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===Romanisation===
===Romanisation===
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
====Number====
====Case====
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
=Hau 3.0=
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dento-alveolar
! colspan="3" |Post-alveolar
! colspan="3" |Velar
!Glottal
|-
!nor.
!vel.
!nor.
!vel.
!rnd.
!nor.
!vel.
!rnd.
!nor.
!vel.
!rnd.
!nor.
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|mˠ
|n
|nˠ
|nʷ
|
|
|
|k
|kˠ
|kʷ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|p
|pˠ
|t
|tˠ
|tʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ʔ*
|-
! rowspan="4" |Fricative
!Sibilant
|
|
|s
|sˠ
|sʷ
|ʃˠ
|ʃʷ
|
|
|
|
|-
!Retroflex
|
|
|
|
|
|ʂˠ
|ʂʷ
|
|
|
|
|-
!Palatal
|
|
|
|
|
|ɕˠ
|ɕʷ
|
|
|
|
|-
!Non-sibilant
|
|
|θˠ
|θʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|h
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|ʋˠ
|l*
|lˠ*
|lʷ*
|j
|jˠ
|jʷ
|w̥
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Trill
!Voiced
|
|
|r
|rˠ
|rʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Voiceless
|
|
|r̥
|r̥ˠ
|r̥ʷ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Tap
|
|
|ɾ*
|ɾˠ*
|ɾʷ*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Hao monophthong phonemes
!
!Front
!Central
!Open
|-
!Close
|i, yː*
|ʉː
|u
|-
!Mid
|
|ɤː
|-
!Open
| colspan="2" |a
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+
Hao diphthong phonemes
!
!Ending with /i/
!Ending with /ə/
!Ending with /u/
|-
!Starting with /a/
|ai
|ae
|ao
|-
!Starting with /ə/
|əi
|
|əy
|-
!Starting with /i/
|
|
|
|-
!Starting with /u/
|yi
|yə
|
|}

Latest revision as of 18:24, 8 May 2023

Auroran
Fearlainth nCeáil
PronunciationIPA: [ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]
Native toAurora Islands
Native speakers
128 453 L1
23 900 L2
Solarian alphabet (Ghaillish alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
Aurora Islands Aurora Islands
Regulated byNiedkirch Language Council
Language codes
ISO 639-1au
ISO 639-2aul
ISO 639-3aul

Auroran (Auroran: Fearlainth nCeáil [ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]; often simply called Ceáil [ˈkʲaːlʲ]) is a Kireno-Kantemoshan language spoken in the Aurora Islands where it is the second official language alongside Weranian.

Auroran was first brought to the Aurora Islands by Kireno-Kantemoshan settlers in the 700s CE where it began a gradual shift away from its continental counterparts. During the Marauder Age, the Aurora Islands were effectively conquered by Ghaillish marauders who also settled on the islands.

History

Alphabet

Phonology

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i iː y yː u uː
Mid e eː ø øː o oː
Open a aː[note 1] (æ æː) (ɑ ɑː)
  1. /æ/ and /ɑ/ have merged into /a/ in the standard language but are still differentiated in some dialects.
Labial Dental Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal Plain m n ŋ
Palatlized Nʲ  nʲ ŋʲ
Plosive broad p  b t  d k  ɡ
slender pʲ  bʲ tʲ  dʲ kʲ  ɡʲ
Fricative broad f  v θ  ð s x  ɣ h
slender fʲ  vʲ θʲ  ðʲ xʲ  ɣʲ
Nasalized
fricative
broad
slender ṽʲ
Approximant broad R  r
slender Rʲ  rʲ
Lateral broad L  l
slender Lʲ  lʲ
Secret Hush
Neashdea

Nähđä Nähdä

Singular Plural Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
Indicative Present Neachen

Nä(j)en Näen

E (n)neache

En näje En näe

Neacheat

Näjet Näet

Et neache

Et Näje Et näe

Neaccaé

Näkkee Näkee

Ei neache

Ei näje Ei näe

Neachemea

Näjemä Näemme

Emea neache

Emmä näje Emme näe

Neachettea

Näjettä Näette

Etea neache

Että näje Ette näe

Neacebeat

Näkevät/Nähđhään Näkevät

Ei neache

Ei näje Eivät näe

Neashdheán

Nähđhään Nähdään

Ei neashdea

Ei nähđä Ei nähdä

Past Neain

Näjin Näin

E neachniut

En nähnyt En nähnyt

NäjitNäit Et nähnyt

Et nähnyt

NäkiNäki Ei nähnyt

Ei nähnyt

NäjimäNäimme Emmä nähnheetEmme nähneet Näjittä

Näitte

Että nähnheetEtte nähneet NähthiinNäkivät Ei nähnheet

Eivät nähneet

NähthiinNähtiin Ei nähtyEi nähty
Perfect Olen nähny(t)Olen nähnyt En ole nähnyt

En ole nähnyt

Olet nähny(t)

Olet nähnyt

Et ole nähnyt

Et ole nähnyt

Oon nähny(t)

On nähnyt

Ei ole nähnyt

Ei ole nähnyt

Olema nähnheet

Olemme nähneet

Emmä ole nähnheet

Emme ole nähneet

Oletta nähnheet

Olette nähneet

Että ole nähnheet

Ette ole nähneet

Oon nähnheet

Ovat nähneet

Ei ole nähnheet

Eivät ole nähneet

Oon nähty

On nähty

Ei ole nähtyEi ole nähty
Pluperfect Olin nähnyt

Olin nähnyt

En ollut nähnyt

En ollut nähnyt

Olit nähnyt

Olit nähnyt

Et ollut nähnyt

En ollut nähnyt

Oli nähnyt

Oli nähnyt

Ei ollut nähnyt

Ei ollut nähnyt

Olima nähnheet

Olimme nähneet

Emmä olheet nähnheet

Emme olleet nähneet

Olitta nähnheet

Olitte nähneet

Että olheet nähnheet

Ette olleet nähneet

Olthiin/oli nähnheet

Olivat nähneet

Ei olheet nähnheet

Eivät olleet nähneet

Oli nähtyOli nähty Ei ollut nähtyEi ollut nähty
Conditional Present NäkisinNäkisin En näkisEn näkisi NäkisitNäkisit Et näkisEt näkisi NäkisNäkisi Ei näkisEi näkisi NäkisimmäNäkisimme Emmä näkisEmme näkisi NäkisittäNäkisitte Että näkisEtte näkisi NäkisiNäkisivät Ei näkis/nähtäisEivät näkisi NähtäisNähtäisiin Ei nähtäisEi nähtäisi
Perfect Olisin nähnyt En olisi nähnyt Olisit nähnyt Et olisi nähnyt Olisi nähnyt Ei olisi nähnyt Olisimme nähneet Emme olisi nähneet Olisitte nähneet Ette olisi nähneet Olisivat nähneet Eivät olisi nähneet Olisi nähty Ei olisi nähty
Imperative Present - - Näe Älä näjeÄlä näe NähkhöönNähköön Älköön nähkö Nähkäämme Älkäämme nähkö NähkääNähkää Älkää nähkö Nähkööt Älkööt nähkö NähtäkhöönNähtäköön Älköön nähtäkö
Perfect - - - - Olkoon nähnyt Älköön olko nähnyt - - - - Olkoon nähneet Älkööt olko nähneet Olkoon nähty Älköön olko nähty
Potential Present Nähnen En nähne Nähnet Et nähne Nähnee Ei nähne Nähnemme Emme nähne Nähnette Ette nähne Nähnevät Eivät nähne Nähtäneen Ei nähtäne
Perfect Lienen nähnyt En liene nähnyt Lienet nähnyt Et liene nähnyt Lienee nähnyt Ei liene nähnyt Lienemme nähneet Emme liene nähneet Lienette nähneet Ette liene nähneet Lienevät nähneet Eivät liene nähneet Lienee nähty Ei liene nähty
Participle forms Present Näkkeevä/Näkevä Nähtävä
Perfect Nähny(t) Nähty
Nominal forms Infinitive Nähđä
Inf. Elative Näkemästä
Inf. Illative Näkemhään

Grammar

Sample

Mito Stuff

South Thalassan Languages
Geographic
distribution
Southern Thalassa
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-South Thalassan
Subdivisions
{{{mapalt}}}
The South Thalassan languages
Ocher is Havonic; pink is Kākō-Hame

The Southern Thalassan Languages are a group of Multimarei languages spoken by the Multimarei people in Southern Thalassa in the Thalassan territories of Benau and the South Thalassan Circuits of the Five Provinces. Most Southern Thalassan languages are extinct or moribund with the four most prominent ones being: Hame, Havo, Koele and Kākō. They all currently use a modified Mitonese katakana syllabry as a writing system though the Laimiaic and Aroman alphabets have also been used to write the languages.

History

Sound Correspondence

Proto-Multimarei *p *t *k *m *n *w *f *s *h *l *r
Proto-South-Thalassan *p *k *m *n *k *w *v *h *l
Kākō p ʔ/Ø k Ø m n k w h k Ø l
Hame l v/f h
Proto-Havonic *p *k *m *n *k *w *v *l
Havo p ʔ/n k Ø m n k w v ʔ Ø l
Koele w/k h h w/k

Subgrouping

The South Thalassan languages are grouped into two groups: Kākō-Hame and Havonic.

† = extinct; (†)= moribund

  • Kākō-Hame
    • Kākō
    • Hame
      • North Hame †
      • Gamejima Leo
  • Havonic
    • West Havonic (†)
      • Lōtesquan †
      • Umanese †
      • lårelei (†)
    • East Havonic
      • Havo
      • Kuepoe'e †
      • Koele
        • Lapēlaone (†)

Orthography

Katakana used in Venuan writing
a i u e o
k
t ティ トゥ
n
h ホゥ
f* フィ
p
m
l**
w ウィ ウゥ ウェ
v ヴァ ヴィ ヴェ ヴォ
ʔ ッア ッイ ッウ ッエ ッオ
Functional marks
and diacritics
 
* [f] only appears in Kākō
** [ɾ] in Mitonese

Grammar

South Thalassan vocabulary
Proto-Multimarei Kākō Hame Havo Koele Translation
*motu mo'u molu monu mowu island
*taŋata aka'a lakala 'akana wahake person
*fenua henua finau venao venau land/world
*qariki aliki aliki aliki aelihi chief
*tapu apu lapu 'apu kēpu taboo
*faa vua voa to split
*leo leo leo leo language
*tiale iale liale 'aele kele flower
*ma(a)qoli maoli maoli maole maole true, genuine
*sawaiki kawaiki hawaiki 'awaeki kawaeke homeland
*katoa ka'ā kaloa ka'oe hakoe all
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Voiceless stop p t k ʔ
Nasal m n
Fricative v f h
Lateral l
Glide w

Haonic 2.0

Haonic
Hao we itale.png
Hao we itâle (Ecclesiastical)
Hao wə itälə (Schnitter-Reuler)
PronunciationIPA: [hao wə ˈitælə]
Native toMito
RegionSouthern Thalassa
EthnicityHaoan
Native speakers
351,500 (2018)
140,000 passive speakers
Early forms
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
Mito
  • Wenau
  • Maloka
  • Chūnankaidō
  • Kawaeke
Recognised minority
language in
Five Provinces (Mito)
  • Gamejima
  • Kauhime
Regulated bySouth Thalassa Language Authority
Language codes
ISO 639-1ha
ISO 639-2hao (B)
wen (T)
ISO 639-3hao
Linguasphere12-HAA-a
STLMAP.png
Map of Haonic dialects
Lang Status 99-NE.svg
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Haonic (/hɑːoʊnɪk/; Haonic: Hao we itale.png Hao we itâle (Ecclesiastical romanisation), Hao wə itälə (Schnitter-Reuler romanisation) "Language of the Hao"), alternatively Hao, is a language isolate spoken primarily in southern Thalassa. It has approximately 410,000 speakers spread throughout southern Thalassa with significant Haophone communities in the Five Provinces.

Haonic does not have a single written or spoken standard. Instead, speakers of the language often use their local dialect even when communicating with speakers of another dialect. Several written standards have been created based on dialects for use in education and entertainment. The largest dialects are Lower Tiskwai and the Linea dialect in Wenau. All Haonic varieties are primarily written in the Hao alphabet. There also exists two romanised standards for Haonic: Ecclesiastical romanisation created in the 17th century by Lysian missionaires and the Schnitter-Reuler romanisation created in 1862 by Rhodellian linguists Alfred Reuler and Karl Schnitter. In addition to traditional dialects, the existence of Inter-Haonic has been campaigned for by certain researchers as when speakers of two dialects with a low degree mutual inteligibility communicate words and grammatical structures from larger dialects are used to facilitate communication. However, many have pushed back on the notion stating that a varied series of apropos changes in vocabulary and grammar is more indicative of accomodation than it is of a dialect.

The use of "Haonic language" as opposed to "Haonic languages" has been subject to considerable debate: there exists a Haonic dialect continuum spanning southern Thalassa and outer Hao communities the furthest points of which are unintelligible with each other. Despite this, the unity of the Hao as an ethnic group, the use of larger dialects as lingua francas and the well recorded history of Haonic support its classification as a single language.

History

A wooden Hao ancestral tablet with Ronorono glyphs

The Haonic language was brought to southern Thalassa by the Hao people who settled the islands. The exact date of Hao settlement and by extension the arrival of Haonic is not known. The migration of the Hao has traditionally been seen as having coincided or followed the migration of Marenesian peoples between the 400s CE to the 1300s CE. However, genetic evidence has linked the Hao to early Aurelia people groups which has been taken to mean that their migration predates that of the Marenesians. Most historians now put the earliest possible point of settlement in the 500s CE while others believe that Hao settlement took place later in the 10th century. Attempts to reconstruct proto-Haonic have been made. However the lack of linguistic variation in settlement-era Haonic have impeded most efforts.

Unlike the Marenesians with whom the Hao had extensive contact from the 11th century onwards, the Hao did not have a great oral tradition. Instead, they relied on the written word in the form of Ronorono glyphs most often written on wooden tablets called touyi (Schnitter-Reuler: tuji). The creation of Ronorono glyphs bewteen the 10th and 12th centuries is one of the few independent inventions of writing in history. Pre-Marenesian contact texts of Ronorono are scarce. This is partly due to natural decay as most texts were written on perishable banana leaves or wooden tablets and also due to the cultural practise of Ruœsitïœ (Schnitter-Reuler: Rüösityö) where wooden tablets were burned or thrown to the sea as a result of military defeat between clans. The practise is well documented in Hao sources and was considered the ultimate form of victory where the defeated were quite literally wiped from history. As a result, Ronorono inscriptions dating from before the 15th century are extremely rare. Despite this, certain inscriptions have survived be it because they were carved on stone or were transported to islands where ritual burnings were not common.

Enough pre-1600s inscriptions have survived that an early pre-Marenesian state of Haonic has been able to be recorded. This was largely done in the late 1800s and early 1900s when a significant number of Ronorono tablets were discovered from shipwrecks and burial sites. This form of Haonic is called Kalakala meaning lost far or lost greatly. The language is believed to have existed in this form from the start of settlement in 500s or 900s CE to the beginning of significant Marenesian contact in the 1300s CE. Kalakala showed extensive use of declension in case and number only a small part of which has survived in certain modern Haonic dialects. Although the knowledge of how to read Ronorono was never completely lost to the Hao, elements of Kalakala had begun to be lost starting from the 14th century onwards as the glyphs were used less and less. Historical linguists from the mid-1800s onwards have been able to rediscover more and more of the lost aspects in Kalakala.

Development of Ronorono glyphs into Hao letters

The oldest common form of all Haonic dialects is Nitséwale (Schnitter-Reuler: Nizewalə) also commonly referred to as Old Hao. Inscriptions show that Kalakala began to lose much of its grammatical declension especially in nouns as case endings were replaced by head-final particles. This has been attributed to the extensive contact the Hao had with Marenesians which is evident from the deluge of loanwords of Marenesian origin that entered the language at the time. The language also lost many of its consonant clusters. Nitséwale is understood to have existed from the 1300s CE until the beginning of modern Hao in the 1600s CE. From the small number of Ronorono tablets that have survived the test of time, only relatvely few of them are written in Nitséwale. Instead by the time Marenesians began to interact with the Hao, the complex system of glyphs had simplified into the Hao semi-syllabary. This simplification of the writing system led to a considerable increase in literacy and the production of Old Hao texts.

Towards the beginning of Old Hao, the Pearl Road extended to the point that it encompassed southern Thalassa. Around the same time, Mitonese traders began to trade with the islands. This new cultural contact brought many innovations in writing to the islands which caused the already simplified writing of the Hao to become a true alphabet. The vast majority of Old Hao texts that survive to the modern day are written in Nitséwale and in the modern Hao alphabet. Of significant interests to historical linguists is the fact that this increased cultural contact with both sides of the Oriental ocean did not result in major change in the language unlike contact with the Marenesians. Conversely, modern Haonic as it developped became averse to new loanwords preferring to coin new words from existing ones. As such, the development of an extensive system of word deriviation is a key feature of modern Haonic.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close /i/

Haonic i.png
i

/y/

Haonic ü.png
u/ü

/u/

Haonic u.png
ou/u

Mid /e/

Haonic e.png
é/e

/ø/, /œ/

Haonic ö.png
œ/ö

/ə/

Haonic ê.png
ë/ə

/ɤ/

Haonic y.png
ï/y

/o/, /ɔ/

Haonic o.png
o

Open /æ/

Haonic â.png
â/ä

/ɑ/

Haonic a.png
a

Haonic diphthongs
Vowel ɑ e ə i o u y ø
ɑ ɑe ɑə ɑi ɑo ɑu
e ei eo eu
i iu yi øi
o oe oi ou
u ui uo
ɤ ɤɑ ɤe ɤə ɤi ɤo ɤu ɤy ɤø
æ æe æə æi æo æu æy æø
ø øɑ øe øə øi øy
y yi øy

Consonants

Haonic consonants are subject to great dialectal variation but no dialect possesses (bi)labial sounds (m, p, b, f, v). Consonant clusters are generally rare in Haonic with a general syllable structure of CV. However, /s/ and /l/ can precede most consonants and /h/ can follow most consonants resulting in the largest consonant clusters in modern Haonic: /lth/, /sth/, /lsth/ and /ltsh/. The loss of consonant clusters in modern Haonic has led to a significant increase in its vowel inventory. Germinated consonants are still a fairly prominent feature in Haonic conjugation but do not occur elsewhere.

Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive t k  
Affricate ts
Trill r
Fricative s h
Nasal n
Approximant l j w

Consonant clusters

Modern Haonic has relatively fiew consonant clusters. They are formed primarily by adding /r/, /s/, /n/ or /l/ infront of another consonant or having it be followed by /h/. /wh/ is most commonly realised as /ʍ/

All clusters can occur word-medially; only /ts/ occurs word-initially.

1st↓ · 2nd→ t ts r s n l j k w h
t tt ts th
ts tsh
r rr rs rn rl rk rkʷ rw rh
s st sts sr ss sl sj sk skʷ sw sh
n nr ns nn nh
l lt lts lr ls ln ll lj lk lkʷ lw lh
j js jj jh
k kk kh
kkʷ hkʷ
w wh
h ht hts hk hw hh

Orthography

Hao alphabet

Romanisation

Grammar

Nouns

Number

Case

Adjectives

Verbs

Hau 3.0

Phonology

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dento-alveolar Post-alveolar Velar Glottal
nor. vel. nor. vel. rnd. nor. vel. rnd. nor. vel. rnd. nor.
Nasal m n k
Plosive p t ʔ*
Fricative Sibilant s ʃ ʃˠ ʃʷ
Retroflex ʂ ʂˠ ʂʷ
Palatal ɕ ɕˠ ɕʷ
Non-sibilant θ θˠ θʷ h
Approximant ʋ ʋˠ l* lˠ* lʷ* j
Trill Voiced r
Voiceless r̥ˠ r̥ʷ
Tap ɾ* ɾˠ* ɾʷ*
Hao monophthong phonemes
Front Central Open
Close i, yː* ʉː u
Mid ə ɤː
Open a
Hao diphthong phonemes
Ending with /i/ Ending with /ə/ Ending with /u/
Starting with /a/ ai ae ao
Starting with /ə/ əi əy
Starting with /i/
Starting with /u/ yi