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'''Manak Cuzi''' was | '''Manak Cuzi''' was a [[Hardhiara|Hardhi]] military officer and then politician who ascended to the throne during the [[Glorious Regeneration]], of which he was the main architect. He ruled [[Hardhiara]] as its [[Equiveprim]] for 42 years, from 1949 until his death of old age in 1991. He has since then been given the posthumous title of "Eternal Equiveprim" as the {{wp|cult of personality}} surrounding him continues to this day. His long rule was characterized by {{wp|dictatorship|dictatorial}} practices and {{wp|reactionary}} policies that reversed most of the reforms and modifications brought about by his predecessors. He notably brought back the [[Hardhiara#Decimal Administration|Decimal Administration]], {{wp|nationalisation|nationalized}} most of the country's industrial sectors, enacted country-wide {{wp|land reforms}}, led the rapid industrialization of the country through the use of {{wp|economic planning}}, and ended {{wp|democracy}}. | ||
His "Regeneration" aimed at | His "Regeneration" aimed at reversing what he had seen as the "systematic weakening of the state's institutions and organs" by recreating and modernizing the "traditional" Hardhi system of rulership. He ended all democratic institutions, closed the {{wp|Chamber of commerce|chambers of commerce}}, and took direct control over the economy. His bureaucratic approach to central planning was mitigated by the relative decentralization of said planning, with regional and provincial governors planning their own programs as long as they matched central directives. | ||
Dissidents and opponents to his rule were systematically purged by his secret police, and his government also practiced deportations, forced relocalisations of communities judged to be "potential threats to National Security", and forced labour. Most markets that had managed to appear since the beginning of the century were closed, replaced by modernized "Magazinet" distributing rations of foods, clothes, and tools to the | Dissidents and opponents to his rule were systematically purged by his secret police, and his government also practiced deportations, forced relocalisations of communities judged to be "potential threats to National Security", and forced labour. Most markets that had managed to appear since the beginning of the century were closed, replaced by modernized "Magazinet" distributing rations of foods, clothes, and tools to the population. | ||
One the international stage, Manak Cuzi became a close ally of [[Gerrit Hartnell]] and he signed the [[Kujkë Agreement]] with the Foresitter in 1955, a treaty that would be transformed the same year into the [[Mageiros League]]. | |||
After his death, Manak Cuzi's body was enshrined at the [[Afër Qiellit Mausoleum]], near [[Rihap]]. To this day, his mummified body | After his death, Manak Cuzi's body was enshrined at the [[Afër Qiellit Mausoleum]], near [[Rihap]]. To this day, his mummified body continues to attract visitors on what has become a state sponsored pilgrimage and it is often publicly displayed during important events. All newly appointed ministers and regional governors travel to the Mausoleum to take the oath to the Nation and the Equiveprim over the Hardhiaran Flag, while under the watch of Manak Cuzi. | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Manak Cuzi was born in 1898 in the town of [[Lunastasi]], in the Region of [[Gjydiert]], to the {{wp|Albanian tribes|Lunë tribe}}. His father was an officer in the military attached to the Durvan' garrison, and his mother a teacher. His parents were from | Manak Cuzi was born in 1898 in the town of [[Lunastasi]], in the Region of [[Gjydiert]], to the {{wp|Albanian tribes|Lunë tribe}}. His father was an officer in the military attached to the Durvan' garrison, and his mother a teacher. His parents were from locally important families; his grandfather was a retired colonel and their tribe's leader, and his uncle was an important regional administrator. He spent his first years in this tribal environment, with its customs and values, before being sent to [[Durvan]]'s middle school. He spent his adolescence under the care of his uncle, and then joined a military school to prepare him for the Officer Academy. In 1914, when he was 16 years old, he was conscripted into the military and served during the [[Continental War]] as a rifleman. He finished the war with the rank of Corporal and, given that he was now old enough, he immediately entered the Officer Academy of [[Kujkë]] on his Grandfather's recommendation. | ||
===Military service=== | ===Military service=== | ||
The Hardhi | The Hardhi were military involved in the [[Occupation of Hilmabreget]] after 1921 when it's army crossed the international border and occupied a number of strategic checkpoints to support the A-PEHNA. As a student-officer, Manak Cuzi took part in the operation with the rank of Lieutenant. After a small period serving in a mobile patrol, he was assigned to the Joint Forces, units made of a mix of Hardhi soldiers and Durqleri militias tasked with counter-insurgency missions. There he rose up to the rank of Captain and made friends among the Whikqur, a Durqleri tribe, and learned their language. Like other Joint Forces, Manak Cuzi's unit is accused of performing {{wp|war crimes}}, specifically acting as an anti-Hilmaric {{wp|death squad}}. In 1923, Manak's Unit participated as reinforcements in the [[Battle of Junio]], the last bastion of Hilmaric resistance. | ||
Following the Occupation, the Joint Forces were disbanded but Manak retained his rank of Captain. He then served on the [[Dulebia|Dulebian]] border, before being re-assigned to Hilmabreget. His knowledge of the Durqleri and ties to the Whikqur made him a | Following the Occupation, the Joint Forces were disbanded but Manak retained his rank of Captain. He then served on the [[Dulebia|Dulebian]] border, before being re-assigned to Hilmabreget. His knowledge of the Durqleri and ties to the Whikqur made him a prominent officer in the region, and one of the main instructors in charge of training a new generation of Durqleri officers fully integrated into the Hardhiara military structure. By 1935, he had reached the rank of colonel and had married the daughter of Rof Salmaq, a prominent Whikqur leader. | ||
==Rise to power== | ==Rise to power== | ||
During his stay in [[Hilmabreget]], was introduced to the Gjakvëllezër [[Adelthon]]. It's there that he would become friend with the Regional Governor of Hilmabreget at the time, as well as a regular participant in a number of circles animated by | During his stay in [[Hilmabreget]], was introduced to the Gjakvëllezër [[Adelthon]]. It's there that he would become friend with the Regional Governor of Hilmabreget at the time, as well as a regular participant in a number of circles animated by anti-liberal economists who promoted the idea of restructuring society and the {{wp|nationalization}} of all lands as a way out of the economic degradation that not only afflicted [[Hadhiara]] but also the rest of the world. These economists notably took inspiration from the 'post-revolutions recovery" of [[Erdara]] when discussing the interest of an active interventionist government in the economy during times of recession. | ||
Manak Cuzi and the rest of the [[Gjakvëllezër Adelthon]] however were opposed to the idea of a managed market economy. In fact, they were opposed to the idea of a {{wp|market economy}} at all, proposing a model of {{wp|economic planning}} instead, which they judged more "in tune" with the Hardhi society and its traditions. | Manak Cuzi and the rest of the [[Gjakvëllezër Adelthon]] however were opposed to the idea of a managed market economy. In fact, they were opposed to the idea of a {{wp|market economy}} at all, proposing a model of {{wp|economic planning}} instead, which they judged more "in tune" with the Hardhi society and its traditions. | ||
In 1936, Manak Cuzi was appointed "Military advisor" of the Regional Government, as well as | In 1936, Manak Cuzi was appointed "Military advisor" of the Regional Government, as well as director of the new Military Academy of [[Junio]]. He became one of the most trusted advisor of the Governor and an influential figure in the region, advocating for extensive state spending on {{wp|public works}}, {{wp|education}}, and {{wp|pensions}} as a way to boost the economy of the region. Pressures from [[Kujkë]] led to his removal from the office of advisor, even if he kept his position of Director where he continued to influence regional politics through his ties with the Durqleri tribes and the [[Gjakvëllezër Adelthon|Gjakvëllezër Brotherhood]]. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of General, but assigned to a battalion at the [[Dulebia|Dulebian border]] and had to abandon the Junio Military Academy. [[Kujkë]] hoped that this "exile" in a region where he had no friend or family would isolate him. Instead he and other Gjakvëllezër started to spread his image as a "Martyr", dismissed from his positions and sent into exile despite the success of his socio-economic plans. The publicity would serve him well. | ||
===Chancellorship=== | ===Chancellorship=== | ||
In 1943, the [[Cornicae|Cathartic Empire]] was | In 1943, the [[Cornicae|Cathartic Empire]] was officially dissolved. The economic and political shock-waves sent by this event finished throwing [[Hardhiara]] into a full {{wp|Recession}}. The previous liberal-minded government was dismissed by the Equiveprim under popular pressure, and court politics began to choose a new candidate for the position of Chancellor. With the help of his friends in the military and in the civil administration, plus the support of his family and other relations, Manak Cuzi managed to transform the public recognition he had gained in 1939 into political momentum. After a quick-succession of short-lived cabinets, Manak Cuzi was finally appointed to the Chancellery in 1944 and was honorably discharged from the Army, retaining his rank of general. | ||
As head of the executive, Manak Cuzi gathered a cabinet of close friends and supporters from [[Hilmabreget]] and [[Gjydiert]], as well as from the Capital. This "Provincial Clique" immediately began what they had already tried in Hilmabreget, but on a much larger scale. "Special Missions" were created to | As head of the executive, Manak Cuzi gathered a cabinet of close friends and supporters from [[Hilmabreget]] and [[Gjydiert]], as well as from the Capital. This "Provincial Clique" immediately began what they had already tried in Hilmabreget, but on a much larger scale. "Special Missions" were created to supervise public works in various regions, expanding railroads, highways, building new airports, and other "important infrastructures". Manak Cuzi also used loans to send grants to farmers and support the agriculture, and created networks of "social assistance" and "Social Cooperatives" , among other policies aimed at fighting against the Recession. | ||
Through the careful use of his own network and public support, he was able to evince all of his opponents, but was stuck in a constant struggle with the Equiveprim on almost every bill or policy proposed by his Cabinet. In 1946 as it seemed like the Equiveprim would organize a military coup to oust Manak Cuzi, Cuzi managed to replace the units guarding [[Kujkë]] with units led by officers still loyal to him. Furthermore, multiple | Through the careful use of his own network and public support, he was able to evince all of his opponents, but was stuck in a constant struggle with the Equiveprim on almost every bill or policy proposed by his Cabinet. In 1946 as it seemed like the Equiveprim would organize a military coup to oust Manak Cuzi, Cuzi managed to replace the units guarding [[Kujkë]] with units led by officers still loyal to him. Furthermore, multiple choke-points around the roads and highways leading to the Capital were suddenly occupied by tribal militias loyal to the Chancellor. | ||
Throughout his Chancellorship, Manak Cuzi promoted in the state propaganda the idea that the {{wp|Albanian tribes|Lunë tribe}} had ties to the old [[Dierriegër Dynasty]]. After 1946, it became clearer for everyone that the King and his Chancellor were in open warfare and violence between their partisans became more and more commons. | |||
[[category:Hardhiara]] | [[category:Hardhiara]] | ||
Revision as of 15:53, 4 May 2020
Manak Cuzi | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Manak Cuzi in 1944 | |
| Equiveprim of Hardhiara | |
| In office 4 September 1949 – 12 September 1991 | |
| Succeeded by | Mavik Cuzi |
| Viceroy of Hardhiara | |
| In office 20 June 1949 – 4 September 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Ruçi Tanush |
| Succeeded by | Mavik Cuzi |
| Chancellor of Hardhiara | |
| In office 8 March 1944 – 4 September 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Amaçi Sipek |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Manak Cuzi nga Lunë 21 October 1898 Lunastasi, Hardhiara |
| Died | 4 September 1991 (aged 92) Kujkë, Hardhiara |
| Cause of death | Heart attack |
| Resting place | Afër Qiellit Mausoleum, Hardhiara |
| Children | Mavik Cuzi |
| Parent(s) | Svo Arabak Altanna Sipya |
| Profession |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Hardhiara |
| Branch/service | Equiveprimya Military |
| Years of service | 1916 - 1944 |
| Rank | General |
| Unit | 4rth Army |
| Battles/wars | Continental War Occupation of Hilmabreget |
Manak Cuzi was a Hardhi military officer and then politician who ascended to the throne during the Glorious Regeneration, of which he was the main architect. He ruled Hardhiara as its Equiveprim for 42 years, from 1949 until his death of old age in 1991. He has since then been given the posthumous title of "Eternal Equiveprim" as the cult of personality surrounding him continues to this day. His long rule was characterized by dictatorial practices and reactionary policies that reversed most of the reforms and modifications brought about by his predecessors. He notably brought back the Decimal Administration, nationalized most of the country's industrial sectors, enacted country-wide land reforms, led the rapid industrialization of the country through the use of economic planning, and ended democracy.
His "Regeneration" aimed at reversing what he had seen as the "systematic weakening of the state's institutions and organs" by recreating and modernizing the "traditional" Hardhi system of rulership. He ended all democratic institutions, closed the chambers of commerce, and took direct control over the economy. His bureaucratic approach to central planning was mitigated by the relative decentralization of said planning, with regional and provincial governors planning their own programs as long as they matched central directives.
Dissidents and opponents to his rule were systematically purged by his secret police, and his government also practiced deportations, forced relocalisations of communities judged to be "potential threats to National Security", and forced labour. Most markets that had managed to appear since the beginning of the century were closed, replaced by modernized "Magazinet" distributing rations of foods, clothes, and tools to the population.
One the international stage, Manak Cuzi became a close ally of Gerrit Hartnell and he signed the Kujkë Agreement with the Foresitter in 1955, a treaty that would be transformed the same year into the Mageiros League.
After his death, Manak Cuzi's body was enshrined at the Afër Qiellit Mausoleum, near Rihap. To this day, his mummified body continues to attract visitors on what has become a state sponsored pilgrimage and it is often publicly displayed during important events. All newly appointed ministers and regional governors travel to the Mausoleum to take the oath to the Nation and the Equiveprim over the Hardhiaran Flag, while under the watch of Manak Cuzi.
Early life
Manak Cuzi was born in 1898 in the town of Lunastasi, in the Region of Gjydiert, to the Lunë tribe. His father was an officer in the military attached to the Durvan' garrison, and his mother a teacher. His parents were from locally important families; his grandfather was a retired colonel and their tribe's leader, and his uncle was an important regional administrator. He spent his first years in this tribal environment, with its customs and values, before being sent to Durvan's middle school. He spent his adolescence under the care of his uncle, and then joined a military school to prepare him for the Officer Academy. In 1914, when he was 16 years old, he was conscripted into the military and served during the Continental War as a rifleman. He finished the war with the rank of Corporal and, given that he was now old enough, he immediately entered the Officer Academy of Kujkë on his Grandfather's recommendation.
Military service
The Hardhi were military involved in the Occupation of Hilmabreget after 1921 when it's army crossed the international border and occupied a number of strategic checkpoints to support the A-PEHNA. As a student-officer, Manak Cuzi took part in the operation with the rank of Lieutenant. After a small period serving in a mobile patrol, he was assigned to the Joint Forces, units made of a mix of Hardhi soldiers and Durqleri militias tasked with counter-insurgency missions. There he rose up to the rank of Captain and made friends among the Whikqur, a Durqleri tribe, and learned their language. Like other Joint Forces, Manak Cuzi's unit is accused of performing war crimes, specifically acting as an anti-Hilmaric death squad. In 1923, Manak's Unit participated as reinforcements in the Battle of Junio, the last bastion of Hilmaric resistance.
Following the Occupation, the Joint Forces were disbanded but Manak retained his rank of Captain. He then served on the Dulebian border, before being re-assigned to Hilmabreget. His knowledge of the Durqleri and ties to the Whikqur made him a prominent officer in the region, and one of the main instructors in charge of training a new generation of Durqleri officers fully integrated into the Hardhiara military structure. By 1935, he had reached the rank of colonel and had married the daughter of Rof Salmaq, a prominent Whikqur leader.
Rise to power
During his stay in Hilmabreget, was introduced to the Gjakvëllezër Adelthon. It's there that he would become friend with the Regional Governor of Hilmabreget at the time, as well as a regular participant in a number of circles animated by anti-liberal economists who promoted the idea of restructuring society and the nationalization of all lands as a way out of the economic degradation that not only afflicted Hadhiara but also the rest of the world. These economists notably took inspiration from the 'post-revolutions recovery" of Erdara when discussing the interest of an active interventionist government in the economy during times of recession.
Manak Cuzi and the rest of the Gjakvëllezër Adelthon however were opposed to the idea of a managed market economy. In fact, they were opposed to the idea of a market economy at all, proposing a model of economic planning instead, which they judged more "in tune" with the Hardhi society and its traditions.
In 1936, Manak Cuzi was appointed "Military advisor" of the Regional Government, as well as director of the new Military Academy of Junio. He became one of the most trusted advisor of the Governor and an influential figure in the region, advocating for extensive state spending on public works, education, and pensions as a way to boost the economy of the region. Pressures from Kujkë led to his removal from the office of advisor, even if he kept his position of Director where he continued to influence regional politics through his ties with the Durqleri tribes and the Gjakvëllezër Brotherhood. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of General, but assigned to a battalion at the Dulebian border and had to abandon the Junio Military Academy. Kujkë hoped that this "exile" in a region where he had no friend or family would isolate him. Instead he and other Gjakvëllezër started to spread his image as a "Martyr", dismissed from his positions and sent into exile despite the success of his socio-economic plans. The publicity would serve him well.
Chancellorship
In 1943, the Cathartic Empire was officially dissolved. The economic and political shock-waves sent by this event finished throwing Hardhiara into a full Recession. The previous liberal-minded government was dismissed by the Equiveprim under popular pressure, and court politics began to choose a new candidate for the position of Chancellor. With the help of his friends in the military and in the civil administration, plus the support of his family and other relations, Manak Cuzi managed to transform the public recognition he had gained in 1939 into political momentum. After a quick-succession of short-lived cabinets, Manak Cuzi was finally appointed to the Chancellery in 1944 and was honorably discharged from the Army, retaining his rank of general.
As head of the executive, Manak Cuzi gathered a cabinet of close friends and supporters from Hilmabreget and Gjydiert, as well as from the Capital. This "Provincial Clique" immediately began what they had already tried in Hilmabreget, but on a much larger scale. "Special Missions" were created to supervise public works in various regions, expanding railroads, highways, building new airports, and other "important infrastructures". Manak Cuzi also used loans to send grants to farmers and support the agriculture, and created networks of "social assistance" and "Social Cooperatives" , among other policies aimed at fighting against the Recession.
Through the careful use of his own network and public support, he was able to evince all of his opponents, but was stuck in a constant struggle with the Equiveprim on almost every bill or policy proposed by his Cabinet. In 1946 as it seemed like the Equiveprim would organize a military coup to oust Manak Cuzi, Cuzi managed to replace the units guarding Kujkë with units led by officers still loyal to him. Furthermore, multiple choke-points around the roads and highways leading to the Capital were suddenly occupied by tribal militias loyal to the Chancellor.
Throughout his Chancellorship, Manak Cuzi promoted in the state propaganda the idea that the Lunë tribe had ties to the old Dierriegër Dynasty. After 1946, it became clearer for everyone that the King and his Chancellor were in open warfare and violence between their partisans became more and more commons.