Harithi Caliphate: Difference between revisions

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== List of caliphs ==
== List of caliphs ==
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== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==

Revision as of 09:39, 10 April 2023

Harithi Caliphate
خلافة الحارثي
661–1433
Flag of Harithis
Flag
CapitalMakkah (661-1433)
Common languagesArabic
Demonym(s)Harithis
GovernmentCaliphate
Caliph 
• 661-671
Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (Ja'afar I)
• 671-679
Sa'id bin Nawfal bin Al-Harith bin Abd Al-Muttallib (Sa'id I)
• 1408-1433
Abdallah VI
History 
• First Fitna
656-661
• Establishment
661
• Second Fitna
671
• Kakish Crusades
1218-1233
• Dissolution
April 25 1433
CurrencyGold dinar, silver dirham, cooper fals
Today part ofSalamat, Magrekia, Arzaqa, Gassasinia, Ar-Sayhurbah, Ghashir, Yryel, The Cape Bay, North Memea, Al-Shabar, Khirmania

The Harithi Caliphate (661-1433 CE) (Arabic : خلافة الحارثي) was a caliphate in Thrismari and Thuadia which was established in 661 after the First Fitna which led to the demise of the Rashidun Caliphate. It's name comes from Al-Harith Ibn Abd Al-Muttallib, which was the uncle of the prophet Muhammad and the progenitor of the dynasty which ruled the caliphate.

History

The Harithi Caliphate was founded in 661 CE, after the Hasan-Mu'awiya treaty, where both sides agreed to put Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (the son of the cousin of the prophet) as the ruler. This decision was opposed by some which would become the Kharijites, and would spark revolts all across the newly established caliphate, which would immediately be repressed by the caliph. Some Shi'as also opposed the treaty.

After the treaty, Ja'afar sought to expand the caliphate northward and westward, to what's today's Gassasinia and Magrekia, as well as today's Yryel and The Cape Bay in the north. First incursions into Gassasinia, led by Hudhayfa Ibn Qasim and Abd al-Malik Ibn Hisham, would result in a Muslim defeat in 665 CE, before winning at the battle of Nasfan (Jumada II-Rajab 48 AH/July-August 668 CE), a battle which would be decisive for the Harithis. On the other hand, Muslims were defeated twice in modern-day Yryel, in the battles of TBA (Muharram 49 AH) and TBA (Rabi II 49 AH), while they succeeded to control the southern peninsula in modern-day The Cape Bay.

In January 671, the caliph Ja'afar died. As he had only one daughter, his death caused a major succession problem.

Second Fitna

The Second Fitna was declenched by the death of Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan. Ja'afar, having a daughter only, had to be suceeded by his nephew Sa'id. However, Mu'awiya, arguing that the title of caliph should be given due to piety and not to due to descendance, wanted to take power and break the treaty signed 10 years prior. This resulted in a conflict which lasted ten months, until Mu'awiya was poisoned by one of his servants. Some areas of the caliphate, which were more in favor of Mu'awiya, revolted against Sa'id 's authority, which caused more deaths on top of the Second Fitna's death toll.

First Peace

The period which would succeed the Second Fitna is called the "First Peace" by historians. This period was marked by a high number of people from various ethnic groups converting to Islam, and stability throughout the caliphate. It was also the start of the Islamic Golden Age, which was marked by scientific advancements throughout the caliphate, notably in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and astronomy. The First Peace would last until 743 CE, when the governor of Hamma and Ankur would rebel against the newly installed caliph Abdallah II.

Vassalisation of Ankur

Ankur seceded from the Harithis in 744 CE following the installation of caliph Abdallah II, which was favourable to force Arab culture on other ethnic groups, including the Ankurids, which are for the majority composed of Berbers who migrated following the discovery of the island in 656 CE.

Abdallah II, furious, sent a punitive expedition to Ankurids, and in September 752 CE (Safar-Rabi I 135 AH), defeated the Ankurids at the battle of the double-faced mountain, and three months later, killed the Ankurid caliph-then governor Hashim Al Ankuridi and replaced him with Qasim Ibn Luayy, which served as puppet for the Harithis. Ankur was then vassalized in 755 CE (137 AH).

The Great Peace

After the expedition to Ankur, the Harithi Caliphate a period of peace, much longer than the First Peace, which would bring advancements in the caliphate. The first university was built in Madinah in 834 CE (219 AH), while the first university built out of the Sayhurbah region was the TBA university in modern-day TBD in 898 CE (285 AH). The Great Peace was marked by even more scientific and religious advancements in the caliphate, particularily in the Ghassan region (Gassasinia and Magrekia), which were the hubs of science and technology from the 3rd to the 5th centuries of the Hegirian calendar. Other areas like modern-day Salamat became hubs of a specific subject, like astronomy. This period was the most functional period of the caliphate and trade spread Islam to peoples which were far frpm the caliphate, eventually resulting in Muslim-majority areas in non-Muslim regions. It would last for about 480 years.

Kakish Crusades

Fragmentation and dissolution

List of caliphs

Name Lifespan Start of reign End of reign Notes
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example

Legacy

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