Harithi Caliphate

Harithi Caliphate خلافة الحارثي
661–1433
Flag
Capital	Makkah (661-1433)
Common languages	Arabic
Demonym(s)	Harithis
Government	Caliphate
Caliph
• 661-671	Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (Ja'afar I)
• 671-679	Sa'id bin Nawfal bin Al-Harith bin Abd Al-Muttallib (Sa'id I)
• 1408-1433	Abdallah VI
History
• First Fitna	656-661
• Establishment	661
• Second Fitna	671
• Kakish Crusades	1218-1233
• Dissolution	April 25 1433
Currency	Gold dinar, silver dirham, cooper fals
Today part of	Salamat, Magrekia, Arzaqa, Gassasinia, Ar-Sayhurbah, Ghashir, Yryel, The Cape Bay, North Memea, Al-Shabar, Khirmania

The Harithi Caliphate (661-1433 CE) (Arabic : خلافة الحارثي) was a caliphate in Thrismari and Thuadia which was established in 661 after the First Fitna which led to the demise of the Rashidun Caliphate. It's name comes from Al-Harith Ibn Abd Al-Muttallib, which was the uncle of the prophet Muhammad and the progenitor of the dynasty which ruled the caliphate.

History

The Harithi Caliphate was founded in 661 CE, after the Hasan-Mu'awiya treaty, where both sides agreed to put Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (the son of the cousin of the prophet) as the ruler. This decision was opposed by some which would become the Kharijites, and would spark revolts all across the newly established caliphate, which would immediately be repressed by the caliph. Some Shi'as also opposed the treaty.

After the treaty, Ja'afar sought to expand the caliphate northward and westward, to what's today's Gassasinia and Magrekia, as well as today's Yryel and The Cape Bay in the north. First incursions into Gassasinia, led by Hudhayfa Ibn Qasim and Abd al-Malik Ibn Hisham, would result in a Muslim defeat in 665 CE, before winning at the battle of Nasfan (Jumada II-Rajab 48 AH/July-August 668 CE), a battle which would be decisive for the Harithis. On the other hand, Muslims were defeated twice in modern-day Yryel, in the battles of TBA (Muharram 49 AH) and TBA (Rabi II 49 AH), while they succeeded to control the southern peninsula in modern-day The Cape Bay.

In January 671, the caliph Ja'afar died. As he had only one daughter, his death caused a major succession problem.

Second Fitna

The Second Fitna was declenched by the death of Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan. Ja'afar, having a daughter only, had to be suceeded by his nephew Sa'id. However, Mu'awiya, arguing that the title of caliph should be given due to piety and not to due to descendance, wanted to take power and break the treaty signed 10 years prior. This resulted in a conflict which lasted ten months, until Mu'awiya was poisoned by one of his servants. Some areas of the caliphate, which were more in favor of Mu'awiya, revolted against Sa'id 's authority, which caused more deaths on top of the Second Fitna's death toll.

First Peace

The period which would succeed the Second Fitna is called the "First Peace" by historians. This period was marked by a high number of people from various ethnic groups converting to Islam, and stability throughout the caliphate. It was also the start of the Islamic Golden Age, which was marked by scientific advancements throughout the caliphate, notably in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and astronomy. The First Peace would last until 743 CE, when the governor of Hamma and Ankur would rebel against the newly installed caliph Abdallah II.

Vassalisation of Ankur

Ankur seceded from the Harithis in 744 CE following the installation of caliph Abdallah II, which was favourable to force Arab culture on other ethnic groups, including the Ankurids, which are for the majority composed of Berbers who migrated following the discovery of the island in 656 CE.

Abdallah II, furious, sent a punitive expedition to Ankurids, and in September 752 CE (Safar-Rabi I 135 AH), defeated the Ankurids at the battle of the double-faced mountain, and three months later, killed the Ankurid caliph-then governor Hashim Al Ankuridi and replaced him with Qasim Ibn Luayy, which served as puppet for the Harithis. Ankur was then vassalized in 755 CE (137 AH).

The Great Peace

After the expedition to Ankur, the Harithi Caliphate a period of peace, much longer than the First Peace, which would bring advancements in the caliphate. The first university was built in Madinah in 834 CE (219 AH), while the first university built out of the Sayhurbah region was the TBA university in modern-day TBD in 898 CE (285 AH). The Great Peace was marked by even more scientific and religious advancements in the caliphate, particularily in the Ghassan region (Gassasinia and Magrekia), which were the hubs of science and technology from the 3rd to the 5th centuries of the Hegirian calendar. Other areas like modern-day Salamat became hubs of a specific subject, like astronomy. This period was the most functional period of the caliphate and trade spread Islam to peoples which were far from the caliphate, eventually resulting in Muslim-majority areas in non-Muslim regions. It would last for about 480 years.

List of caliphs

Name	Lifespan	Start of reign	End of reign	Notes
Ja'afar bin Abi Sufyan (Ja'afar I) جعفر الأول	Unknown - January 671	661	January 671	First caliph of the Harithi caliphate.
Sa'id bin Nawfal bin al-Harith bin Abd al-Muttallib (Sa'id I) سعيد الأول	Unknown - June 679	January 671	June 679
Hisham I هشام الأول	642-703	June 679	April 703
Yunis I يونس الأول	July 672 - April 20 720	April 703	April 20 720	Nephew of Hisham I
Abdallah I عبدالله الأول	June 2 669 - September/October 743	April 20 720	Dhu' Al-Hijja 125 AH (September/October 743)	Cousin of Yunis I
Abdallah II عبدالله الثاني	February 23 688 - October 758	Dhu' Al-Hijja 125 AH	October 758
Muhammad I	March 715 - May 28 774	October 758	May 28 774
Hasan I	November 24 739 - December 13 803	May 28 774	December 13 803
Hisham II	June 764 - April 17 811	December 13 803	April 17 811	Poisoned by his nephew Qasim bin Abdallah al Harithi
Ja'afar II "Al-Majdi"	August 8 786 - October 23 847	April 17 811	October 23 847	Named "Al-Majdi" by some historians
Abdallah III	March 814 - February 19 893	October 23 847	March 5 892	Fell ill and was replaced by his grandson
Ibrahim I	January 27 869 - July 13 931	March 5 892	July 13 931	Grandson of Abdallah III
Sa'id II	April 3 896 - September 30 938	July 13 931	September 30 938
Zubayr I	June 14 923 - April 9 979	September 30 938	April 9 979
Yunis II "Al-Munshi"	December 31 948 - March 3 1006	April 9 979	March 3 1006	Nicknamed "Al-Munshi" or "the constructor" due to him building mosques around the caliphate
Lu'ayy I	September 12 971 - May 25 1033	March 3 1006	May 25 1033
Muhammad II	October 7 997 - February 2 1062	May 25 1033	February 2 1062
Abdallah IV	June 30 1024 - July 9 1099	February 2 1062	July 9 1099
Ibrahim II	November 20 1058 - October 28 1112	July 9 1099	October 28 1112
Yunis III	September 4 1089 - February 23 1140	October 28 1112	February 23 1140
Tarik I	June 17 1121 - April 15 1204	February 23 1140	April 15 1204	Longest ruling caliph.
Hasan II	August 28 1173 - December 2 1221	April 15 1204	December 2 1221
Ja'afar III	January 13 1194 - September 16 1259	December 2 1221	September 16 1259	Known for launching the 2nd crusade
Hisham III	October 4 1220 - May 27 1293	September 16 1259	May 27 1293
Zubayr II	October 23 1248 - July 2 1304	May 27 1293	July 2 1304
Tarik II	Example	Example	Example	Example
Abdallah V	Example	Example	Example	Example
Sa'id III	Example	Example	Example	Example
Sulayman I	Example	Example	Example	Example
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