ŋ
|
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Plosive]]s
! {{IPA|i}}
| p
| t
|
|
| k
|
| ʔ
|
|-
|
!rowspan="2"|[[fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
|
! <small>[[voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]</small>
| iu
|  
|yi
| s, θ
|{{IPA|ø}}i
|ç
| x
| h, ɦ
|-
|-
! <small>[[voiced consonant|Voiced]]</small>
! {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPA|oɑ}}
| {{IPA|oe}}
|oə
| {{IPA|oi}}
|
|
| ð
| {{IPA|ou}}
|
|
| ɣ
|
|
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|[[trill consonant|Trill]]
! {{IPA|u}}
|
|
|
| r
|
| {{IPA|ui}}
| {{IPA|uo}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|[[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{IPA|ɤ}}
| ʋ
| {{IPA|ɤɑ}}
| l
| {{IPA|ɤe}}
| j
|ɤə
| {{IPA|ɤi}}
| {{IPA|ɤo}}
| {{IPA|ɤu}}
|{{IPA|ɤ}}y
|{{IPA|ɤ}}{{IPA|ø}}
|-
! {{IPA|æ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|æe}}
|æə
| {{IPA|æi}}
| {{IPA|æo}}
| {{IPA|æu}}
|{{IPA|æ}}y
|{{IPA|æ}}{{IPA|ø}}
|-
! {{IPA|ø}}
| {{IPA|øɑ}}
| {{IPA|øe}}
|øə
| {{IPA|øi}}
|
|
|{{IPA|ø}}y
|
|
|-
|-
! {{IPA|y}}
| {{IPA|yɑ}}
|
|yə
| {{IPA|yi}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA|ø}}{{IPA|y}}
|}
|}


===Consonants===


{| class="wikitable sortable" rules=all align="center" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
Haonic consonants are subject to great dialectal variation but no dialect possesses (bi)labial sounds (m, p, b, f, v). Consonant clusters are generally rare in Haonic with a general syllable structure of CV. However, /s/ and /l/ can precede most consonants and /h/ can follow most consonants resulting in the largest consonant clusters in modern Haonic: /lth/, /sth/, /lsth/ and /ltsh/. The loss of consonant clusters in modern Haonic has led to a significant increase in its vowel inventory. Germinated consonants are still a fairly prominent feature in Haonic conjugation but do not occur elsewhere.
! Symbol !! {{wp|Finnish orthography|Valimian}} !! IPA Transcription !! {{wp|German orthography|Hesurian}} !! Meharian Name !! {{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}} Name !! Notes
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!  
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|א}}</span> || a || ɑ || a || ''אלעװי'' || ''Alevi'' || Can act as the blank vowel<br> and represent ɑ, æ and o.
! Plosive
| {{IPA link|t}}  
|
| {{IPA link|k}} &nbsp; {{IPA link|kʷ}}
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|אַ}}</span> || ä || æ || ä || ''אלעװי אַאַ''|| ''Alevi ää'' ||  
! Affricate
| {{IPA link|ts}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|אָ}}</span> ||colspan=3 | o || '' אלעװי אָאָ'' || ''Alevi oo'' ||  
!Trill
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ב}}</span> || v || ʋ || w || ''בעטי'' || ''Veti'' || Mostly used in loandwords.
! Fricative
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|בּ}}</span> || b || p || b || ''בּעטי''|| ''Peti'' || Pronounced the same as פּ.
! Nasal
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ג}}</span> || g || k || g || ''גיימעלי''|| ''Kiimeli'' || Pronounced the same as ק.
! Approximant
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|}
 
====Consonant clusters====
 
Modern Haonic has relatively fiew consonant clusters. They are formed primarily by adding /r/, /s/, /n/ or /l/ infront of another consonant or having it be followed by /h/. /wh/ is most commonly realised as /ʍ/
 
All clusters can occur word-medially; only /ts/ occurs word-initially.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!1st↓ · 2nd→
!t
!ts
!r
!s
!n
!l
!j
!k
!kʷ
!w
!h
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ד}}</span> || d || ð, t || d || ''דאאלעטטי''|| ''Taaleti'' || Pronounced the same as ט<br> when used in a loanword.
!t
|-,
|tt
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ה}}</span> || h || h, ç, x, ɦ || h || ''העע''|| ''Hee'' ||  
|
|
| ts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|th
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ו}}</span> ||colspan=3 | u || ''ואָו''|| ''Vov'' || Pronounced װ in old words.
!ts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|tsh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|וּ}}</span> || colspan=2 | y || ü || ''ואָו וּוּ''|| ''Vov yy'' ||  
!r
|
|
|rr
|rs
|rn
|rl
|
|rk
|rkʷ
|rw
|rh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|וֹ}}</span> || ö || ø || ö || ''ואָו וֹוֹ''|| ''Vov öö'' ||  
!s
|st
|sts
|sr
|ss
|
|sl
|sj
|sk
|skʷ
|sw
|sh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|װ}}</span> || v || ʋ || w || ''טופּלאַ ואָו''|| ''Tuppla vov'' ||  
!n
|
|
|nr
|ns
|nn
|
|
|
|
|
|nh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ז}}</span> || z || colspan=2 | s || ''זאַיעני''|| ''Sajeni'' || Pronounced the same as ס.
!l
|lt
|lts
|lr
|ls
|ln
|ll
|lj
|lk
|lkʷ
|lw
|lh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ח}}</span> || kh || x, ɣ, ç  || ch || ''חעעסי''|| ''Kheesi'' || Mostly used in loandwords.
!j
|
|
|
|js
|
|
|jj
|
|
|
|jh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ט}}</span> || colspan=3 | t || ''טעעסי''|| ''Teesi'' ||
!k
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|kk
|
|
|kh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|י}}</span> || colspan=3 | i || ''יוטי''|| ''Juti'' ||  
!kʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|kkʷ
|
|hkʷ
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|יִ}}</span> || colspan=3 | j || ''יוטי יִיי''|| ''Juti jii'' ||
!w
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|wh
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|כּ}}</span> || colspan=3 | k || ''כּאָװי''|| ''Kovi'' || Mostly used in loandwords.<br>Pronounced the same as ק.
!h
|ht
|hts
|
|
|
|
|
|hk
|
|hw
|hh
|}
==Orthography==
===Hao alphabet===
===Romanisation===
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
====Number====
====Case====
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
 
=Hau 3.0=
==Phonology==
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dento-alveolar
! colspan="3" |Post-alveolar
! colspan="3" |Velar
!Glottal
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|כ}}</span> || rowspan=2 | kh || rowspan=2 | x || rowspan=2 | ch || ''כאָװי''|| ''Khovi'' ||
!nor.
!vel.
!nor.
!vel.
!rnd.
!nor.
!vel.
!rnd.
!nor.
!vel.
!rnd.
!nor.
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ך}}</span> || ''לאָפּו כאָװי''|| ''Loppu Khovi'' || Final form.
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|mˠ
|n
|nˠ
|
|
|
|
|k
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ל}}</span> || colspan=3 | l || ''לאַמעטי''|| ''Lametti'' ||
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|p
|
|t
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ʔ*
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|מ}}</span> || colspan=3 rowspan=2 | m || ''מעמע''|| ''Memme'' ||
! rowspan="4" |Fricative
!Sibilant
|
|
|s
|
|
|ʃ
|ʃˠ
|ʃʷ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ם}}</span> || ''לאָפּו מעמע''|| ''Loppu Memme'' || Final form.
!Retroflex
|
|
|
|
|
|ʂ
|ʂˠ
|ʂʷ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|נ}}</span> || rowspan=2 | n || rowspan=2 | n, ŋ || rowspan=2 | n || ''נונו''|| ''Nunnu'' ||
!Palatal
|
|
|
|
|
|ɕ
|ɕˠ
|ɕʷ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ן}}</span> || ''לאָפּו נונו''|| ''Loppu Nunnu'' || Final form
!Non-sibilant
|
|
|θˠ
|θʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|h
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ס}}</span> ||colspan=2 | s || ss,ß || ''סאַמעהי''|| ''Samehi'' ||
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|ʋ
|ʋˠ
|l*
|lˠ*
|lʷ*
|j
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ע}}</span> ||colspan=3 | e || ''עין ''|| ''Ejn'' ||  
! rowspan="2" |Trill
!Voiced
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|פּ}}</span> || colspan=3 | p || ''פּעי''|| ''Pei'' ||
!Voiceless
|
|
|
|r̥ˠ
|r̥ʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|פ}}</span> ||rowspan=2  colspan=3| f || ''פעי''|| ''Fei'' ||
! colspan="2" |Tap
|
|
|ɾ*
|ɾˠ*
|ɾʷ*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Hao monophthong phonemes
!
!Front
!Central
!Open
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ף}}</span> || ''לאָפּו פעי''|| ''Loppu Fei'' || Final form.
!Close
|i, yː*
|ʉː
|u
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|צ}}</span> || rowspan=2 | ts || rowspan=2 | θ ||  rowspan=2 | th || ''צאַדעקאַ''|| ''Tsadekka'' ||
!Mid
|
|ə
|ɤː
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ץ}}</span> || ''לאָפּו צאַדעקאַ''|| ''Loppu Tsadekka'' || Final form.
!Open
| colspan="2" |a
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+
Hao diphthong phonemes
!
!Ending with /i/
!Ending with /ə/
!Ending with /u/
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ק}}</span> || colspan=3 | k || ''קווװי''|| ''Kuuvi'' ||
!Starting with /a/
|ai
|ae
|ao
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ר}}</span> || colspan=3 | r || ''רעיסי''|| ''Reissi'' ||
!Starting with /ə/
|əi
|
|əy
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ש}}</span> || š || ʃ, s || sch || ''שיני''|| ''Sini'' || Mostly used in loandwords. <br>Pronounced the same as ס.
!Starting with /i/
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|תּ}}</span> || colspan=3 | t || ''תּאָאָװי''|| ''Toovi''|| Mostly used in loandwords.<br>Pronounced the same as ט.
!Starting with /u/
|-
|yi
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ת}}</span> || colspan=2 | s || ss,ß || ''תאָװי''|| ''Sovi''||Mostly used in loandwords.
|
|
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 18:24, 8 May 2023

Auroran
Fearlainth nCeáil
PronunciationIPA: [ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]
Native toAurora Islands
Native speakers
128 453 L1
23 900 L2
Solarian alphabet (Ghaillish alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
Aurora Islands Aurora Islands
Regulated byNiedkirch Language Council
Language codes
ISO 639-1au
ISO 639-2aul
ISO 639-3aul

Auroran (Auroran: Fearlainth nCeáil [ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]; often simply called Ceáil [ˈkʲaːlʲ]) is a Kireno-Kantemoshan language spoken in the Aurora Islands where it is the second official language alongside Weranian.

Auroran was first brought to the Aurora Islands by Kireno-Kantemoshan settlers in the 700s CE where it began a gradual shift away from its continental counterparts. During the Marauder Age, the Aurora Islands were effectively conquered by Ghaillish marauders who also settled on the islands.

History

Alphabet

Phonology

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i iː y yː u uː
Mid e eː ø øː o oː
Open a aː[note 1] (æ æː) (ɑ ɑː)
  1. /æ/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/ in the standard language but are still differentiated in some dialects.
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal Plain m n ŋ
Palatlized Nʲ  nʲ ŋʲ
Plosive broad p  b t  d k  ɡ
slender pʲ  bʲ tʲ  dʲ kʲ  ɡʲ
Fricative broad f  v θ  ð s x  ɣ h
slender fʲ  vʲ θʲ  ðʲ xʲ  ɣʲ
Nasalized
fricative
broad
slender ṽʲ
Approximant broad R  r
slender Rʲ  rʲ
Lateral broad L  l
slender Lʲ  lʲ
Secret Hush
Neashdea

Nähđä Nähdä

Singular Plural Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
Indicative Present Neachen

Nä(j)en Näen

E (n)neache

En näje En näe

Neacheat

Näjet Näet

Et neache

Et Näje Et näe

Neaccaé

Näkkee Näkee

Ei neache

Ei näje Ei näe

Neachemea

Näjemä Näemme

Emea neache

Emmä näje Emme näe

Neachettea

Näjettä Näette

Etea neache

Että näje Ette näe

Neacebeat

Näkevät/Nähđhään Näkevät

Ei neache

Ei näje Eivät näe

Neashdheán

Nähđhään Nähdään

Ei neashdea

Ei nähđä Ei nähdä

Past Neain

Näjin Näin

E neachniut

En nähnyt En nähnyt

NäjitNäit Et nähnyt

Et nähnyt

NäkiNäki Ei nähnyt

Ei nähnyt

NäjimäNäimme Emmä nähnheetEmme nähneet Näjittä

Näitte

Että nähnheetEtte nähneet NähthiinNäkivät Ei nähnheet

Eivät nähneet

NähthiinNähtiin Ei nähtyEi nähty
Perfect Olen nähny(t)Olen nähnyt En ole nähnyt

En ole nähnyt

Olet nähny(t)

Olet nähnyt

Et ole nähnyt

Et ole nähnyt

Oon nähny(t)

On nähnyt

Ei ole nähnyt

Ei ole nähnyt

Olema nähnheet

Olemme nähneet

Emmä ole nähnheet

Emme ole nähneet

Oletta nähnheet

Olette nähneet

Että ole nähnheet

Ette ole nähneet

Oon nähnheet

Ovat nähneet

Ei ole nähnheet

Eivät ole nähneet

Oon nähty

On nähty

Ei ole nähtyEi ole nähty
Pluperfect Olin nähnyt

Olin nähnyt

En ollut nähnyt

En ollut nähnyt

Olit nähnyt

Olit nähnyt

Et ollut nähnyt

En ollut nähnyt

Oli nähnyt

Oli nähnyt

Ei ollut nähnyt

Ei ollut nähnyt

Olima nähnheet

Olimme nähneet

Emmä olheet nähnheet

Emme olleet nähneet

Olitta nähnheet

Olitte nähneet

Että olheet nähnheet

Ette olleet nähneet

Olthiin/oli nähnheet

Olivat nähneet

Ei olheet nähnheet

Eivät olleet nähneet

Oli nähtyOli nähty Ei ollut nähtyEi ollut nähty
Conditional Present NäkisinNäkisin En näkisEn näkisi NäkisitNäkisit Et näkisEt näkisi NäkisNäkisi Ei näkisEi näkisi NäkisimmäNäkisimme Emmä näkisEmme näkisi NäkisittäNäkisitte Että näkisEtte näkisi NäkisiNäkisivät Ei näkis/nähtäisEivät näkisi NähtäisNähtäisiin Ei nähtäisEi nähtäisi
Perfect Olisin nähnyt En olisi nähnyt Olisit nähnyt Et olisi nähnyt Olisi nähnyt Ei olisi nähnyt Olisimme nähneet Emme olisi nähneet Olisitte nähneet Ette olisi nähneet Olisivat nähneet Eivät olisi nähneet Olisi nähty Ei olisi nähty
Imperative Present - - Näe Älä näjeÄlä näe NähkhöönNähköön Älköön nähkö Nähkäämme Älkäämme nähkö NähkääNähkää Älkää nähkö Nähkööt Älkööt nähkö NähtäkhöönNähtäköön Älköön nähtäkö
Perfect - - - - Olkoon nähnyt Älköön olko nähnyt - - - - Olkoon nähneet Älkööt olko nähneet Olkoon nähty Älköön olko nähty
Potential Present Nähnen En nähne Nähnet Et nähne Nähnee Ei nähne Nähnemme Emme nähne Nähnette Ette nähne Nähnevät Eivät nähne Nähtäneen Ei nähtäne
Perfect Lienen nähnyt En liene nähnyt Lienet nähnyt Et liene nähnyt Lienee nähnyt Ei liene nähnyt Lienemme nähneet Emme liene nähneet Lienette nähneet Ette liene nähneet Lienevät nähneet Eivät liene nähneet Lienee nähty Ei liene nähty
Participle forms Present Näkkeevä/Näkevä Nähtävä
Perfect Nähny(t) Nähty
Nominal forms Infinitive Nähđä
Inf. Elative Näkemästä
Inf. Illative Näkemhään

Grammar

Sample

Mito Stuff

South Thalassan Languages
Geographic
distribution
Southern Thalassa
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-South Thalassan
Subdivisions
{{{mapalt}}}
The South Thalassan languages
Ocher is Havonic; pink is Kākō-Hame

The Southern Thalassan Languages are a group of Multimarei languages spoken by the Multimarei people in Southern Thalassa in the Thalassan territories of Benau and the South Thalassan Circuits of the Five Provinces. Most Southern Thalassan languages are extinct or moribund with the four most prominent ones being: Hame, Havo, Koele and Kākō. They all currently use a modified Mitonese katakana syllabry as a writing system though the Laimiaic and Aroman alphabets have also been used to write the languages.

History

Sound Correspondence

Proto-Multimarei *p *t *k *m *n *w *f *s *h *l *r
Proto-South-Thalassan *p *k *m *n *k *w *v *h *l
Kākō p ʔ/Ø k Ø m n k w h k Ø l
Hame l v/f h
Proto-Havonic *p *k *m *n *k *w *v *l
Havo p ʔ/n k Ø m n k w v ʔ Ø l
Koele w/k h h w/k

Subgrouping

The South Thalassan languages are grouped into two groups: Kākō-Hame and Havonic.

† = extinct; (†)= moribund

  • Kākō-Hame
    • Kākō
    • Hame
      • North Hame †
      • Gamejima Leo
  • Havonic
    • West Havonic (†)
      • Lōtesquan †
      • Umanese †
      • lårelei (†)
    • East Havonic
      • Havo
      • Kuepoe'e †
      • Koele
        • Lapēlaone (†)

Orthography

Katakana used in Venuan writing
a i u e o
k
t ティ トゥ
n
h ホゥ
f* フィ
p
m
l**
w ウィ ウゥ ウェ
v ヴァ ヴィ ヴェ ヴォ
ʔ ッア ッイ ッウ ッエ ッオ
Functional marks
and diacritics
 
* [f] only appears in Kākō
** [ɾ] in Mitonese

Grammar

South Thalassan vocabulary
Proto-Multimarei Kākō Hame Havo Koele Translation
*motu mo'u molu monu mowu island
*taŋata aka'a lakala 'akana wahake person
*fenua henua finau venao venau land/world
*qariki aliki aliki aliki aelihi chief
*tapu apu lapu 'apu kēpu taboo
*faa vua voa to split
*leo leo leo leo language
*tiale iale liale 'aele kele flower
*ma(a)qoli maoli maoli maole maole true, genuine
*sawaiki kawaiki hawaiki 'awaeki kawaeke homeland
*katoa ka'ā kaloa ka'oe hakoe all
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Voiceless stop p t k ʔ
Nasal m n
Fricative v f h
Lateral l
Glide w

Haonic 2.0

Haonic
Hao we itale.png
Hao we itâle (Ecclesiastical)
Hao wə itälə (Schnitter-Reuler)
PronunciationIPA: [hao wə ˈitælə]
Native toMito
RegionSouthern Thalassa
EthnicityHaoan
Native speakers
351,500 (2018)
140,000 passive speakers
Early forms
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
Mito
  • Wenau
  • Maloka
  • Chūnankaidō
  • Kawaeke
Recognised minority
language in
Five Provinces (Mito)
  • Gamejima
  • Kauhime
Regulated bySouth Thalassa Language Authority
Language codes
ISO 639-1ha
ISO 639-2hao (B)
wen (T)
ISO 639-3hao
Linguasphere12-HAA-a
STLMAP.png
Map of Haonic dialects
Lang Status 99-NE.svg
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Haonic (/hɑːoʊnɪk/; Haonic: Hao we itale.png Hao we itâle (Ecclesiastical romanisation), Hao wə itälə (Schnitter-Reuler romanisation) "Language of the Hao"), alternatively Hao, is a language isolate spoken primarily in southern Thalassa. It has approximately 410,000 speakers spread throughout southern Thalassa with significant Haophone communities in the Five Provinces.

Haonic does not have a single written or spoken standard. Instead, speakers of the language often use their local dialect even when communicating with speakers of another dialect. Several written standards have been created based on dialects for use in education and entertainment. The largest dialects are Lower Tiskwai and the Linea dialect in Wenau. All Haonic varieties are primarily written in the Hao alphabet. There also exists two romanised standards for Haonic: Ecclesiastical romanisation created in the 17th century by Lysian missionaires and the Schnitter-Reuler romanisation created in 1862 by Rhodellian linguists Alfred Reuler and Karl Schnitter. In addition to traditional dialects, the existence of Inter-Haonic has been campaigned for by certain researchers as when speakers of two dialects with a low degree mutual inteligibility communicate words and grammatical structures from larger dialects are used to facilitate communication. However, many have pushed back on the notion stating that a varied series of apropos changes in vocabulary and grammar is more indicative of accomodation than it is of a dialect.

The use of "Haonic language" as opposed to "Haonic languages" has been subject to considerable debate: there exists a Haonic dialect continuum spanning southern Thalassa and outer Hao communities the furthest points of which are unintelligible with each other. Despite this, the unity of the Hao as an ethnic group, the use of larger dialects as lingua francas and the well recorded history of Haonic support its classification as a single language.

History

A wooden Hao ancestral tablet with Ronorono glyphs

The Haonic language was brought to southern Thalassa by the Hao people who settled the islands. The exact date of Hao settlement and by extension the arrival of Haonic is not known. The migration of the Hao has traditionally been seen as having coincided or followed the migration of Marenesian peoples between the 400s CE to the 1300s CE. However, genetic evidence has linked the Hao to early Aurelia people groups which has been taken to mean that their migration predates that of the Marenesians. Most historians now put the earliest possible point of settlement in the 500s CE while others believe that Hao settlement took place later in the 10th century. Attempts to reconstruct proto-Haonic have been made. However the lack of linguistic variation in settlement-era Haonic have impeded most efforts.

Unlike the Marenesians with whom the Hao had extensive contact from the 11th century onwards, the Hao did not have a great oral tradition. Instead, they relied on the written word in the form of Ronorono glyphs most often written on wooden tablets called touyi (Schnitter-Reuler: tuji). The creation of Ronorono glyphs bewteen the 10th and 12th centuries is one of the few independent inventions of writing in history. Pre-Marenesian contact texts of Ronorono are scarce. This is partly due to natural decay as most texts were written on perishable banana leaves or wooden tablets and also due to the cultural practise of Ruœsitïœ (Schnitter-Reuler: Rüösityö) where wooden tablets were burned or thrown to the sea as a result of military defeat between clans. The practise is well documented in Hao sources and was considered the ultimate form of victory where the defeated were quite literally wiped from history. As a result, Ronorono inscriptions dating from before the 15th century are extremely rare. Despite this, certain inscriptions have survived be it because they were carved on stone or were transported to islands where ritual burnings were not common.

Enough pre-1600s inscriptions have survived that an early pre-Marenesian state of Haonic has been able to be recorded. This was largely done in the late 1800s and early 1900s when a significant number of Ronorono tablets were discovered from shipwrecks and burial sites. This form of Haonic is called Kalakala meaning lost far or lost greatly. The language is believed to have existed in this form from the start of settlement in 500s or 900s CE to the beginning of significant Marenesian contact in the 1300s CE. Kalakala showed extensive use of declension in case and number only a small part of which has survived in certain modern Haonic dialects. Although the knowledge of how to read Ronorono was never completely lost to the Hao, elements of Kalakala had begun to be lost starting from the 14th century onwards as the glyphs were used less and less. Historical linguists from the mid-1800s onwards have been able to rediscover more and more of the lost aspects in Kalakala.

Development of Ronorono glyphs into Hao letters

The oldest common form of all Haonic dialects is Nitséwale (Schnitter-Reuler: Nizewalə) also commonly referred to as Old Hao. Inscriptions show that Kalakala began to lose much of its grammatical declension especially in nouns as case endings were replaced by head-final particles. This has been attributed to the extensive contact the Hao had with Marenesians which is evident from the deluge of loanwords of Marenesian origin that entered the language at the time. The language also lost many of its consonant clusters. Nitséwale is understood to have existed from the 1300s CE until the beginning of modern Hao in the 1600s CE. From the small number of Ronorono tablets that have survived the test of time, only relatvely few of them are written in Nitséwale. Instead by the time Marenesians began to interact with the Hao, the complex system of glyphs had simplified into the Hao semi-syllabary. This simplification of the writing system led to a considerable increase in literacy and the production of Old Hao texts.

Towards the beginning of Old Hao, the Pearl Road extended to the point that it encompassed southern Thalassa. Around the same time, Mitonese traders began to trade with the islands. This new cultural contact brought many innovations in writing to the islands which caused the already simplified writing of the Hao to become a true alphabet. The vast majority of Old Hao texts that survive to the modern day are written in Nitséwale and in the modern Hao alphabet. Of significant interests to historical linguists is the fact that this increased cultural contact with both sides of the Oriental ocean did not result in major change in the language unlike contact with the Marenesians. Conversely, modern Haonic as it developped became averse to new loanwords preferring to coin new words from existing ones. As such, the development of an extensive system of word deriviation is a key feature of modern Haonic.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close /i/

Haonic i.png
i

/y/

Haonic ü.png
u/ü

/u/

Haonic u.png
ou/u

Mid /e/

Haonic e.png
é/e

/ø/, /œ/

Haonic ö.png
œ/ö

/ə/

Haonic ê.png
ë/ə

/ɤ/

Haonic y.png
ï/y

/o/, /ɔ/

Haonic o.png
o

Open /æ/

Haonic â.png
â/ä

/ɑ/

Haonic a.png
a

Haonic diphthongs
Vowel ɑ e ə i o u y ø
ɑ ɑe ɑə ɑi ɑo ɑu
e ei eo eu
i iu yi øi
o oe oi ou
u ui uo
ɤ ɤɑ ɤe ɤə ɤi ɤo ɤu ɤy ɤø
æ æe æə æi æo æu æy æø
ø øɑ øe øə øi øy
y yi øy

Consonants

Haonic consonants are subject to great dialectal variation but no dialect possesses (bi)labial sounds (m, p, b, f, v). Consonant clusters are generally rare in Haonic with a general syllable structure of CV. However, /s/ and /l/ can precede most consonants and /h/ can follow most consonants resulting in the largest consonant clusters in modern Haonic: /lth/, /sth/, /lsth/ and /ltsh/. The loss of consonant clusters in modern Haonic has led to a significant increase in its vowel inventory. Germinated consonants are still a fairly prominent feature in Haonic conjugation but do not occur elsewhere.

Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive t k  
Affricate ts
Trill r
Fricative s h
Nasal n
Approximant l j w

Consonant clusters

Modern Haonic has relatively fiew consonant clusters. They are formed primarily by adding /r/, /s/, /n/ or /l/ infront of another consonant or having it be followed by /h/. /wh/ is most commonly realised as /ʍ/

All clusters can occur word-medially; only /ts/ occurs word-initially.

1st↓ · 2nd→ t ts r s n l j k w h
t tt ts th
ts tsh
r rr rs rn rl rk rkʷ rw rh
s st sts sr ss sl sj sk skʷ sw sh
n nr ns nn nh
l lt lts lr ls ln ll lj lk lkʷ lw lh
j js jj jh
k kk kh
kkʷ hkʷ
w wh
h ht hts hk hw hh

Orthography

Hao alphabet

Romanisation

Grammar

Nouns

Number

Case

Adjectives

Verbs

Hau 3.0

Phonology

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dento-alveolar Post-alveolar Velar Glottal
nor. vel. nor. vel. rnd. nor. vel. rnd. nor. vel. rnd. nor.
Nasal m n k
Plosive p t ʔ*
Fricative Sibilant s ʃ ʃˠ ʃʷ
Retroflex ʂ ʂˠ ʂʷ
Palatal ɕ ɕˠ ɕʷ
Non-sibilant θ θˠ θʷ h
Approximant ʋ ʋˠ l* lˠ* lʷ* j
Trill Voiced r
Voiceless r̥ˠ r̥ʷ
Tap ɾ* ɾˠ* ɾʷ*
Hao monophthong phonemes
Front Central Open
Close i, yː* ʉː u
Mid ə ɤː
Open a
Hao diphthong phonemes
Ending with /i/ Ending with /ə/ Ending with /u/
Starting with /a/ ai ae ao
Starting with /ə/ əi əy
Starting with /i/
Starting with /u/ yi