Harithi Caliphate
Harithi Caliphate خلافة الحارثي | |
|---|---|
| 661–1433 | |
 Flag | |
| Capital | Makkah (661-1433) |
| Common languages | Arabic |
| Demonym(s) | Harithis |
| Government | Caliphate |
| Caliph | |
• 661-671 | Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (Ja'afar I) |
• 671-679 | Sa'id bin Nawfal bin Al-Harith bin Abd Al-Muttallib (Sa'id I) |
• 1408-1433 | Abdallah VI |
| History | |
• First Fitna | 656-661 |
• Establishment | 661 |
• Second Fitna | 671 |
• Kakish Crusades | 1218-1233 |
• Dissolution | April 25 1433 |
| Currency | Gold dinar, silver dirham, cooper fals |
| Today part of | Salamat, Magrekia, Arzaqa, Gassasinia, Ar-Sayhurbah, Ghashir, Yryel, The Cape Bay, North Memea, Al-Shabar, Khirmania |
The Harithi Caliphate (661-1433 CE) (Arabic : خلافة الحارثي) was a caliphate in Thrismari and Thuadia which was established in 661 after the First Fitna which led to the demise of the Rashidun Caliphate. It's name comes from Al-Harith Ibn Abd Al-Muttallib, which was the uncle of the prophet Muhammad and the progenitor of the dynasty which ruled the caliphate.
History
The Harithi Caliphate was founded in 661 CE, after the Hasan-Mu'awiya treaty, where both sides agreed to put Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (the son of the cousin of the prophet) as the ruler. This decision was opposed by some which would become the Kharijites, and would spark revolts all across the newly established caliphate, which would immediately be repressed by the caliph. Some Shi'as also opposed the treaty.
After the treaty, Ja'afar sought to expand the caliphate northward and westward, to what's today's Gassasinia and Magrekia, as well as today's Yryel and The Cape Bay in the north. First incursions into Gassasinia, led by Hudhayfa Ibn Qasim and Abd al-Malik Ibn Hisham, would result in a Muslim defeat in 665 CE, before winning at the battle of Nasfan (Jumada II-Rajab 48 AH/July-August 668 CE), a battle which would be decisive for the Harithis. On the other hand, Muslims were defeated twice in modern-day Yryel, in the battles of TBA (Muharram 49 AH) and TBA (Rabi II 49 AH), while they succeeded to control the southern peninsula in modern-day The Cape Bay.
In January 671, the caliph Ja'afar died. As he had only one daughter, his death caused a major succession problem.
Second Fitna
The Second Fitna was declenched by the death of Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan. Ja'afar, having a daughter only, had to be suceeded by his nephew Sa'id. However, Mu'awiya, arguing that the title of caliph should be given due to piety and not to due to descendance, wanted to take power and break the treaty signed 10 years prior. This resulted in a conflict which lasted ten months, until Mu'awiya was poisoned by one of his servants. Some areas of the caliphate, which were more in favor of Mu'awiya, revolted against Sa'id 's authority, which caused more deaths on top of the Second Fitna's death toll.
First Peace
The period which would succeed the Second Fitna is called the "First Peace" by historians. This period was marked by a high number of people from various ethnic groups converting to Islam, and stability throughout the caliphate. It was also the start of the Islamic Golden Age, which was marked by scientific advancements throughout the caliphate, notably in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and astronomy. The First Peace would last until 743 CE, when the governor of Hamma and Ankur would rebel against the newly installed caliph Abdallah II.
Vassalisation of Ankur
Ankur seceded from the Harithis in 744 CE following the installation of caliph Abdallah II, which was favourable to force Arab culture on other ethnic groups, including the Ankurids, which are for the majority composed of Berbers who migrated following the discovery of the island in 656 CE.
Abdallah II, furious, sent a punitive expedition to Ankurids, and in September 752 CE (Safar-Rabi I 135 AH), defeated the Ankurids at the battle of the double-faced mountain, and three months later, killed the Ankurid caliph-then governor Hashim Al Ankuridi and replaced him with Qasim Ibn Luayy, which served as puppet for the Harithis. Ankur was then vassalized in 755 CE (137 AH).
The Great Peace
After the expedition to Ankur, the Harithi Caliphate a period of peace, much longer than the First Peace, which would bring advancements in the caliphate. The first university was built in Madinah in 834 CE (219 AH), while the first university built out of the Sayhurbah region was the TBA university in modern-day TBD in 898 CE (285 AH). The Great Peace was marked by even more scientific and religious advancements in the caliphate, particularily in the Ghassan region (Gassasinia and Magrekia), which were the hubs of science and technology from the 3rd to the 5th centuries of the Hegirian calendar. Other areas like modern-day Salamat became hubs of a specific subject, like astronomy. This period was the most functional period of the caliphate and trade spread Islam to peoples which were far from the caliphate, eventually resulting in Muslim-majority areas in non-Muslim regions. It would last for about 480 years.
Kakish Crusades
Fragmentation and dissolution
List of caliphs
| Name | Lifespan | Start of reign | End of reign | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (Ja'afar I) جعفر الأول | Unknown - January 671 | 661 | January 671 | First caliph of the Harithi caliphate. |
| Sa'id bin Nawfal bin al-Harith bin Abd al-Muttallib (Sa'id I) سعيد الأول | Unknown - June 679 | January 671 | June 679 | |
| Hisham I هشام الأول | 642-703 | June 679 | April 703 | |
| Yunis I يونس الأول | July 672 - April 20 720 | April 703 | April 20 720 | Nephew of Hisham I |
| Abdallah I عبدالله الأول | June 2 669 - September/October 743 | April 20 720 | Dhu' Al-Hijja 125 AH (September/October 743) | Cousin of Yunis I |
| Abdallah II عبدالله الثاني | February 23 688 - October 758 | Dhu' Al-Hijja 125 AH | October 758 | |
| Muhammad I | March 715 - May 28 774 | October 758 | May 28 774 | |
| Hasan I | November 24 739 - December 13 803 | May 28 774 | December 13 803 | |
| Hisham II | June 764 - April 17 811 | December 13 803 | April 17 811 | Poisoned by his nephew Qasim bin Abdallah al Harithi |
| Ja'afar II "Al-Majdi" | August 8 786 - October 23 847 | April 17 811 | October 23 847 | Named "Al-Majdi" by some historians |
| Abdallah III | March 814 - February 19 893 | October 23 847 | March 5 892 | Fell ill and was replaced by his grandson |
| Ibrahim I | January 27 869 - July 13 931 | March 5 892 | July 13 931 | Grandson of Abdallah III |
| Sa'id II | April 3 896 - September 30 938 | July 13 931 | September 30 938 | |
| Zubayr I | June 14 923 - April 9 979 | September 30 938 | April 9 979 | |
| Yunis II "Al-Munshi" | December 31 948 - March 3 1006 | April 9 979 | March 3 1006 | Nicknamed "Al-Munshi" or "the constructor" due to him building mosques around the caliphate |
| Lu'ayy I | September 12 971 - May 25 1033 | March 3 1006 | May 25 1033 | |
| Muhammad II | October 7 997 - February 2 1062 | May 25 1033 | February 2 1062 | |
| Abdallah IV | June 30 1024 - July 9 1099 | February 2 1062 | July 9 1099 | |
| Ibrahim II | November 20 1058 - October 28 1112 | July 9 1099 | October 28 1112 | |
| Yunis III | September 4 1089 - February 23 1140 | October 28 1112 | February 23 1140 | |
| Tarik I | June 17 1121 - April 15 1204 | February 23 1140 | April 15 1204 | Longest ruling caliph. |
| Hasan II | August 28 1173 - December 2 1221 | April 15 1204 | December 2 1221 | |
| Ja'afar III | January 13 1194 - September 16 1259 | December 2 1221 | September 16 1259 | Known for launching the 2nd crusade |
| Hisham III | October 4 1220 - May 27 1293 | September 16 1259 | May 27 1293 | |
| Zubayr II | October 23 1248 - July 2 1304 | May 27 1293 | July 2 1304 | |
| Tarik II | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Abdallah V | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Sa'id III | Example | Example | Example | Example |
| Sulayman I | Example | Example | Example | Example |
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