User:MichCOdel/Sandbox 4

Auroran
Fearlainth nCeáil
Pronunciation	IPA: [ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]
Native to	Aurora Islands
Native speakers	128 453 L1 23 900 L2
Language family	Kireno-Kantemoshan East Kireno-Kantemoshan Kantemoshic Auroran
Writing system	Solarian alphabet (Ghaillish alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Aurora Islands
Regulated by	Niedkirch Language Council
Language codes
ISO 639-1	au
ISO 639-2	aul
ISO 639-3	aul

Auroran (Auroran: Fearlainth nCeáil [ˈfʲarlanʲː‿ɡʲaːlʲ]; often simply called Ceáil [ˈkʲaːlʲ]) is a Kireno-Kantemoshan language spoken in the Aurora Islands where it is the second official language alongside Weranian.

Auroran was first brought to the Aurora Islands by Kireno-Kantemoshan settlers in the 700s CE where it began a gradual shift away from its continental counterparts. During the Marauder Age, the Aurora Islands were effectively conquered by Ghaillish marauders who also settled on the islands.

Phonology

	Front		Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i iː	y yː	u uː
Mid	e eː	ø øː	o oː
Open	a aː (æ æː)		(ɑ ɑː)

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	Plain	m	n		ŋ
	Palatlized	mʲ	Nʲ  nʲ		ŋʲ
Plosive	broad	p  b	t  d		k  ɡ
	slender	pʲ  bʲ	tʲ  dʲ		kʲ  ɡʲ
Fricative	broad	f  v	θ  ð	s	x  ɣ	h
	slender	fʲ  vʲ	θʲ  ðʲ	sʲ	xʲ  ɣʲ	hʲ
Nasalized fricative	broad	ṽ
	slender	ṽʲ
Approximant	broad		R  r
	slender		Rʲ  rʲ
Lateral	broad		L  l
	slender		Lʲ  lʲ

Secret Hush

Neashdea Nähđä Nähdä		Singular						Plural						Passive
		1st		2nd		3rd		1st		2nd		3rd
		Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
Indicative	Present	Neachen Nä(j)en Näen	E (n)neache En näje En näe	Neacheat Näjet Näet	Et neache Et Näje Et näe	Neaccaé Näkkee Näkee	Ei neache Ei näje Ei näe	Neachemea Näjemä Näemme	Emea neache Emmä näje Emme näe	Neachettea Näjettä Näette	Etea neache Että näje Ette näe	Neacebeat Näkevät/Nähđhään Näkevät	Ei neache Ei näje Eivät näe	Neashdheán Nähđhään Nähdään	Ei neashdea Ei nähđä Ei nähdä
	Past	Neain Näjin Näin	E neachniut En nähnyt En nähnyt	NäjitNäit	Et nähnyt Et nähnyt	NäkiNäki	Ei nähnyt Ei nähnyt	NäjimäNäimme	Emmä nähnheetEmme nähneet	Näjittä Näitte	Että nähnheetEtte nähneet	NähthiinNäkivät	Ei nähnheet Eivät nähneet	NähthiinNähtiin	Ei nähtyEi nähty
	Perfect	Olen nähny(t)Olen nähnyt	En ole nähnyt En ole nähnyt	Olet nähny(t) Olet nähnyt	Et ole nähnyt Et ole nähnyt	Oon nähny(t) On nähnyt	Ei ole nähnyt Ei ole nähnyt	Olema nähnheet Olemme nähneet	Emmä ole nähnheet Emme ole nähneet	Oletta nähnheet Olette nähneet	Että ole nähnheet Ette ole nähneet	Oon nähnheet Ovat nähneet	Ei ole nähnheet Eivät ole nähneet	Oon nähty On nähty	Ei ole nähtyEi ole nähty
	Pluperfect	Olin nähnyt Olin nähnyt	En ollut nähnyt En ollut nähnyt	Olit nähnyt Olit nähnyt	Et ollut nähnyt En ollut nähnyt	Oli nähnyt Oli nähnyt	Ei ollut nähnyt Ei ollut nähnyt	Olima nähnheet Olimme nähneet	Emmä olheet nähnheet Emme olleet nähneet	Olitta nähnheet Olitte nähneet	Että olheet nähnheet Ette olleet nähneet	Olthiin/oli nähnheet Olivat nähneet	Ei olheet nähnheet Eivät olleet nähneet	Oli nähtyOli nähty	Ei ollut nähtyEi ollut nähty
Conditional	Present	NäkisinNäkisin	En näkisEn näkisi	NäkisitNäkisit	Et näkisEt näkisi	NäkisNäkisi	Ei näkisEi näkisi	NäkisimmäNäkisimme	Emmä näkisEmme näkisi	NäkisittäNäkisitte	Että näkisEtte näkisi	NäkisiNäkisivät	Ei näkis/nähtäisEivät näkisi	NähtäisNähtäisiin	Ei nähtäisEi nähtäisi
	Perfect	Olisin nähnyt	En olisi nähnyt	Olisit nähnyt	Et olisi nähnyt	Olisi nähnyt	Ei olisi nähnyt	Olisimme nähneet	Emme olisi nähneet	Olisitte nähneet	Ette olisi nähneet	Olisivat nähneet	Eivät olisi nähneet	Olisi nähty	Ei olisi nähty
Imperative	Present	-	-	Näe	Älä näjeÄlä näe	NähkhöönNähköön	Älköön nähkö	Nähkäämme	Älkäämme nähkö	NähkääNähkää	Älkää nähkö	Nähkööt	Älkööt nähkö	NähtäkhöönNähtäköön	Älköön nähtäkö
	Perfect	-	-	-	-	Olkoon nähnyt	Älköön olko nähnyt	-	-	-	-	Olkoon nähneet	Älkööt olko nähneet	Olkoon nähty	Älköön olko nähty
Potential	Present	Nähnen	En nähne	Nähnet	Et nähne	Nähnee	Ei nähne	Nähnemme	Emme nähne	Nähnette	Ette nähne	Nähnevät	Eivät nähne	Nähtäneen	Ei nähtäne
	Perfect	Lienen nähnyt	En liene nähnyt	Lienet nähnyt	Et liene nähnyt	Lienee nähnyt	Ei liene nähnyt	Lienemme nähneet	Emme liene nähneet	Lienette nähneet	Ette liene nähneet	Lienevät nähneet	Eivät liene nähneet	Lienee nähty	Ei liene nähty
Participle forms	Present	Näkkeevä/Näkevä												Nähtävä
	Perfect	Nähny(t)												Nähty
Nominal forms	Infinitive	Nähđä
	Inf. Elative	Näkemästä
	Inf. Illative	Näkemhään

Mito Stuff

South Thalassan Languages
Geographic distribution	Southern Thalassa
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Kerto-Multimarei Marenesian Central Marenesian Multimarei South Thalassan Languages
Proto-language	Proto-South Thalassan
Subdivisions	Havonic Kākō-Hame
The South Thalassan languages Ocher is Havonic; pink is Kākō-Hame

The Southern Thalassan Languages are a group of Multimarei languages spoken by the Multimarei people in Southern Thalassa in the Thalassan territories of Benau and the South Thalassan Circuits of the Five Provinces. Most Southern Thalassan languages are extinct or moribund with the four most prominent ones being: Hame, Havo, Koele and Kākō. They all currently use a modified Mitonese katakana syllabry as a writing system though the Laimiaic and Aroman alphabets have also been used to write the languages.

Sound Correspondence

Proto-Multimarei			*p	*t	*k	*ʔ	*m	*n	*ŋ	*w	*f	*s	*h	*l	*r
Proto-South-Thalassan			*p	*ʔ	*k	*Ø	*m	*n	*k	*w	*v	*h	*Ø	*l
	Kākō		p	ʔ/Ø	k	Ø	m	n	k	w	h	k	Ø	l
	Hame			l							v/f	h
	Proto-Havonic		*p	*ʔ	*k	*Ø	*m	*n	*k	*w	*v	*ʔ	*Ø	*l
		Havo	p	ʔ/n	k	Ø	m	n	k	w	v	ʔ	Ø	l
		Koele		w/k	h				h			w/k

Subgrouping

The South Thalassan languages are grouped into two groups: Kākō-Hame and Havonic.

† = extinct; (†)= moribund

• Kākō-Hame
  • Kākō
  • Hame
    • North Hame †
    • Gamejima Leo

• Havonic
  • West Havonic (†)
    • Lōtesquan †
    • Umanese †
    • lårelei (†)
  • East Havonic
    • Havo
    • Kuepoe'e †
    • Koele
      • Lapēlaone (†)

Orthography

Katakana used in Venuan writing a i u e o ∅ ア イ ウ エ オ k カ キ ク ケ コ t タ ティ トゥ テ ト n ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ h ハ ヒ ホゥ ヘ ホ f* フィ フ p パ ピ プ ペ ポ m マ ミ ム メ モ l** ラ リ ル レ ロ w ワ ウィ ウゥ ウェ ヲ v ヴァ ヴィ ヴ ヴェ ヴォ ʔ ッア ッイ ッウ ッエ ッオ Functional marks and diacritics 　ヽ ゛ ゜ ー
* [f] only appears in Kākō	** [ɾ] in Mitonese

Grammar

South Thalassan vocabulary

Proto-Multimarei	Kākō	Hame	Havo	Koele	Translation
*motu	mo'u	molu	monu	mowu	island
*taŋata	aka'a	lakala	'akana	wahake	person
*fenua	henua	finau	venao	venau	land/world
*qariki	aliki	aliki	aliki	aelihi	chief
*tapu	apu	lapu	'apu	kēpu	taboo
*faa	hā	vā	vua	voa	to split
*leo	leo	leo	leo	lō	language
*tiale	iale	liale	'aele	kele	flower
*ma(a)qoli	maoli	maoli	maole	maole	true, genuine
*sawaiki	kawaiki	hawaiki	'awaeki	kawaeke	homeland
*katoa	ka'ā	kaloa	ka'oe	hakoe	all

	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Voiceless stop	p	t	k	ʔ
Nasal	m	n
Fricative	v f		h
Lateral		l
Glide	w

Haonic 2.0

Haonic
Hao we itâle (Ecclesiastical) Hao wə itälə (Schnitter-Reuler)
Pronunciation	IPA: [hao wə ˈitælə]
Native to	Mito
Region	Southern Thalassa
Ethnicity	Haoan
Native speakers	351,500 (2018) 140,000 passive speakers
Language family	Language isolate
Early forms	Proto-Haonic Kalakala Nitséwale
Dialects	Upper Tiskwai Lower Tiskwai Ânâisiitsé Dialect Kaako-Hame Dialect Linea Dialect
Writing system	Hao alphabet Aroman alphabet (Ecclesiastical romanisation) (Schnitter-Reuler romanisation)
Official status
Official language in	Mito Wenau Maloka Chūnankaidō Kawaeke
Recognised minority language in	Five Provinces (Mito) Gamejima Kauhime
Regulated by	South Thalassa Language Authority
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ha
ISO 639-2	hao (B) wen (T)
ISO 639-3	hao
Linguasphere	12-HAA-a
Map of Haonic dialects

Haonic (/hɑːoʊnɪk/; Haonic: Hao we itâle (Ecclesiastical romanisation), Hao wə itälə (Schnitter-Reuler romanisation) "Language of the Hao"), alternatively Hao, is a language isolate spoken primarily in southern Thalassa. It has approximately 410,000 speakers spread throughout southern Thalassa with significant Haophone communities in the Five Provinces.

Haonic does not have a single written or spoken standard. Instead, speakers of the language often use their local dialect even when communicating with speakers of another dialect. Several written standards have been created based on dialects for use in education and entertainment. The largest dialects are Lower Tiskwai and the Linea dialect in Wenau. All Haonic varieties are primarily written in the Hao alphabet. There also exists two romanised standards for Haonic: Ecclesiastical romanisation created in the 17th century by Lysian missionaires and the Schnitter-Reuler romanisation created in 1862 by Rhodellian linguists Alfred Reuler and Karl Schnitter. In addition to traditional dialects, the existence of Inter-Haonic has been campaigned for by certain researchers as when speakers of two dialects with a low degree mutual inteligibility communicate words and grammatical structures from larger dialects are used to facilitate communication. However, many have pushed back on the notion stating that a varied series of apropos changes in vocabulary and grammar is more indicative of accomodation than it is of a dialect.

The use of "Haonic language" as opposed to "Haonic languages" has been subject to considerable debate: there exists a Haonic dialect continuum spanning southern Thalassa and outer Hao communities the furthest points of which are unintelligible with each other. Despite this, the unity of the Hao as an ethnic group, the use of larger dialects as lingua francas and the well recorded history of Haonic support its classification as a single language.

History

A wooden Hao ancestral tablet with Ronorono glyphs

The Haonic language was brought to southern Thalassa by the Hao people who settled the islands. The exact date of Hao settlement and by extension the arrival of Haonic is not known. The migration of the Hao has traditionally been seen as having coincided or followed the migration of Marenesian peoples between the 400s CE to the 1300s CE. However, genetic evidence has linked the Hao to early Aurelia people groups which has been taken to mean that their migration predates that of the Marenesians. Most historians now put the earliest possible point of settlement in the 500s CE while others believe that Hao settlement took place later in the 10th century. Attempts to reconstruct proto-Haonic have been made. However the lack of linguistic variation in settlement-era Haonic have impeded most efforts.

Unlike the Marenesians with whom the Hao had extensive contact from the 11th century onwards, the Hao did not have a great oral tradition. Instead, they relied on the written word in the form of Ronorono glyphs most often written on wooden tablets called touyi (Schnitter-Reuler: tuji). The creation of Ronorono glyphs bewteen the 10th and 12th centuries is one of the few independent inventions of writing in history. Pre-Marenesian contact texts of Ronorono are scarce. This is partly due to natural decay as most texts were written on perishable banana leaves or wooden tablets and also due to the cultural practise of Ruœsitïœ (Schnitter-Reuler: Rüösityö) where wooden tablets were burned or thrown to the sea as a result of military defeat between clans. The practise is well documented in Hao sources and was considered the ultimate form of victory where the defeated were quite literally wiped from history. As a result, Ronorono inscriptions dating from before the 15th century are extremely rare. Despite this, certain inscriptions have survived be it because they were carved on stone or were transported to islands where ritual burnings were not common.

Enough pre-1600s inscriptions have survived that an early pre-Marenesian state of Haonic has been able to be recorded. This was largely done in the late 1800s and early 1900s when a significant number of Ronorono tablets were discovered from shipwrecks and burial sites. This form of Haonic is called Kalakala meaning lost far or lost greatly. The language is believed to have existed in this form from the start of settlement in 500s or 900s CE to the beginning of significant Marenesian contact in the 1300s CE. Kalakala showed extensive use of declension in case and number only a small part of which has survived in certain modern Haonic dialects. Although the knowledge of how to read Ronorono was never completely lost to the Hao, elements of Kalakala had begun to be lost starting from the 14th century onwards as the glyphs were used less and less. Historical linguists from the mid-1800s onwards have been able to rediscover more and more of the lost aspects in Kalakala.

The oldest common form of all Haonic dialects is Nitséwale (Schnitter-Reuler: Nizewalə) also commonly referred to as Old Hao. Inscriptions show that Kalakala began to lose much of its grammatical declension especially in nouns as case endings were replaced by head-final particles. This has been attributed to the extensive contact the Hao had with Marenesians which is evident from the deluge of loanwords of Marenesian origin that entered the language at the time. The language also lost many of its consonant clusters. Nitséwale is understood to have existed from the 1300s CE until the beginning of modern Hao in the 1600s CE. From the small number of Ronorono tablets that have survived the test of time, only relatvely few of them are written in Nitséwale. Instead by the time Marenesians began to interact with the Hao, the complex system of glyphs had simplified into the Hao semi-syllabary. This simplification of the writing system led to a considerable increase in literacy and the production of Old Hao texts.

Towards the beginning of Old Hao, the Pearl Road extended to the point that it encompassed southern Thalassa. Around the same time, Mitonese traders began to trade with the islands. This new cultural contact brought many innovations in writing to the islands which caused the already simplified writing of the Hao to become a true alphabet. The vast majority of Old Hao texts that survive to the modern day are written in Nitséwale and in the modern Hao alphabet. Of significant interests to historical linguists is the fact that this increased cultural contact with both sides of the Oriental ocean did not result in major change in the language unlike contact with the Marenesians. Conversely, modern Haonic as it developped became averse to new loanwords preferring to coin new words from existing ones. As such, the development of an extensive system of word deriviation is a key feature of modern Haonic.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded		unrounded	rounded
Close	/i/ i	/y/ u/ü			/u/ ou/u
Mid	/e/ é/e	/ø/, /œ/ œ/ö	/ə/ ë/ə	/ɤ/ ï/y	/o/, /ɔ/ o
Open	/æ/ â/ä			/ɑ/ a

Haonic diphthongs

Vowel	ɑ	e	ə	i	o	u	y	ø
ɑ		ɑe	ɑə	ɑi	ɑo	ɑu
e	eɑ			ei	eo	eu
i			iə			iu	yi	øi
o	oɑ	oe	oə	oi		ou
u			uə	ui	uo
ɤ	ɤɑ	ɤe	ɤə	ɤi	ɤo	ɤu	ɤy	ɤø
æ		æe	æə	æi	æo	æu	æy	æø
ø	øɑ	øe	øə	øi			øy
y	yɑ		yə	yi				øy

Consonants

Haonic consonants are subject to great dialectal variation but no dialect possesses (bi)labial sounds (m, p, b, f, v). Consonant clusters are generally rare in Haonic with a general syllable structure of CV. However, /s/ and /l/ can precede most consonants and /h/ can follow most consonants resulting in the largest consonant clusters in modern Haonic: /lth/, /sth/, /lsth/ and /ltsh/. The loss of consonant clusters in modern Haonic has led to a significant increase in its vowel inventory. Germinated consonants are still a fairly prominent feature in Haonic conjugation but do not occur elsewhere.

	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	t		k   kʷ
Affricate	ts
Trill	r
Fricative	s			h
Nasal	n
Approximant	l	j	w

Consonant clusters

Modern Haonic has relatively fiew consonant clusters. They are formed primarily by adding /r/, /s/, /n/ or /l/ infront of another consonant or having it be followed by /h/. /wh/ is most commonly realised as /ʍ/

All clusters can occur word-medially; only /ts/ occurs word-initially.

1st↓ · 2nd→	t	ts	r	s	n	l	j	k	kʷ	w	h
t	tt			ts							th
ts											tsh
r			rr	rs	rn	rl		rk	rkʷ	rw	rh
s	st	sts	sr	ss		sl	sj	sk	skʷ	sw	sh
n			nr	ns	nn						nh
l	lt	lts	lr	ls	ln	ll	lj	lk	lkʷ	lw	lh
j				js			jj				jh
k								kk			kh
kʷ									kkʷ		hkʷ
w											wh
h	ht	hts						hk		hw	hh