1980 Piraean general election

1980 Piraean general election

1 February 1980
All 125 seats to the Piraean Courts 61 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	79.8%
Party Leader % Seats People's Party Ioannis Apostolou 54.4 68 Piraese Socialist Workers Union Andrianos Rodiales 32 40 Centre Union 6.4 8 Democratic Socialism 2.4 3 Progressive Federation 2.4 3 Humanist Centre-Greeen 0.8 1 New Force-National Alliance 0.98 1 National Party 0.8 1 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Most voted-for party by region in Piraea proper
Premier before Premier after Ioannis Christodoulopoulos Military dictatorship Ioannis Apostolou LK

The 1980 Piraean general election was the first democratic election of Piraea after the military dictatorship to elect the members of the Piraean Courts (now Senate) and the new premier of the republic. It was extraordinarily held on 1 February 1980 and marked the start of the Piraean metapolitefsi.

The elections were agreed in 1979, after the military junta lost the national plebiscite in which it sought to legitimise a new leader. In September of 1979, the two largest parties of Piraea, the PSEE and the People's Party, signed, together with other minor legal parties, the conditions for the transition under the Hankssun 300 Pact; the military junta agreed the disassociation from the new government and institutions on the conditions of inmunity and the outlaw of the Piraese Section of the Workers' International. Most of the members of the illegal PTED participated under the Progressive Federation platform together with other clandestine leftist minor groups.

After the general elections the 1st Legislature of the Piraean Senate were formed, with an absolute majority from the People's Party, which counted with the PSEE as the main opposition party. The new premier, Ioannis Apostolou was invested with the votes of LK and Centre Union, while the post-Functionalist far-right proposed their abstention.

Background

1979 national plebiscite

Main article: 1979 Piraean national plebiscite

The year prior to the general elections, the military junta proposed and celebrated a national plebiscite aimed to legitimise a new term of the recently elected junta leader, Ioannis Christodoulopoulos, who was appointed by the dictator of the Second Piraean Republic, Konstantinos Athanopoulos, in the minutes prior to his death. The plebiscite counted with an important campaign of the two options, "Yes" (Ναι; endorsed by the political right and the junta) and "No" (Όχι; endorsed by the left and society groups in clandestine), which gradually normalised political activity in the country.

However, the rejection of the junta's proposal, forced the military to initiate contacts with the political world to host elections and transition towards democracy. Christodoulopoulos held several contacts with the Ioannis Apostolou (People's Party) and Andrianos Rodiales (PSEE).

1979 Hankssun 300 Pact

Main article: 1979 Hankssun 300 Pact

The 4 September 1979, the military junta and the leaders of the main political parties signed the Hankssun 300 Pact, an agreement that specified the conditions of the metapolitefsi. The agreement became controversial in the cores of both the democratic right and most of the left, as it granted immunity to junta leaders and censored the Piraese Section of Workers' International from participating in the election. However, Apostolou and Rodiales argued that the pact was crucial for the dissociation of the army from the politics.

Campaign

Posters used by Andrianos Rodiales (top left), Ioannis Apostolou (top right), Dorotheos Apostolakis (bottom left) and the Progressive Federation (bottom right).

Following the 1979 national plebiscite, the military junta met with the candidates Andrianos Rodiales (PSEE) and Ioannis Apostolou to draft the path towards the democratisation of the country and the immunity of former military leaders. After the Hankssun 300 Pact, the Ministry of Interior and Information legalised a number of political parties, allowing Apostolou to form the People's Party, which reunited most of the centre-right and right-wing. The pact proved controversial for the Piraean political system, and most importantly, for the centre-left, where the several members of the PSEE formed Democratic Socialism due to the discomfort with PSEE allowing the censorship of the Piraese Section of Workers' International (PTED). Sectors associated with the PTED , however, formed the Progressive Federation, under the leadership of Theodoros Kouras.

Although several incidents were produced during political rallies, in especially of the left in hands of members of far-right militias, the campaign was marked by a festive atmosphere. The PSEE counted with an overwhelming support from other Euclean social democratic parties and by a large portion of the Piraean diaspora (back then, severely marked by the population that opposed the regime). At first, the military junta sought to openly support New Force and eventually ignoring People's Party; however, this let Apostolou to expose a more moderate discourse, granting its growth in opinion polls. The People's Party also counted with the support of the largest companies of Piraea and a great portion of the entrepeneurial sector, which became decisive in a generally more advanced campaign.

Censorship and observers

During the conversations that led to the Hankssun 300 Pact, the two political parties faced the hostility of the military leadership, although the three sides reached a joint document at the end. The censorship, heavily instaurated during the Second Pirean Republic, was alleviated during the campaign: the military junta allowed the formation of political parties and allowed party political broadcast to all political parties. However, rallies of the centre-left and left counted with less hours of television broadcast in comparison with those of the centre-right and right.  

The censorship during the campaign was exercised mostly during political interviews and the two televised debates. Similarly as what happened during the 1979 plebiscite, the junta forbidden parties from expressing themselves about Human Rights violations and other topics surrounding the honour of the Armed Forces. A 2 minutes political broadcast granted to the Progressive Federation was censored and not allowed by the Ministry of Interior and Information, as it counted with explicit content against the regime.

The PSEE demanded the presence of foreign electoral observers, which was granted by the junta to the Euclean Community, Azmara (which sent a special delegation due to political pressure exercised by the Piraean diaspora living in Aalmsted), South Euclean People's Republic and _.

Televised debates

1980 Piraean general election debates
Date	Broadcaster	Moderator(s)	Participants —   Name  Participant    N  Party not invited/did not participate   NI  Not invited											Notes
			LK	PSEE	EK	DS	PO	AK-P	VD-ES	EKN
4 Nov	ΠΡΤ 1	Chirstoforos Contou	Ioannis Apostolou	Andrianos Rodiales	Stefanos Sarropoulos-Larraz	Nikos Procopiiadis	NI	NI	NI	NI
12 Dec	Έννα Media	Konstantinos Chronellis	Ioannis Apostolou	Andrianos Rodiales	Stefanos Sarropoulos-Larraz	Nikos Procopiiadis	NI	Theofanis Kanatos	NI	NI

Participating parties

See also: List of political parties in Piraea

Candidacy		Leading candidate		Ideology
			Ioannis Apostolou	Liberal conservatism Economic liberalism Christian democracy
			Andrianos Rodiales	Progressivism Social democracy Secularism Pro-Eucleanism
			Stefanos Sarropoulos-Larraz	Neoliberalism Liberal conservatism Right-wing populism
			Nikos Procopiiadis	Social democracy Democratic socialism Pro-Euclean Community
			Theodoros Kouras	Councilism Democratic socialism
			Theofanis Kanatos	Progressivism Green politics Humanism Social liberalism
		File:Georgios Papadopoulos.jpg	Dorotheos Apostolakis	Social conservatism Militarism
			Charalambos Artinidis	Social conservatism Militarism Nationalism Piraean irredentism

Results

The results showed important changes from the previous national plebiscite; several analysts predicted the first government of the centre-left due to the contundent rejection of the population to the continuity of the military junta. However, during the campaign, the military leadership was seen as divided, supporting the far-right candidates of New Force-National Alliance and National Party, leaving Ioannis Apostolou, from the moderate centre-right wing, without the mark of the military dictatorship. The PSEE, which was considered a preferred option, saw internal divisions after signing the Hankssun 300 Pact, with Democratic Socialism dividing the voting share.

The results, however, marked a significant trend that has been present in the politics of Piraea since then; with the region of Foinikas being predominantly conservative, together with the north-western neighborhoods of Alikianos and its "central almond". This, in contrast to the regions of Lampi and Samariá, where the centre-left and left has been a lot more stronger.

↓

40	3	3	1	8	1	1	68
Piraese Socialist Workers Union	PO	DS	AK-P	EK	EKN	VD-ES	People's Party

Map of results of Alikianos during the 1979 plebiscite.

Map of results of Alikianos during the 1980 general elections, with similar trends happening. .

Party		Seats
	People's Party	68
	Piraese Socialist Workers Union	40
	Centre Union	8
	Democratic Socialism	3
	Progressive Federation	3
	Humanist Centre-Greeen	1
	New Force-National Alliance	1
	National Party	1
Total		125
Source: Ministry of Interior and Information

Aftermath

After the general elections, Piraea formed the first democratically elected government since the First Republic. This ignited a number of political issues that were going to be tackled by the political system as a whole; most importantly, the government of Apostolou faced the end of censorship in PRT, the legalisation of the Piraese Section of the Workers' International and the General Confederation of Piraese Workers, the democratisation of the military and the creation of a new constitutional framework, which resulted in the Third Republic. A new economic panorama and the issue regarding the Euclean integration were also heavily discussed topics during the first years of the Apostolou governments. In 1982, after having legalised the PTED, Ioannis Apostolou called a snap election together with the PSEE, in order to "reconstruct the political system".

Government formation and investiture

Following the general elections, the leader of the military junta, Ioannis Christodoulopoulos, issued a live statement on television, congratulating the elected candidate and expressing the "personal wishes" to hold an official meeting before the investiture session. The first government of Ioannis Apostolou was formed the 15 February 1980, with the absolute majority of the People's Party and votes of the Centre Union. The two far-right parties considered the abstention.

Candidate	Date	Vote									Total
Ioannis Apostolou	15 February 1980 Absolute majority required (61/125)	Yes Y	68		8						76 / 125
		No		40		3	3	1			47 / 125
		Abs.							1	1	2 / 125