Wolves (organisation)

اذئاب Azab
Emblem and shoulder patch of Azab members
Leader	Adavazdar Samadani
Dates of operation	19 June 1984 (1984-06-19)–present
Country	Zorasan
Active regions	Zorasan
Ideology	Sattarism
Political position	Right-wing
Size	~1,150,000-3,500,000
Annual revenue	~$1.3 billion
Means of revenue	Union-Government of Zorasan

Azab (Pasdani: اذئاب; "Wolves"), also known as the Azab Movement (Pasdani: حرکات اذئاب; Harakat-ye Azab) is an irregular, pro-government Zorasani network of community organisations that support the Union-Government of Zorasan, the Nezzam and the national ideology of Sattarism. Initially created as popular mobilisation units, the Azab since their formal recognition in 1984, have become an integral tool in the political policing of local communities. The groups are known to be tasked with the implementation of public programs, such as child-care, food deliveries, building and road maintenance, but also the enforcement of morality laws, state repression and the harrassment of regime critics. The Azab have also been accused of extrajudicial killing at the behest of the government.

The Azab were initially created by local community groups during the 1970s to root out "national enemies" and to "spiritually mobilise the people" during the Irvadistan War (1975-1979), securing limited albeit vital government recognition and support. Following the war's end in 1979 and the subsequent completion of Zorasani unification in 1980, the groups remained active, steadily increasing their ties to the Zorasani military as it prepared to democratise the new country. On 19 June 1984, they were formally recognise as part of the Zorasani security apparatus and placed under the direct control of the Union Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1986, the Azab were placed under the control of the Union Ministry for National Defence and ostensibly, military control. The Azab are organised as one "brigade" per urban district, though it is known that slum districts may operate two or more brigades depending upon criminality.

As of 2019, the Azab are believed to be number between 1.15 and 3.5 million strong, they receive basic training from law enforcement and the military on maintaining law and order, while many believe that the Azab have also been trained in the use of firearms and explosives. In 2013, it was revealed that the Azab brigades in Zahedan and Namrin had been distributed surveillance equipment.

History and background

The first Azab Brigade was formed in 1972 in the poor district of Sattari in Zahedan.

The first reported "Azab Brigade" was formed in the slum district of Sattari in the Zorasani capital of Zahedan in 1972. It took the form of a popular community group, dedicated to refuse collection, simple road and building maintenance, as well as sporadic cases of vigilantism. The Sattari brigade was swiftly copied in other poor areas of Zahedan, before brigades began to be formed in other major cities across the Union of Khazestan and Pardaran. The brigades were usually formed by local reservists or active serving soldiers, and quickly gained the attention of local young unemployed males. By 1975, there were an estimated 350 brigades in the UKP's cities, with 800,00 members, it was during this time that these popular and independent bodies began to form direct ties with the central government and security services.

Despite initial calls for their formal inclusion in the state, UKP leader Javad Jahandar refused, citing his appreciation that they were "independent local bodies forged in our national ideology." However, many brigades had overt ties to local security services and politicians. From the 1970s onward, the relationship between the Azab brigades and the central government soldified and became more regimented and top-down, with the entire structure effectively subordinated to the orders and management of the government even before its formal absorbtion into the Union Ministry for National Defence.

File:Enghlab Iran.jpg

Azab at a Spiritual Mobilisation rally during the Irvadistan War.

The Azab came to national prominence during the Irvadistan War, where they implemented the government's Spiritual Mobilisation campaigns, organising patriotic and revolutionary rallies, recruitment drives and more nefariously, hunting down suspected "defeatists and traitors", common terms used to describe those who criticised the war, the death toll and economic struggles. Throughout the war, the Azab were noted for publicly humiliating war critics, while others were killed and their bodies dumped in public spaces with banners hung from their bodies, decrying defeatism. Between 1977 and 1979, the Azab were also tasked with the distribution of printed propaganda and the celebratory decorations delivered to the homes of martyred soldiers. During the war, an overwhelming majority of Azab brigades were comprised of above-military age males and school-age boys. The government during and after the war lauded the Azab as "key to the militarisation and mobilisation of the Union."

Child members of an Azab brigade producing meals for the homeless.

Following the Irvadistan War and the unification of Zorasan, Azab brigades were established in Irvadistan within months of its annexation into the new Union of Zorasani Irfanic Republics. It was revealed in the early 2000s, that many of the Azab brigades in Irvadistan were created using demobilised Badawiyan soldiers from Khazestan and Ajad, where they would intermix with the locals more sufficiently than those from Pardaran. This revelation aided civil society groups during the Saffron period to explain the high number of suspected extrajudicial killings in Irvadistan following its defeat and annexation in 1980. It would take over a decade before local brigades began to appear outside of Qufeira. By the 1990s, there were over 200 Azab brigades in Irvadistan and their role in providing humanitarian assistance to wartorn Irvadistan was seen as a key cause for the relative success of "unification and reconiliation" undertook following Irvadistan's absorbtion in to the UZIR.

Today, the Azab brigades have taken are more law enforcement and militarised form. It is common for Azab brigades to now be based out of local Mazars, where they include males of all age groups. In 2006, several Azab brigades began to include women, who regularly took up roles organising local childcare programs funded by the state or federal government, while they also conducted charitable food donations for the poor and elderly, run simple public health campaigns and literacy projects. Under the Union-Ministry of National Defence, the Azabs were ordered to include women nationwide in 2009 and authorised the creation of "Azab Morality Squads", where men and women would enforce Esafkar laws on the street. Female Azab Morality Squads are known to enforce Irfanic dress codes, though this has been limited to only days of religious importance. In 2018, some Azab brigades helped with after-school programs, child care centers, puppet shows, drug rehabilitation, and sports programs; they also encouraged voting by going door to door and protect communities from criminals.

By 2019, some Azab brigades were suspected of engaging in criminality. A government investigation revealed that Azab brigades in the southern districts of Pardaran and the Union Republics of Samrin and Armavand were involved in drug trafficking and dealing, this followed an noted increase in gang violence over narcotics. The suspected brigades were arrested and dissolved by the UMND and replaced with local supporters of the regime, the government also announced new stricter regulations of the network and its activities.

State repression

Female members of the Azab Guidance Patrol investigating a woman's clothing in Zahedan.

Since the end of the Saffron period in 2005, the role of the Azab in state repression has increased and markedly expanded. In 2009, the Azabs were officially invited to assist the Guidance Patrol (Pasdani: گشت ارشاد‎, Gašt-e Eršād), the country's informal morality police. The Guidance Patrol is tasked with policing local communities for violating the country's official moral code, which includes public displays of affection, inappropriate dress, drinking alcohol and playing blacklisted music. The Guidance Patrol and the Azab in general are widely suspected of operating surveillance equipment which can be used to identify what citizens are watching if they operate satellite television. The Guidance Patrol since 2012, has also been tasked with promoting "public displays of revolutionary attitudes and patriotism", assisting communities in displaying flags, posters and is also known to produce pro-government graffiti.

Most controverisally however, the Azabs have been known as the government's enforcers in harrassing critics, journalists, human rights activists and pro-reform politicians. During the 2006-2009 Duljunese Conflict, the Azab ransacked the homes of over 200 civil rights activists and journalists, who regularly reported on human rights abuses against the Duljunese minority. The Azab were suspected to be responsible for the killing of 18 noted Duljunese figures and activists outside the conflict areas in the south, the most public case was the abudction and torture of Duljunese activist Chit Lwin Gaffar, he was discovered dump by a roadside ditch near Borazjan in late 2008. When he was later interviewed by Euclean reporters following his self imposed exile to Werania, he blamed his local Azab brigade, saying he recognised the voices of his attackers. The Azab were reportedly involved in the crackdown on protests during the 2019-2020 Zorasan water crisis, where local Azab brigades in Samrin and Armavand attacked protesters during marches or in their homes at night. The Azab were also known to be key tools in the spread of misinformation regarding the drought, primarily the spread of claims that the water shortages were the result of Duljunese sabotage. The incidents during the Duljunese conflict and subsequent incidents involving critics of the regime have led many human rights NGOs and observers to denounce the Azab as "pro-government armed gangs, who operate either with the implicit or direct support of the central government."

Size and organisation

The Azab are coordinated nationally by the Sub-Ministry Department for Popular Organisation under the Union Ministry for National Defence. The SMDPO is headed by Sub-Minister for Popular Organisation Adavazdar Samadani. The SMDPO oversees the Azab brigades through subordinate Regional Directorates, which hold jursidication over areas corresponding to Zorasan's provinces and municipalities, resulting in 168 regional directorates. The regional directorates are led by Regional Commanders, who in turn are either appointed directly by SMDPO or elected by simple majority, by the brigades under that Regional Directorate. Roughly 90% of Regional Commanders are elected as of 2020, with the remaining 10% being appointed directly by SMDPO, as a result of controversies or disputes. The number of brigades per province and municipality differs over varying populations per region, though 394 brigades are currently in operation across the country.

The number of members per brigade also varies, with the largest brigade operating out of Borazjan's Shahidshahr quarter boasting over 1,200 members, while the smallest is located in the rural Irvadi village of Hazat, with just 6 members. Both men and women are permitted to join an Azab brigade and the minimum age for membership is 10. Children aged between 10 and 16 are tasked with taking part in the social programs, such as making meals for the homeless or needy or delivering patriotic propaganda leaflets. There is no official record of Azab membership, however, it is estimated that between 1.5 and 3.5 million men, women and children are members of the Azab movement.

Funding

According to the SMDPO, the Azab movement has an annual budget of $1.3 billion, to spent on organisation, coordination and specific cross-movement projects. This figure comes directly from the Zorasani government and is distributed across the movement on brigade size. However, some brigades may pursue independent fundraising, officially through donation runs and ties to local businesses or charity groups. It is the right to pursue independent revenues that have led many brigades to allegedly enter criminality, such as extortion, drug dealing and trafficking and blackmail. According to one study in 2017, the Azab movement collects an estimated $860 million annually through protection rackets alone.

Relationship to the armed forces

The relationship between the Azab and Zorasani military has been subject to much debate since its formal inclusion in the state aparatus in 1984. Owing to the Azab movement's local and popular founding, it has retained a high degree of independence and autonomy from the Zorasani government. The Azab's subordination to the Ministry of National Defence however, has raised questions as to whether its ultimate loyalty resides with the Nezzam as a whole, or just the military structure of the Zorasani government. Those who defend its independence from military control note that the Azab isn't as militarised as many feared when the military subordinated the movement in 1984, this is despite claims that many brigades in certain locations have been trained in the use of firearms and explosives. It has been further argued that the militarisation of the Azab into a volunteer popular militia is made redundant by the National Protection Force, which boasts an estimated 1.2 million trained members.

Other figures, including politicians have argued the contrary, claiming that the Zorasani military elite has subordinated the Azab enough to possess near exclusive control over the movement. Critics of the Zorasani military's influence over politics and the government claim that Azab has been misused by the military as a propaganda tool (many of the Azab's social programs credit the military over the Zorasani government as a whole), enforcers of military interests and as armed gangs used to intimidate critics of the military. Key Azab figures at the regional level have been known to mix with military officers on personal levels, while in 2020 it was suspected that the Zorasani military had dispatched select Azab members to Tsabara.

See also

• National Protection Force
• Nezzam
• Sattarism