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{{Infobox Christian denomination
{{Infobox organization
| icon               =  
| name               = Bank of Bahia<br>''Banque de Baïe''
| icon_width          =
| logo               =  
| icon_alt            =
| motto              =  
| name               = Abidemism
| image              = HQAFDBAbidjanPlateauMars2016.JPG
| native_name        =
| caption            = Headquarters in Edudzi Agyeman City
| native_name_lang    =  
| formation          = {{start date and age|1988|5|12|df=yes}}
| image              = Nkamba 25 mai 2016.jpg
| extinction          =  
| imagewidth          =  
| type                = {{wp|International financial institution}}
| alt                =
| abbreviation        = BdB
| caption            = Members of the Abidemist Church celebrating {{wp|Christmas|Nativity Day}}
| status              = Treaty
| abbreviation        =  
| purpose            = Regional development<br>Providing financial bailouts to Bahian states with {{wp|balance of payments}} difficulties
| type                = {{wp|New religious movement|New Sotirian religious movement}}
| headquarters       = [[Edudzi Agyeman City]], [[Asase Lewa]]<br>[[Kwamuimepe]], [[Kitaubani]]
| main_classification = {{wp|African initiated church|Bahian-initiated church}}
| region_served       = [[Bahia]]
| orientation        =  
| membership          = {{flag|Asase Lewa}}<br>{{flag|Kitaubani}}<br>Insert yourselves
| scripture          =
| language            = {{wp|French language|Gaullican}}
| theology            = {{wp|Pentecostalism|Pentecostal}}<ref group=Note name=Note01/>
| main_organ          = * Board of Governors
| polity              =
| affiliations        =  
| governance          =
| num_staff          =  
| structure          =
| num_volunteers      =  
| leader_title        =
| budget             =  
| leader_name        = 
| website             = {{URL|nationstates.net|bdb.org}}
| leader_title1      =
| remarks             =  
| leader_name1        =
| key_people         =  
| leader_title2      =
| leader_name2       =  
| leader_title3       =
| leader_name3        =
| fellowships_type    =
| fellowships        =
| fellowships_type1  =
| fellowships1        =
| division_type      =
| division            =
| division_type1      =
| division1          =
| division_type2      =
| division2          =
| division_type3      =
| division3          =
| associations        =
| area                = [[Asase Lewa]]
| language            = {{wp|Ewe language|Asalewan}}
| liturgy            =
| headquarters        =
| origin_link        =
| founder            = {{wp|Simon Kimbangu|Abidemi Omolayo}}
| founded_date        = January 1913
| founded_place      =  
| separated_from      =  
| branched_from      =  
| merger             =  
| absorbed            =
| separations        =
| merged_into        =
| defunct             =
| congregations_type  =
| congregations      =
| members             = 7 million
| ministers_type      =
| ministers          =
| missionaries        =
| churches            =
| hospitals          =
| nursing_homes      =
| aid                =
| primary_schools    =  
| secondary_schools  =
| tax_status         =
| tertiary            =
| other_names        =
| publications        =
| website            =
| slogan              =
| logo                =
| footnotes          =  
}}
}}


'''Abidemism''' is a {{wp|millennarianism|millennarian}} and {{wp|Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic}} [[Sotirianity|Sotirian]] {{wp|new religious movement}} in [[Asase Lewa]] founded by {{wp|Simon Kimbangu|Abidemi Omolayo}} in 1913. A {{wp|postmillennialism|postmillennial}} faith, Abidemism regards Abidemi as an incarnation of the {{wp|Holy Spirit}} sent to prophesy an imminent {{wp|Armageddon|apocalyptic war}} taking the form of an {{wp|war of national liberation|anti-colonial}} and {{wp|class struggle|class}} {{wp|war}} that would inaugurate the {{wp|Millennium}}, followed by the {{wp|Second Coming}} and {{wp|Last Judgment}}. Abidemism synthesizes this millenarian doctrine with {{wp|Pentecostalism|Pentecostal}} liturgical practices, most prominently {{wp|footwashing}}, {{wp|glossolalia}}, {{wp|Baptism with the Holy Spirit}}, and {{wp|faith healing}}, and with highly {{wp|Puritanism|Puritan ethics}}, including the practice of {{wp|vegetarianism}} and {{wp|community of goods}} and strict prohibitions on {{wp|alcohol}}, {{wp|tobacco}}, {{wp|polygamy}}, {{wp|magic and witchcraft}}, and {{wp|dancing}}.
The '''Bank of Bahia''' ({{wp|French language|Gaullican}}: ''Banque de Baïe'') is an {{wp|international finance institution|international finance}} and {{wp|development finance institution}} headquartered in [[Edudzi Agyeman City]], [[Asase Lewa]] and [[Kwamuimepe]], [[Kitaubani]]. The Bank was established by the governments of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani in order to provide development financing and {{wp|debt relief}} for [[Bahia|Bahian]] states. Founded with an {{wp|authorised capital}} of $10 billion in 1988, the BdB was primarily created in order to provide Bahian states with an alternative to the [[Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs]], which provided extensive debt relief with the stipulation of adopting {{wp|structural adjustment|Economic Restructuring Programs}} programs. Since its inception, however, the BdB has gradually expanded to provide funds for {{wp|infrastructure}} and {{wp|economic development}}. The BdB has also become closely associated with the [[Bank for United Development]] of the [[International Forum for Developing States]], established at a similar period as the BdB, though also seeking to provide an alternative to the GIFA among Bahian states geopolitically unaligned with the BDU's key backers, [[Shangea]] and [[Zorasan]].


Originating in the early twentieth century as an outgrowth of the {{wp|Mau Mau rebellion#Background|Oathing movement}}, Abidemism has historically suffered from intense state repression in Asase Lewa. Its revolutionary and millenarian doctrines meant Abidemism received significant suppression by [[Estmere|Estmerish]] colonial authorities soon after it became widespread; Abidemism first competed with the [[Asalewan Section of the Workers' International]] for the affections of the early twentieth-century Asalewan lower classes before Abidemists joined the Section in large numbers in the 1920s and 1930s, before being purged during the {{wp|Yan'an Rectification Movement|Lokossa Rectification Campaign}} in the late 1930s and early 1940s. After the Rectification Campaign, the Abidemist Church was intensely suppressed by the Asalewan Section and early revolutionary socialist state as part of its policy of {{wp|state atheism}}. Nevertheless, the religion survived decades of persecution; the {{wp|Army|Lokpa Spiritual Freedom Army}} adopted a variant of the faith during the [[Lokpaland insurgency]] in the late 1980s and 1990s, and the [[Pyschological-Technological Revolution]] resulted in the legalization of the pro-government {{wp|Patriotic Catholic Association|Revolutionary Abidemist Church}} in 1982. One of the largest {{wp|African-initiated church|Bahian-initiated churches}} outside the [[Brethren Church]], Abidemism is today the only growing major {{wp|religious denomination}} in Asase Lewa and its adherents in the country number approximately 7 million people, roughly one-tenth of the country's population.
Though the area the BdB seeks to cover is coterminous with that of the [[Congress of Bahian States]], the BdB is unaffiliated with the CBS. Though its internal structure differes from that of the GIFA—in that voting power does not entirely correspond to shareholders—the BdB also lacks the CBS's one-member, one-vote structure, with additional votes allotted to the BdB's founding states of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani and to creditor states. An influential organization in furthering economic development on the Bahian subcontinent, the BdB is a controversial organization in the region, with supporters lauding the Bank as a powerful opponent of [[Euclea|Euclean]] {{wp|neocolonialism}} and proponent of {{wp|anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist}} {{wp|South-South cooperation}} and critics arguing that the BdB's member states of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani have mantained a {{wp|paternalism|paternalistic}} towards other Bahian states and favored those states' economic interests at the expense of other Bahian states.


==History==
==History==


===Origins and colonial period===
[[File:Kenneth_David_Kaunda.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Kayode Temidare]], the General Secretary of the [[Asalewan Section of the Workers' International]] from 1973 to 1988, played an instrumental role in pursuing a less interventionist and more realist foreign policy, helping enable Asase Lewa's rapprochement with Kitaubani and the formation of the Bank of Bahia.]]


[[File:Simon Kibangu.jpg|thumb|left|250px|{{wp|Simon Kimbangu|Abidemi Omolayo}}, the sect's namesake, founded Abidemism in January 1913.]]
During the 1980s, the {{wp|foreign policies}} of two of Bahia's wealthiest states—Asase Lewa and Kitaubani, whose relationship had been highly adversarial in the initial decades after independence—moderated significantly. With the collapse of the [[Mabifian Democratic Republic]] in 1979, a decline in most {{wp|Council communism|Councilist}} {{wp|guerrilla warfare|guerilla}} movements that Asase Lewa traditionally suported, and the [[Psychological-Technological Revolution]] of 1981, Asalewan foreign policy became significantly less {{wp|interventionism|interventionist}} and {{wp|realism|realist}}, willing to forge geopolitical alliances with ideological adversaries for economic reasons. A similar political shift occurred in Kitaubani, where the end of the {{wp|Dirty War}} and liberalization of the country's {{wp|constitutional monarchy}} enabled the ascension of {{wp|social democracy|social-democratic}} and {{wp|left-wing populism|left-wing populist}} elements to political power that pursued a far less adversial relationship with Asase Lewa and far less cordial relationship with [[Werania]], Kitaubani's primary ally after independence. The result of these shifts in Asalewan and Kitauban foreign policy was an inaguration of widespread {{wp|détente}} and strategic cooperation on mutual interests by the mid-1980s.


Abidemism traces its origins to the global spread of {{wp|Pentecostalism}} in the early twentieth century. Soon after the birth of Pentecostalism at the {{wp|Azusa Street Revival|Not! Azusa Street Revival}} in [Insert Country Here], some of the earliest {{wp|African Pentecostalism|Pentecostal missionaries}} in [[Bahia]] arrived in the [[Estmere|Estmerish]] colony of [[Asase Lewa#Colonial_History|Odo]], contemporary [[Asase Lewa]], in 1909. Primarily thanks to its predictions that the {{wp|Christian eschatology|end times}} were imminent—resonating with the local attitude in a society that had witnessed considerable social disruption thanks to {{wp|colonialism}}—Pentecostalism spread quickly in Odo, and {{wp|Simon Kimbangu|Abidemi Omolayo}}, a {{wp|Yoruba people|Gundaya}} peasant and the son of a traditional religious leader, became one of the earliest Pentecostal converts and one of the first natively-ordained Pentecostal preachers and missionaries in the colony.
Simultaneous to this growing détente in Asalewan-Kitauban relations, following the [[Recession of 1980]], numerous {{wp|developing countries}}, including the states of [[Bahia]], suffered from an escalating {{wp|third world debt|debt crisis}}, forcing numerous states to pursue {{wp|debt relief}}. In previous generations many left-wing {{wp|Global South}} states, including in Bahia, secured substantial financial assistance through the [[Association of Emerging Socialist Economies]]; however, the collapse of the AESE, and substantial crisis within one of its main {{wp|Global North}} sponsors, [[Valduvia]], severely reduced Global South states' outlets for debt relief outside the [[Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs]], which only granted debt relief in response to {{wp|structural adjustment|Economic Restructuring Programs}}, entailing, among other things, the mass {{wp|privatization}} of state assets, layoff of {{wp|public sector}} employees, and substantial {{wp|austerity}} measures.  


Simultaenous to the growth of Pentecostalism, native Odonian society witnessed rising social discontentment and political agitation in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Amongst native elites—particularly the {{wp|intelligentsia}} and an embryonic {{wp|bourgeoisie|national-bourgeoisie}}—{{wp|anti-colonialism|anti-colonial}} [[Pan-Bahianism]] took root, particularly after the [[Alààyè Massacre]] of nationalist protestors and market women in 1912 led to the mass radicalization of Odonian opinion. Simultaneously, increasing {{wp|enclosure|dispossession}} of the peasantry to establish {{wp|plantations}} worked on by wage laborers generated intense social discontentment amongst the peasant majority of Odonian society. The largely disorganized peasant {{wp|Mau Mau rebellion#Background|Oathing movement}} drew upon and radicalized the traditional practice of oathing to protest peasant dispossession. Like Pentecostal missionaries and preachers, most adherents of the Oathing movement expected that some sort of apocalyptic, millennarian event was imminent.
In this environment, a number of Global South states and activists sought to establish alternative financial institutions to the GIFA. Globally, this most prominently entailed Shangea and Zorasan's establishment for the International Forum for Developing States and its associated Bank for Unified Development in 1985. During the 1980s, however, the success and substantial growth of the IFDS and BDU that would occur in later decades was not necessarily guaranteed, nor was the BDU's involvement in member states traditionally unaligned to Shangea and Zorasan. Though Asase Lewa and Kitaubani experienced substantial economic and political crisis, like their Bahian neighbors, this crisis was far less profound than in other Bahian states, such as [[Tiwura]]; then as new, both states were comparatively wealthy and by the late 1980s began to witness a long-term period, continuing to this day, of {{wp|economic growth}} and prosperity, in Asase Lewa thanks to the intensified exploitation of the country's {{wp|petroleum}} resources and in Kitaubani thanks to {{wp|export-oriented industrialization}}, that resulted in a substantial growth in the countries' {{wp|foreign exchange reserves}}.


It was in this incendiary social context that in January 1913 Abidemi received {{wp|vision (spirituality)|spiritual visions}}, both sober and while under the influence of {{wp|ibogaine}}, a drug commonly used in Odonian religious ceremonies, that led him to launch Abidemism. According to Abidemi, these visions led him to believe that he had become filled with and an incarnation of the {{wp|Holy Spirit}} sent to prophesy an imminent {{wp|Armageddon|apocalyptic war}} that would lead to the {{wp|Millennium}} and {{wp|Second Coming}}. Abidemi connected these visions, and his emerging spirituality, to Odonian tradition and contemporary Odonian social issues; he identified oathing, including its politicization, with {{wp|Baptism in the Holy Spirit}}, the prophesied {{wp|Armageddon}} with a violent {{wp|war of national liberation}} and {{wp|class struggle}}, and the Millennium with liberation of {{wp|African people|Bahians}} and the establishment of a {{wp|utopia|utopian}} [[Sotirianity|Sotirian]] {{wp|socialism|socialist}} society. His message swiftly led to his excommunication from the mainstream Pentecostal church in Odo; nevertheless, his popularity grew with stories of various {{wp|miracles}} attributed to him, most notably the {{wp|faith healing|healing}} of a prostitute with end-stage {{wp|syphilis}}. More broadly, Abidemi's {{wp|millennarianism|millennarian}} and militant political message aligned well with Odonian opinion at the time, and scholars usually consider early Abidemism a classic example of {{wp|millenarianism in colonial societies}}.
In this environment, the Asalewan and Kitauban states consequently sought to also create their own international financial institution for Bahian states, seeking first and foremost to prevent the increasing assumption of Economic Restructuring Policies that had been substantially adopted by other Bahian states. Though designed in large part as a way for Asase Lewa and Kitaubani to aid one another, the Bank of Bahia became joined by other member states; Asase Lewa's long-term ally [[Nahrun]] quickly joined the Bank of Bahia, as did other Bahian states such as [X].


In subsequent years, Abidemism expanded rapidly and became articulated much more extensively, resulting in {{wp|Puritanism|Puritan}} campaigns against elements of traditional Odonian society considered sinful, an articulated {{wp|postmillennialism|postmillennial}} doctrine, and members' practices of {{wp|teetotalism}} and {{wp|vegetarianism}}. By 1916, colonial authorities estimated that Abidemi's followers numbered perhaps 250,000 people, almost all of whom belonged to the rural poor. Though during his lifetime Abidemi did not actively set in motion a revolutionary {{wp|uprising}}, his public predictions of, and rhetoric supporting, such an uprising alarmed colonial authorities, which criminalized the public recognition of the religion and arrested and executed Abidemi in August 1916.
Though debt relief remained the chief focus of the Bank of Bahia throughout the 1990s, increasing economic and political stability throughout Bahia in the late 1990s and 2000s meant that the Bank of Bahia's emphasis gradually shifted to broader economic development, especially financing {{wp|infrastructure}} projects, as a broad-based {{wp|development finance institution}}. Furthermore, the IFDS's expansion throughout this period—and the rise of Shangea and Zorasan globally—meant that the BDU emerged as the Bank of Bahia's key partner, with both banks frequently co-financing various development projects throughout the continent. This increasing partnership culminated in procedural changes to the BdB's governance in 2008, granting a small amount of voting power to non-Bahian financing nations—primarily, though not exclusively, Shangea, Zorasan, [[Valduvia]], and [[Dezevau]]—while still investing most decision-making power in the founding states of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani. In the modern period, the BdB remains extensively involved in debt relief and development financing in collaboration with the BDU, though is sometimes criticized for allegedly benefitting Asase Lewa and Kitaubani at the expense of other, poorer Bahian states.


Though Abidemi's execution led to much of the Odonian public seeing Abidemi as a {{wp|martyr}}, and precipitated mass rioting and upheaval in rural areas in the already-combustile atmosphere, Abidemism—which had only a minimal level of organization thanks to its rapid growth—declined soon after the colonial crackdown, thanks to the crackdown itself and the disorganization in the wake of Abidemi's death, as he had no issue or anointed successors to assume leadership of the faith after his death. By 1919, however, a council of elders made up of Abidemi's extended family and close friends assumed leadership of the remnant Abidemist movement. By 1919, the [[Asalewan Section of the Workers' International]]—which in the mid-1910s had competed with Abidemism for the affections of the rural poor, but during the mid-1910s was primarily supported by the intelligentsia, urban {{wp|proletariat}}, and seasonal {{wp|farmworker|agricultural workers}} who worked on plantations during peak season but worked most of the year in urban areas—gained widespread support in rural areas as well as urban ones, and had begun actively fomenting {{wp|people's war}} by proclaiming the [[Asalewan Revolution]] and forming the {{wp|military|People's Revoutionary Army}} in 1918.
==Organization==


Based upon this growing popularity and militancy, Abidemist elders identified the Section and its attempts at fomenting revolution with Abidemi's prophecies of, and support for, an apocalyptic {{wp|war of national liberation|anti-colonial revolution}} and {{wp|class struggle}} and consequently encouraged Abidemists to join the Section ''en masse''. Subsequent to this reorganization, Abidemists played a major role in the Section's revolutionary efforts throughout the 1920s and 1930s, in turn receiving relative toleration and the ability to reestablish clerical organization in Sectoin-controlled rural {{wp|revolutionary base areas}}. Subsequent to the end of the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], however, the re-entry of [[Estmere#Military|Estmerish forces]] to the country—though considerably weakening all Section and PRA forces—caused special devastation to Abidemist forces in particular, with People's Revolutionary Army divisions predominantly comprised of Abidemists routed at the Battles of Ikirun and Bohicon in 1936 and 1937, respectively. This devastation to Abidemist forces meant that the poisition of orthodox {{wp|Marxism|Nemtsovist}} and {{wp|Council communism|Councilist}} leaders in the Section became strengthened; using the pretext of Abidemist PRA leaders having committed serious tactical blunders at Ikirun and Bohicon, the secular Nemtsovists [[Edudzi Agyeman]] and [[Adelaja Ifedapo]] launched the {{wp|Yan'an Rectification Movement|Lokossa Rectification Campaign}} from 1938 to 1943, enforcing {{wp|state atheism}} in Section {{wp|revolutionary base areas}} and systematically {{wp|Purge|purging}} or {{wp|reeducation|re-educating}} Abidemist members of the Section and People's Revolutionary Army.
The Bank of Bahia is formally governed by a twelve-member Board of Governors. Its internal structure diverges sharply from institutions like the Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs; rather than being based primarily on {{wp|special drawing rights}} or the financial contributions of each member state, the BdB's structure is fixed and unchanging; as the founding members, Asase Lewa and Kitaubani both retain the right to appoint three members each to the Board of Governors. Other member states of the Bank of Bahia retain the right to collectively elect three members to tee Board of Governors according to a one-member, one-vote system. The remaining quarter of seats of the Board of Governors are elected based on states' financial contributions. Though historically Asase Lewa and Kitaubani have been the primary contributors and creditors of the Bank of Bahia, in modern times—especially after the BdB allowed non-Bahian creditor states to exercise voting power in 2008—other states have emerged as major creditors, primarily Shangea, Zorasan, Valduvia, and Dezevau.


===Early socialist period===
==Criticism==


===Today===
Though in the late 1980s and early 1990s the Bank of Bahia was much-praised for its {{wp|anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist}} credentials and furthering {{wp|South-South cooperation}}, in modern times the Bank has come under substantial criticism for allegedly favoring the interests of its founders, Asase Lewa and Kitaubani, at the expense of other, poorer Bahian states. Detractors of the BdB especially criticize its internal governance, which disproportionately empowers Asase Lewa and Kitaubani and to a lesser extent other creditor states, though the Asalewan and Kitauban states themselves claim this is necessary because these states' historical role in staunchly opposing [[Euclea|Euclean]] {{wp|neocolonialism}} means they are better advocates of Bahian interests than other Bahian states.


==Doctrine==
In addition to this perceived {{wp|paternalism|paternalistic}} attitude, the BdB's detractors also allege that it has become a tool for furthering Asalewan and Kitauban interests more broadly. These critics argue that the BdB's infrastructure projects in non-founder member states have been primarily focused on intensifying the extraction of primary commodities in these states and the shipment of these primary commodities, at relatively low prices consistent with international market values, to Asase Lewa and Kitaubani for refining , industrial processing, and export at the higher prices industrial goods reach on the international market. Rather than enabling the industrialization of other Bahian countries, therefore, these critics argue that the BdB's development projects primarily enable the founder states' ascension to {{wp|semi-periphery countries|semi-periphery}} status while leaving most Bahian states languishing in a primarily {{wp|periphery countries|peripheral}} role. For example, these critics especially criticize Asase Lewa's longstanding relationship with its much poorer neighbor and ally in Nahrun, arguing that the BdB has intensified a longstanding exploitative relationship between the two states.


===Charismatic practices===
These critics also argue, though to a somewhat lesser extent, that the Bank of Bahia has served Asase Lewa and Kitaubani's larger {{wp|geopolitics|geopolitical}} objectives; during the 1990s, for example, the BdB encouraged member states to pair development financing with military cooperation on {{wp|counterterrorism}} issues, an act widely interpreted as an Asalewan attempt to encourage the Nahrune and Tiwuran governments to cooperate with it in stemming the flow of arms to the [[Lokpa Spiritual Freedom Army]] during the [[Lokpaland insurgency]] and capturing LSFA soldiers fleeing Asase Lewa for those bordering states.
 
[[File:AbidemistWorshippers.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Abidemist worshippres {{wp|glossolalia|speaking in tongues}} in Edudzi Agyeman City.]]
 
Abidemism traces its historic religious roots to the early {{wp|Pentecostalism|Pentecostal}} movement, as some of the earliest {{wp|African Pentecostalism|Pentecostal missionaries}} in [[Bahia]] converted Abidemi Omolayo to Sotirianity in 1909 and Abidemi subsequently worked as a Pentecostal preacher and missionary until founding Abidemism in 1913. Based upon that Pentecostal, Ebidemi subsequently incorporated Pentecostal and {{wp|Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic}} practices into Abidemist liturgy that remain until this day; practices such as {{wp|footwashing}}, {{wp|laying on of hands}} {{wp|glossolalia}}, {{wp|Baptism with the Holy Spirit}}, and {{wp|faith healing}} all figure prominently in the Abidemist spiritual experience. Abidemists view these practices as {{wp|spiritual gifts}} that reveal the divine in everyday believers' lives, revive what Abidemists believe to be the practices of {{wp|Early Christianity|Early Sotirianity}}, and imbue believers with spiritual power so that they might use such power during {{wp|Christian eschatology|the end times}} and {{wp|Armageddon}}, which Abidemi believed to be imminent, literal, and {{wp|Postmillennialism|necessary for inaugurating}} the {{wp|Millennium}} and {{wp|Second Coming}}.
 
===Puritanism and lifestyle===
 
In accordance with classical Pentecostal and {{wp|Methodism|Westmarckian}} ethics, Abidemism instructs its believers to maintain {{wp|outward holiness}}, or modesty in dress, appearance, and speech, and to abstain from {{wp|dancing ban|dancing}}, {{wp|teetotalism|alcohol}}, {{wp|Religion and drugs#Christianity}} other drugs, including {{wp|tobacco}} and {{wp|khat}}, both of which are commonly used in Asase Lewa. Furthermore, Abidemism places an emphasize an emphasis—at least theoretically—on {{wp|Puritanism|Puritan ethics}} aimed at purifying Asalewan life of Fetishist and, more broadly, worldly and material practices. As such, the sect prohibits traditional practices such as {{wp|polygamy}} and {{wp|magic and witchcraft}}, and its clerics have frequently been much harsher in denunciations of {{wp|syncretism}} of Sotirianity with Bahian Fetishism—a common practice in Asalewan {{wp|Folk Christianity|Folk Sotirianity}}—than many {{wp|Mainline Protestanism|Mainline}} [[Amendist Reaction|Amendist]] clerics.
 
In addition to classical Pentecostal and Puritan ethics, Abidemism's {{wp|Biblical literalism|literal interpretation of the Bible}}, including passages heralding universal vegetarianism among all species, has led the sect to mandate {{wp|vegetarianism}}. Though {{wp|Christian vegetarianism|other Sotirian sects have strongly discouraged the consumption of meat}}, encouraged {{wp|pescetarianism}}, or mandated vegetarianism on special occassions such as {{wp|fast days}} or {{wp|Lent}}, Abidemism is distinct in that its prohibition on meat consumption is both absolute and moralistic; though the perceived health benefits and self-sacrifice associated with vegetarianism that motivated other Sotirian sects to encourage the practice are not discouraged by Abidemism, Abidemists argue that vegetarianism is a moral necessity in accordance with these Biblical passages, and Abidemist preachers, including Abidemi himself, have identified non-human animals as part of the larger category of the poor and oppressed. Consequently, Abidemists in modern-day Asase Lewa have become early and notable advocates of {{wp|animal rights}} and to a lesser extent {{wp|environmentalism}} in the country.
 
In addition to its promotion of vegetarianism, Abidemism is distinguished from other Sotirian sects in its promotion of {{wp|community of goods}}. In accordance with its call to live according to the perceived uncorrupted ways of Early Sotirianity, and passages in {{wp|Acts of the Apostles|Acts}} that spoke of early Sotirians holding possessions in common, Abidemism promotes—at least nominally—{{wp|common ownership}} of {{wp|property}}, and Abidemi prophesied that the {{wp|Millennium}} would be basically {{wp|Christian communism|communistic}}.
 
However, Abidemism differs from other Sotirian sects promoting community of goods in that it historically has not emphasized the voluntary organization of its members into autonomous, self-reliant {{wp|communes}} for practical reasons; because its followers primarily came from the lower classes, during the [[Toubacterie]] Abidemists' landlessness and indigence, combined with colonial practices of {{wp|forced labor}} and severe restrictions on Bahian ownership of land, meant that founding self-reliant communes was virtually impossible. Instead, Abidemi encouraged his followers to struggle towards a society based on communal ownership, leading Abidemists to join [[Asalewan Section of the Workers' International]] in large numbers before their purge from the Section in the late 1930s. Because such a society has been constructed in modern Asase Lewa—but by the secular Asalewan Section rather than by Abidemists— contemporary Abidemists have debated the legitimacy of communal Asalewan society.
 
Though during its prohiition most Abidemists were either passive or moderately opposed to common ownership at the hands of the state and, later, {{wp|Workers' Councils}}, the majority position of most Abidemists following legalization has been supportive of secular common ownership, as an economic system equivalent to that prophesied to exist in the Millennium. Because its practical position on common ownership has changed radically in its accordance with the political situation of the time—from incorporating it as part of a broader anti-colonial millennarian program in the early twentieth century, to embracing secular common ownership as part of an increasing friendliness with the Asalewan state in the modern day—some scholars have argued that its commitment to common ownership has been more theoretical than practical, and a far less important element of its ethics than classical Pentecostal ethics and vegetarianism.
 
===Eschatology===
 
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|class    = <!-- Advanced users only. See the "Custom classes" section below. -->
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|quote    = The Lord says: "The time is coming when the poor will be oppressed and the Sotirians can neither buy nor sell, unless they have 'the mark of the beast'... The time will come when the poor man will say that he has nothing to eat and work will be shut down... That is going to cause the poor man to go to these places and break in to get food. This will cause the rich man to come out with his gun to make war with the laboring man... blood [will] be in the streets like an outpouring rain from heaven."
|author    = [http://articles.ochristian.com/article3481.shtml Early Pentecostal prophecy]
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[[File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - 7 26 - Portuguese plane shot down in Guinea-Bissau - 1974.tif|thumb|left|300px|Many Abidemists believed the [[Asalewan Revolution]], a violent anti-colonial class war along the lines Abidemi prophesied, to be a sign of the end times.]]
 
Abidemism is distinguished from other {{wp|Pentecostalism|Pentecostal}} churches in that it rejects {{wp|dispensationalism}} and instead adopts a {{wp|postmillennialism|postmillennial}} {{wp|eschatalogy}}. While it regards the Millennium and end times as divinely preordained—and that the divine indeed sent Abidemi Omolayo, an incarnation of the Holy Spirit, to prophesy and hasten these events—it believes that the Millennium must ultimately be achieved by human action through the establishment of a society founded on {{wp|Christian ethics|Sotirian ethics}} and {{wp|social justice}}.
 
However, as a {{wp|millennarianism|millennarian}} sect, Abidemists differ from traditional postmillennialists and agree with the Pentecostal and dispensationalist notion that the {{wp|Great Tribulation}}, {{wp|Armageddon}}, and the end times more broadly, are both literal and imminent, though it believes that the Great Tribulation, Armageddon, and the Millennium are all prerequisites to the Second Coming. Abidemists also agree with traditional dispensationalists and Pentecostals, and disagree with many postmillennialists, in viewing the Great Tribulation and Armageddon as literal and the Millennium as something not established through gradual, peaceful means, but as necessarily established through violent struggle at Armageddon.
 
In addition to its postmillennial view, Abidemism's interpretation of eschatology and Armageddon is basically {{wp|Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation|historicist}} and {{wp|humanism|humanistic}} in nature. In its early-twentieth century form—and in the interpretation of most mainstream and Edudzist Abidemists today—Abidemism equated the Great Tribulation with {{wp|colonization}}, and the {{wp|Antichrist|Antisotirias}} with [[Estmere|Estmerish]] colonists and missionaries who advanced an interpretation of Sotirianity congruent with colonialism. Consequently, Abidemism argued that Armageddon would specifically take the form of an {{wp|war of national liberation|anti-colonial}} and {{wp|class struggle|class}} {{wp|war}}—first as a war against colonialism in Asase Lewa, and second as a war of the global {{wp|Subaltern (postcolonialism)|Subaltern}} and {{wp|proletariat|working class}} against [[Euclea|Euclean]] elites–that would lead to the establishment of a {{wp|utopia|utopian}} {{wp|Christian socialism|Sotirian socialist}} society in the {{wp|Millennium}}, followed by the {{wp|Second Coming}} and {{wp|Last Judgment}}.
 
===Status of women===
 
==Sects==
 
===Mainstream Abidemism===
 
===Edudzist Abidemism===
 
===Lokpa Abidemism===
 
==Notes==
 
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>While Abidemism maintains {{wp|Pentecostalism|Pentecostal}} and {{wp|Charismatic Christianity|Charismatic}} liturgical practices, most Pentecostal churches do not consider the Abidemist Churchpart of the Pentecostal tradition, as its theology differs significantly from most Pentecostal churches.</ref>
}}

Latest revision as of 09:21, 11 September 2023

Bank of Bahia
Banque de Baïe
HQAFDBAbidjanPlateauMars2016.JPG
Headquarters in Edudzi Agyeman City
AbbreviationBdB
Formation12 May 1988; 36 years ago (1988-05-12)
TypeInternational financial institution
Legal statusTreaty
PurposeRegional development
Providing financial bailouts to Bahian states with balance of payments difficulties
HeadquartersEdudzi Agyeman City, Asase Lewa
Kwamuimepe, Kitaubani
Region served
Bahia
Membership
 Asase Lewa
 Kitaubani
Insert yourselves
Official language
Gaullican
Main organ
  • Board of Governors
Websitebdb.org

The Bank of Bahia (Gaullican: Banque de Baïe) is an international finance and development finance institution headquartered in Edudzi Agyeman City, Asase Lewa and Kwamuimepe, Kitaubani. The Bank was established by the governments of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani in order to provide development financing and debt relief for Bahian states. Founded with an authorised capital of $10 billion in 1988, the BdB was primarily created in order to provide Bahian states with an alternative to the Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs, which provided extensive debt relief with the stipulation of adopting Economic Restructuring Programs programs. Since its inception, however, the BdB has gradually expanded to provide funds for infrastructure and economic development. The BdB has also become closely associated with the Bank for United Development of the International Forum for Developing States, established at a similar period as the BdB, though also seeking to provide an alternative to the GIFA among Bahian states geopolitically unaligned with the BDU's key backers, Shangea and Zorasan.

Though the area the BdB seeks to cover is coterminous with that of the Congress of Bahian States, the BdB is unaffiliated with the CBS. Though its internal structure differes from that of the GIFA—in that voting power does not entirely correspond to shareholders—the BdB also lacks the CBS's one-member, one-vote structure, with additional votes allotted to the BdB's founding states of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani and to creditor states. An influential organization in furthering economic development on the Bahian subcontinent, the BdB is a controversial organization in the region, with supporters lauding the Bank as a powerful opponent of Euclean neocolonialism and proponent of anti-imperialist South-South cooperation and critics arguing that the BdB's member states of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani have mantained a paternalistic towards other Bahian states and favored those states' economic interests at the expense of other Bahian states.

History

Kayode Temidare, the General Secretary of the Asalewan Section of the Workers' International from 1973 to 1988, played an instrumental role in pursuing a less interventionist and more realist foreign policy, helping enable Asase Lewa's rapprochement with Kitaubani and the formation of the Bank of Bahia.

During the 1980s, the foreign policies of two of Bahia's wealthiest states—Asase Lewa and Kitaubani, whose relationship had been highly adversarial in the initial decades after independence—moderated significantly. With the collapse of the Mabifian Democratic Republic in 1979, a decline in most Councilist guerilla movements that Asase Lewa traditionally suported, and the Psychological-Technological Revolution of 1981, Asalewan foreign policy became significantly less interventionist and realist, willing to forge geopolitical alliances with ideological adversaries for economic reasons. A similar political shift occurred in Kitaubani, where the end of the Dirty War and liberalization of the country's constitutional monarchy enabled the ascension of social-democratic and left-wing populist elements to political power that pursued a far less adversial relationship with Asase Lewa and far less cordial relationship with Werania, Kitaubani's primary ally after independence. The result of these shifts in Asalewan and Kitauban foreign policy was an inaguration of widespread détente and strategic cooperation on mutual interests by the mid-1980s.

Simultaneous to this growing détente in Asalewan-Kitauban relations, following the Recession of 1980, numerous developing countries, including the states of Bahia, suffered from an escalating debt crisis, forcing numerous states to pursue debt relief. In previous generations many left-wing Global South states, including in Bahia, secured substantial financial assistance through the Association of Emerging Socialist Economies; however, the collapse of the AESE, and substantial crisis within one of its main Global North sponsors, Valduvia, severely reduced Global South states' outlets for debt relief outside the Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs, which only granted debt relief in response to Economic Restructuring Programs, entailing, among other things, the mass privatization of state assets, layoff of public sector employees, and substantial austerity measures.

In this environment, a number of Global South states and activists sought to establish alternative financial institutions to the GIFA. Globally, this most prominently entailed Shangea and Zorasan's establishment for the International Forum for Developing States and its associated Bank for Unified Development in 1985. During the 1980s, however, the success and substantial growth of the IFDS and BDU that would occur in later decades was not necessarily guaranteed, nor was the BDU's involvement in member states traditionally unaligned to Shangea and Zorasan. Though Asase Lewa and Kitaubani experienced substantial economic and political crisis, like their Bahian neighbors, this crisis was far less profound than in other Bahian states, such as Tiwura; then as new, both states were comparatively wealthy and by the late 1980s began to witness a long-term period, continuing to this day, of economic growth and prosperity, in Asase Lewa thanks to the intensified exploitation of the country's petroleum resources and in Kitaubani thanks to export-oriented industrialization, that resulted in a substantial growth in the countries' foreign exchange reserves.

In this environment, the Asalewan and Kitauban states consequently sought to also create their own international financial institution for Bahian states, seeking first and foremost to prevent the increasing assumption of Economic Restructuring Policies that had been substantially adopted by other Bahian states. Though designed in large part as a way for Asase Lewa and Kitaubani to aid one another, the Bank of Bahia became joined by other member states; Asase Lewa's long-term ally Nahrun quickly joined the Bank of Bahia, as did other Bahian states such as [X].

Though debt relief remained the chief focus of the Bank of Bahia throughout the 1990s, increasing economic and political stability throughout Bahia in the late 1990s and 2000s meant that the Bank of Bahia's emphasis gradually shifted to broader economic development, especially financing infrastructure projects, as a broad-based development finance institution. Furthermore, the IFDS's expansion throughout this period—and the rise of Shangea and Zorasan globally—meant that the BDU emerged as the Bank of Bahia's key partner, with both banks frequently co-financing various development projects throughout the continent. This increasing partnership culminated in procedural changes to the BdB's governance in 2008, granting a small amount of voting power to non-Bahian financing nations—primarily, though not exclusively, Shangea, Zorasan, Valduvia, and Dezevau—while still investing most decision-making power in the founding states of Asase Lewa and Kitaubani. In the modern period, the BdB remains extensively involved in debt relief and development financing in collaboration with the BDU, though is sometimes criticized for allegedly benefitting Asase Lewa and Kitaubani at the expense of other, poorer Bahian states.

Organization

The Bank of Bahia is formally governed by a twelve-member Board of Governors. Its internal structure diverges sharply from institutions like the Global Institute for Fiscal Affairs; rather than being based primarily on special drawing rights or the financial contributions of each member state, the BdB's structure is fixed and unchanging; as the founding members, Asase Lewa and Kitaubani both retain the right to appoint three members each to the Board of Governors. Other member states of the Bank of Bahia retain the right to collectively elect three members to tee Board of Governors according to a one-member, one-vote system. The remaining quarter of seats of the Board of Governors are elected based on states' financial contributions. Though historically Asase Lewa and Kitaubani have been the primary contributors and creditors of the Bank of Bahia, in modern times—especially after the BdB allowed non-Bahian creditor states to exercise voting power in 2008—other states have emerged as major creditors, primarily Shangea, Zorasan, Valduvia, and Dezevau.

Criticism

Though in the late 1980s and early 1990s the Bank of Bahia was much-praised for its anti-imperialist credentials and furthering South-South cooperation, in modern times the Bank has come under substantial criticism for allegedly favoring the interests of its founders, Asase Lewa and Kitaubani, at the expense of other, poorer Bahian states. Detractors of the BdB especially criticize its internal governance, which disproportionately empowers Asase Lewa and Kitaubani and to a lesser extent other creditor states, though the Asalewan and Kitauban states themselves claim this is necessary because these states' historical role in staunchly opposing Euclean neocolonialism means they are better advocates of Bahian interests than other Bahian states.

In addition to this perceived paternalistic attitude, the BdB's detractors also allege that it has become a tool for furthering Asalewan and Kitauban interests more broadly. These critics argue that the BdB's infrastructure projects in non-founder member states have been primarily focused on intensifying the extraction of primary commodities in these states and the shipment of these primary commodities, at relatively low prices consistent with international market values, to Asase Lewa and Kitaubani for refining , industrial processing, and export at the higher prices industrial goods reach on the international market. Rather than enabling the industrialization of other Bahian countries, therefore, these critics argue that the BdB's development projects primarily enable the founder states' ascension to semi-periphery status while leaving most Bahian states languishing in a primarily peripheral role. For example, these critics especially criticize Asase Lewa's longstanding relationship with its much poorer neighbor and ally in Nahrun, arguing that the BdB has intensified a longstanding exploitative relationship between the two states.

These critics also argue, though to a somewhat lesser extent, that the Bank of Bahia has served Asase Lewa and Kitaubani's larger geopolitical objectives; during the 1990s, for example, the BdB encouraged member states to pair development financing with military cooperation on counterterrorism issues, an act widely interpreted as an Asalewan attempt to encourage the Nahrune and Tiwuran governments to cooperate with it in stemming the flow of arms to the Lokpa Spiritual Freedom Army during the Lokpaland insurgency and capturing LSFA soldiers fleeing Asase Lewa for those bordering states.

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