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{{Infobox officeholder
The '''Constitution of Rwizikuru, 1946''' ({{wp|Shona language|weRwizi}}: ''Bumbiro reRwizikuru'') was the {{wp|governing government}} of the [[Rwizikuru#Republic|Republic of Rwizikuru]] during its existence from 1946 to 1964, when the republic was abolished by [[President of Rwizikuru|President]] [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]] and replaced with the current [[Monarchy of Rwizikuru|monarchy]], with the constitution itself replaced by the ''[[Basic Law of Rwizikuru]]''.
|honorific-prefix  = His Excellency
|name        = Samhuri Ngonidzashe
|image        = Léon_M'ba_1964.jpg
|imagesize    = 250px
|caption      = Samhuri Ngonidzashe in 1952
|office      = [[President of Rwizikuru]]
|term_start  = 2 July, 1946
|term_end    = 2 July, 1954
|vicepresident = [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]] (1946-1950)<br>[[Vudzijena Nhema]] (1950-1954)
|predecessor = [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]] as [[Premier of Riziland]]
|successor = [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]]
|birthname    = Daniel Samhuri Ngonidzashe
|birth_date  = {{circa|1899}}
|birth_place  = [[Vongai]], [[Rwizikuru|Riziland]]
|death_date  = 2 July, 1961 (age 61-62)
|death_place  = [[Port Fitzhubert]], [[Rwizikuru]]
|alma_mater  =
|nationality  = [[Estmere|Estmerish]] (1899-1946)<br>[[Rwizikuru|Rwizikuran]] (1946-1961)
|profession  =
|party        = [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|Rwizikuran National Movement]] (1927-1946)<br>[[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru]] (1946-1959)
|religion    = {{wp|Methodism|High Estmerish}}
|spouse      = [[Kugarakunzwana Ngonidzashe]]
|children    = 9, including [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]]
<!--Military service-->
| nickname          =
| allegiance        = [[File:Rwizicolonialflaga.png|22px]] [[Rwizikuru|Riziland]]
| branch            = Colonial Militia
| serviceyears      = 1926-1930
| rank              = Sergeant
| unit              =
| commands          =
| battles            =
| awards            =
| military_blank1    =
| military_data1    =
| military_blank2    =
| military_data2    =
| military_blank3    =
| military_data3    =
| military_blank4    =
| military_data4    =
| military_blank5    =
| military_data5    =
}}


'''Samhuri Ngonidzashe''' (c. 1899 - 2 July, 1961) was an anti-colonial activist who organized the [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|Rwizikuran National Movement]], which helped end [[Estmere|Estmerish]] rule over [[Rwizikuru]]. Following its independence in 1946, he was sworn as the first [[President of Rwizikuru]], as per the [[Constitution of Rwizikuru, 1946|constitution of Rwizikuru]].
==Constitution (original text, 1946)==
===Preamble===
:''For over three hundred years, we have been exploited by [[Euclea|Eucleans]], whether they came in the form of [[Estmere|Estmerish]] slavers, [[Gaullica|Gaullican]] settlers, or many others''
:''For over three hundred years, we were mistreated, abused, and looked down upon by Eucleans, and saw our countrymen and our resources sold abroad, with little of the proceeds coming back to us''
:''Despite all the hardships that we have endured for over three hundred years, we have persevered through the hardships, and triumphed over all our enemies''
:''Now, we have received our promised reward: to proclaim the establishment of the Republic of Rwizikuru as a free, independent, and sovereign country!''


(TBC)
===Chapter 1: Governance===
====Article 1: Presidency====
*'''§1''' The head of state shall be the [[President of Rwizikuru|President]]
**'''§1a''' He shall be elected every four years by all citizens over the age of 21, and may be re-elected exactly once
**'''§1b''' The President must be a citizen over the age of 21
*'''§2''' He shall serve as the:
**'''§2a''' {{wp|Head of state}} of the Republic
**'''§2b''' {{wp|Head of government}} of the Republic
**'''§2c''' {{wp|Commander-in-chief}} of the [[Royal Rwizikuran Armed Forces|Armed Forces]]
**'''§2d''' Thus, he will have all the duties and responsibilities of these three roles, depending on the situation at hand


==Early life==
====Article 2: National Assembly====
Samhuri Ngonidzashe was born sometime in 1899 in [[Vongai]] to [[Mutupo Ngonidzashe]], and Chivaraidzo Ngonidzashe, as the seventh child, and the second son.
*'''§1''' The national legislature of the Republic shall be designated as the [[National Assembly (Rwizikuru)|National Assembly]]
**'''§1a''' The National Assembly shall have 150 legislators, with their distributions subject to change after every decennial census
***'''''i)''''' The seat distribution for the first and second national assemblies, elected both this year, and in 1950, shall be listed in [[#Seat distributions]]
***'''''ii)''''' There shall be 150 districts, with each legislator representing one district
**'''§1b''' The National Assembly shall be elected every four years by all citizens over the age of 21


In 1904, he entered the mission school in Vongai, where he was baptized as a {{wp|Methodism|High Estmerian}}, and took the name of Daniel. At the mission school, he was described as having "excellent potential" to be a High Estmerian minister, due to his "quick absorption and application" of the concepts he learned in school. He was seen as being incredibly learned by his teachers.
===Additional Articles===
====Article 1: Seat distributions====
:''Pursuant to [[#Article 2: National Assembly|the second article of the first chapter]], the seats shall be distributed among the [[Rwizikuru#Administrative divisions|districts]] proportional to their populations in the 1941 census''


While Samhuri Ngonidzashe wanted to continue his studies after he finished compulsory education in 1912, his family's poverty prevented him from continuing his studies. Thus, he was forced to work at his family's farm.
*[[Parunoguma]] shall receive thirty-seven seats
*[[Yekumavirira|Olongaland]] shall receive thirty seats
*[[Dzakakwirira|Plateau]] shall receive eighteen seats
*[[Zvakawanda]] shall receive seventeen seats
*[[Ndarira|Graham]] shall receive thirteen seats
*[[Chekumabvazuva (district)|Chekumabvazuva]] shall receive eleven seats
*[[Hunidzakafa]] shall receive eight seats
*[[Tsungirirai]] shall receive five seats
*[[Sangoguru kumaodzanyemba|South Sangoguru]] shall receive four seats
*[[Mumbengegwi]] shall receive four seats
*[[Sangoguru kuchamhembe|North Sangoguru]] shall receive two seats
*[[Nyikaitsva]] shall receive one seat


His fortunes started to change when in 1916, he made his first trip to [[Port Fitzhubert]] to find work. There, he found a job as a servant with a white family, and met [[Shungudzemwoyo Ngonidzashe]] there. At his job, he admitted that:
(TBC)
 
<blockquote>"''While the Fulkers [the family Samhuri and Shungudzemwoyo worked for] paid well, and the work itself was not stressful, the attitudes of the family towards us were counter to the values I had held so dearly: they saw us as lower than them because of our skin, while I believed that we are brothers in {{wp|Jesus Christ|Sotiras}}.''"</blockquote>
 
In 1918, after receiving news that he was to marry [[Kugarakunzwana Ngonidzashe|Kugarakunzwana Mbangwa]], he quit his job and returned to Vongai, where he married her. With his savings, he was able to find a "better life" in Vongai than that of his parents, with him getting a job as a {{wp|lay preacher}} at his old mission school.
 
However, in 1923, realizing that Gamuchirai would be entering school the following year, he realized that if he stayed in Vongai, his children would not receive an opportunity to better themselves. Thus, he and his wife moved back to Port Fitzhubert, and their home was sold to some white settlers.
 
With the proceeds of the sale of their home in Vongai, they were able to buy a "well-off" home close to the Euclean core of town, and had enough left over to get [[Gamuchirai Mumbengegwi|Gamuchirai]] and [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe|Izibongo]] to attend the [[Charles Fitzhubert School]], as well as find a new job as a lay preacher at a nearby church. He soon made contact again with Shungudzemwoyo Nhema, where he discovered that the Fulker's fired him in 1922 after having spoken up against the Fulker's increasing mistreatment of their Bahian servants.
 
He noted that the conversation with Nhema:
 
<blockquote>"''...caused my blood to boil in pure and unbridled anger. As we recounted our experiences of racism in our adulthood in Port Fitzhubert, compared to the values that we were taught, I realized that there is something wrong, something unnatural with [[Estmere|Estmerish]] rule over this land. I couldn't quite place what, but I knew it had to be there.''"</blockquote>
 
Over the next few years, many at his church talked to him about the racism that they have faced by colonial officials and by Eucleans who have come to Riziland, and combined with his experiences in dealing with racism directed at him, he began to feel that Estmerish rule was inherently unjust.
 
==Military service==
By the time the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]] begun in earnest in June 1926, despite his beliefs that Estmerish rule over [[Rwizikuru|Riziland]] was unjust, he enlisted in the colonial militia, saying that "it is better for us natives to deal with the devil we know as opposed to gamble with the devil we don't know."
 
After training, he was deployed in October to [[Port Graham]], where he would live for the next two years. In Port Graham, he was assigned to defend the city from Gaullican attack by both sea and land, as Port Graham was the end of the rail line to [[Port Fitzhubert]]. While Port Graham was subject to several bombardments by the Gaullicans during his time in Port Graham, from both sea and air, he never faced a serious attempt by the Gaullicans or their colonial troops in [[Quigomba]] to attack Port Graham. By 1928, he had risen to the rank of Sergeant.
 
Around that time, he began corresponding with [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]], where he outlined plans to establish a political movement to "develop the idea of Rwizikuru in the post-war climate." When Nhema expressed his concerns about the proposal, and that Samhuri was putting "everything in jeopardy," Samhuri Ngonidzashe replied:
 
<blockquote>"''My friend, it is better for us to plant the seeds of Rwizikuru, than to let the Gaullicans do so, for if they do, we can never be free. If we plant the seeds of Rwizikuru, then we will be able to control how it will grow, to lead it on the right path, and to keep it from going astray''."</blockquote>
 
Thus, while on leave in November 1927, Samhuri and Nhema established the [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|Rwizikuran National Movement]] in [[Port Fitzhubert]], with its stated mission to be "organizing every Rwizikuran man, woman, and child to defend our land from the threat of our foes."
 
The establishment of the movement gained waves, and by the time he returned to Port Graham, Samhuri was sent to a military prison, before attending a {{wp|court-martial}} in January 1928, where he was charged with {{wp|conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline}} for creating an organization whose aim was to end colonial rule in Riziland.
 
Samhuri defended himself, saying that "it is not a conspiracy for us to create an organization, whose aim is to defend our land from the foes that we are facing. We want to ensure that [[Gaullica]] does not occupy Riziland, and the best way was to create an organization to encourage every man, woman, and child to defend Riziland from Gaullican forces."
 
The military presented evidence that he was intending to overthrow the government, with the correspondence between Ngonidzashe and Nhema being submitted as evidence, which they said was evidence of conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline, as they were discussing establishing an organization to end colonial rule after the "present hostilities" were concluded.
 
After several rounds of examination and cross-examination, the court-martial found Samhuri Ngonidzashe guilty of conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline. Thus, he was sentenced to two years imprisonment on 5 February, 1928, followed by dismissal from His Majesty's service, with disgrace.
 
Thus, he was taken back to Port Fitzhubert to serve the sentence in the local military prison. While in prison, Samhuri Ngonidzashe received visits with Shungudzemwoyo Nhema, and his family, where they would discuss the progress of the movement.
 
==Release and early political career==
On 5 February, 1930, he was released from prison, and was {{wp|dishonorable discharge|dismissed with disgrace}} from the colonial militia. Upon his return to civilian life, he decided to dedicate himself full time towards the [[Mubatanidzwa weRusununguko rweRwizikuru|Rwizikuran National Movement]].
 
His primary goal at this stage was to encourage "all Rwizikuran men" to enlist in the colonial militia, as at that point in time, there was a standstill between the Gaullican and Estmerish colonial troops. He said that "if all Rwizikuran men enlist in the militia, we will not only overwhelm the Gaullican, but we will become a force to be reckoned with, and the Estmerian will be forced to abandon their racist ways."
 
As he travelled across the country, delivering speeches to villages to encourage men to enlist, the colonial officials began to be concerned about his activities, as they felt that he might attempt to undermine the colonial system. Thus, in 1932, during a rally in [[Munzwa]], Samhuri Ngonidzashe and [[Shungudzemwoyo Nhema]] were arrested by local police for {{wp|sedition}}. They were tried later that year, where they were found guilty, and sentenced to five years of hard labour in [[Rusere]].
 
After the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]] concluded in 1935... (TBC)
 
==Personal life==
Samhuri Ngonidzashe married the 18-year old [[Kugarakunzwana Ngonidzashe]] in 1918 in a marriage arranged by their parents. According to Samhuri, their marriage was "fruitful and happy," with the marriage lasting until his death in 1961. Kugarakunzwana Ngonidzashe died in 2014 at the age of 113: at the time of her death, she was the oldest person living in [[Rwizikuru]].
 
Together, they had four sons: [[Izibongo Ngonidzashe]], who was born in 1921 and died in 1979, [[Ingwe Ngonidzashe]], who was born in 1925 and is still living, [[Fred Ngonidzashe]], who was born in 1928, and was executed in 1981 for an [[Port Fitzhubert putsch, 1981|attempted coup]] against the [[Monarchy of Rwizikuru|monarchy]], and [[Shungudzemwoyo Ngonidzashe]], who was born in 1932.
 
They also had five daughters: [[Gamuchirai Mumbengegwi]], who was born in 1919, and died in 2015 at the age of 91, Tariro Ngonidzashe, who was born in 1923, and died in 1927 from {{wp|smallpox}}, Vimbainashe Ngonidzashe, who was born in 1926, and died in 2016 at the age of 89, and twin sisters [[Tinotendaisheanesu Chimusasa]] and [[Yemurai Kyagumbo]], who were born in 1931.
 
Samhuri Ngonidzashe was a devout {{wp|Methodist|High Estmerian}}, with his noted propensity for {{wp|plain dress}}, fasting on Sundays, and was a {{wp|teetotaler}}, refusing to drink any alcohol, and his strict adherence to the High Estmerian concept of {{wp|outward holiness}}. He was also noted to be a {{wp|lay preacher}}, often preaching at churches, even during his tenure as [[President of Rwizikuru|President]].

Revision as of 01:48, 10 September 2019

The Constitution of Rwizikuru, 1946 (weRwizi: Bumbiro reRwizikuru) was the governing government of the Republic of Rwizikuru during its existence from 1946 to 1964, when the republic was abolished by President Izibongo Ngonidzashe and replaced with the current monarchy, with the constitution itself replaced by the Basic Law of Rwizikuru.

Constitution (original text, 1946)

Preamble

For over three hundred years, we have been exploited by Eucleans, whether they came in the form of Estmerish slavers, Gaullican settlers, or many others
For over three hundred years, we were mistreated, abused, and looked down upon by Eucleans, and saw our countrymen and our resources sold abroad, with little of the proceeds coming back to us
Despite all the hardships that we have endured for over three hundred years, we have persevered through the hardships, and triumphed over all our enemies
Now, we have received our promised reward: to proclaim the establishment of the Republic of Rwizikuru as a free, independent, and sovereign country!

Chapter 1: Governance

Article 1: Presidency

  • §1 The head of state shall be the President
    • §1a He shall be elected every four years by all citizens over the age of 21, and may be re-elected exactly once
    • §1b The President must be a citizen over the age of 21
  • §2 He shall serve as the:

Article 2: National Assembly

  • §1 The national legislature of the Republic shall be designated as the National Assembly
    • §1a The National Assembly shall have 150 legislators, with their distributions subject to change after every decennial census
      • i) The seat distribution for the first and second national assemblies, elected both this year, and in 1950, shall be listed in #Seat distributions
      • ii) There shall be 150 districts, with each legislator representing one district
    • §1b The National Assembly shall be elected every four years by all citizens over the age of 21

Additional Articles

Article 1: Seat distributions

Pursuant to the second article of the first chapter, the seats shall be distributed among the districts proportional to their populations in the 1941 census

(TBC)

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